diff --git a/datasette/_pytest_plugin.py b/datasette/_pytest_plugin.py
index 587380ed..103c616d 100644
--- a/datasette/_pytest_plugin.py
+++ b/datasette/_pytest_plugin.py
@@ -89,8 +89,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_protocol(item, nextitem):
                 continue
             try:
                 ds.close()
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-                # Surfaced as a pytest warning; teardown must not fail the run
+            except Exception as e:
                 item.warn(
                     pytest.PytestUnraisableExceptionWarning(
                         f"Error closing Datasette instance: {e!r}"
diff --git a/datasette/actor_auth_cookie.py b/datasette/actor_auth_cookie.py
index 7503f1d5..368213af 100644
--- a/datasette/actor_auth_cookie.py
+++ b/datasette/actor_auth_cookie.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import time
-
-from itsdangerous import BadSignature
-
 from datasette import hookimpl
+from itsdangerous import BadSignature
 from datasette.utils import baseconv
+import time
 
 
 @hookimpl
diff --git a/datasette/app.py b/datasette/app.py
index c82ea075..0e31273d 100644
--- a/datasette/app.py
+++ b/datasette/app.py
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
 import contextvars
-from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Sequence
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.permissions import Resource
@@ -13,10 +12,11 @@ import dataclasses
 import datetime
 import functools
 import glob
+import httpx
 import importlib.metadata
 import inspect
+from itsdangerous import BadSignature
 import json
-import logging
 import os
 import re
 import secrets
@@ -28,41 +28,90 @@ import urllib.parse
 from concurrent import futures
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import httpx
-from itsdangerous import BadSignature, URLSafeSerializer
+from markupsafe import Markup, escape
+from itsdangerous import URLSafeSerializer
 from jinja2 import (
     ChoiceLoader,
     Environment,
     FileSystemLoader,
-    PrefixLoader,
     pass_context,
+    PrefixLoader,
 )
 from jinja2.environment import Template
 from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateNotFound
-from markupsafe import Markup, escape
 
-from . import stored_queries, write_sql
-from .column_types import SQLiteType
-from .csrf import CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware
-from .database import Database, QueryInterrupted
 from .events import Event
-from .plugins import DEFAULT_PLUGINS, get_plugins, pm
+from .column_types import SQLiteType
+from . import stored_queries, write_sql
+from .views import Context
+from .views.database import (
+    database_download,
+    DatabaseView,
+    QueryView,
+)
+from .views.table_create_alter import (
+    DatabaseForeignKeyTargetsView,
+    TableAlterView,
+    TableCreateView,
+    TableForeignKeySuggestionsView,
+)
+from .views.execute_write import ExecuteWriteAnalyzeView, ExecuteWriteView
+from .views.stored_queries import (
+    QueryCreateAnalyzeView,
+    QueryDeleteView,
+    QueryDefinitionView,
+    QueryEditView,
+    GlobalQueryListView,
+    QueryListView,
+    QueryParametersView,
+    QueryStoreView,
+    QueryUpdateView,
+)
+from .views.index import IndexView
+from .views.special import (
+    JsonDataView,
+    PatternPortfolioView,
+    AutocompleteDebugView,
+    AuthTokenView,
+    ApiExplorerView,
+    CreateTokenView,
+    LogoutView,
+    AllowDebugView,
+    PermissionsDebugView,
+    MessagesDebugView,
+    AllowedResourcesView,
+    PermissionRulesView,
+    PermissionCheckView,
+    JumpView,
+    InstanceSchemaView,
+    DatabaseSchemaView,
+    TableSchemaView,
+)
+from .views.table import (
+    TableAutocompleteView,
+    TableInsertView,
+    TableUpsertView,
+    TableSetColumnTypeView,
+    TableDropView,
+    TableFragmentView,
+    table_view,
+)
+from .views.row import RowView, RowDeleteView, RowUpdateView
 from .renderer import json_renderer
-from .resources import DatabaseResource, TableResource
-from .tokens import TokenInvalid
-from .tracer import AsgiTracer
 from .url_builder import Urls
+from .database import Database, QueryInterrupted
+
 from .utils import (
-    SPATIALITE_FUNCTIONS,
     PaginatedResources,
     PrefixedUrlString,
+    SPATIALITE_FUNCTIONS,
     StartupError,
-    add_cors_headers,
     async_call_with_supported_arguments,
     await_me_maybe,
     baseconv,
     call_with_supported_arguments,
     detect_json1,
+    add_cors_headers,
     display_actor,
     escape_css_string,
     escape_sqlite,
@@ -72,97 +121,47 @@ from .utils import (
     move_plugins_and_allow,
     move_table_config,
     parse_metadata,
-    redact_keys,
     resolve_env_secrets,
     resolve_routes,
-    row_sql_params_pks,
     sha256_file,
     tilde_decode,
     tilde_encode,
     to_css_class,
     urlsafe_components,
+    redact_keys,
+    row_sql_params_pks,
 )
+from .tokens import TokenInvalid
 from .utils.asgi import (
     AsgiLifespan,
-    AsgiRunOnFirstRequest,
     BadRequest,
-    DatabaseNotFound,
     Forbidden,
     NotFound,
+    DatabaseNotFound,
+    TableNotFound,
+    RowNotFound,
     Request,
     Response,
-    RowNotFound,
-    TableNotFound,
+    AsgiRunOnFirstRequest,
+    asgi_static,
     asgi_send,
     asgi_send_file,
     asgi_send_redirect,
-    asgi_static,
 )
+from .csrf import CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware
 from .utils.internal_db import init_internal_db, populate_schema_tables
 from .utils.sqlite import (
     sqlite3,
     using_pysqlite3,
 )
+from .tracer import AsgiTracer
+from .plugins import pm, DEFAULT_PLUGINS, get_plugins
 from .version import __version__
-from .views import Context
-from .views.database import (
-    DatabaseView,
-    QueryView,
-    database_download,
-)
-from .views.execute_write import ExecuteWriteAnalyzeView, ExecuteWriteView
-from .views.index import IndexView
-from .views.row import RowDeleteView, RowUpdateView, RowView
-from .views.special import (
-    AllowDebugView,
-    AllowedResourcesView,
-    ApiExplorerView,
-    AuthTokenView,
-    AutocompleteDebugView,
-    CreateTokenView,
-    DatabaseSchemaView,
-    InstanceSchemaView,
-    JsonDataView,
-    JumpView,
-    LogoutView,
-    MessagesDebugView,
-    PatternPortfolioView,
-    PermissionCheckView,
-    PermissionRulesView,
-    PermissionsDebugView,
-    TableSchemaView,
-)
-from .views.stored_queries import (
-    GlobalQueryListView,
-    QueryCreateAnalyzeView,
-    QueryDefinitionView,
-    QueryDeleteView,
-    QueryEditView,
-    QueryListView,
-    QueryParametersView,
-    QueryStoreView,
-    QueryUpdateView,
-)
-from .views.table import (
-    TableAutocompleteView,
-    TableDropView,
-    TableFragmentView,
-    TableInsertView,
-    TableSetColumnTypeView,
-    TableUpsertView,
-    table_view,
-)
-from .views.table_create_alter import (
-    DatabaseForeignKeyTargetsView,
-    TableAlterView,
-    TableCreateView,
-    TableForeignKeySuggestionsView,
-)
+
+from .resources import DatabaseResource, TableResource
 
 app_root = Path(__file__).parent.parent
 
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
 
 # Context variable to track when code is executing within a datasette.client request
 _in_datasette_client = contextvars.ContextVar("in_datasette_client", default=False)
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ class PermissionCheck:
     """Represents a logged permission check for debugging purposes."""
 
     when: str
-    actor: dict[str, Any] | None
+    actor: Dict[str, Any] | None
     action: str
     parent: str | None
     child: str | None
@@ -435,7 +434,7 @@ class Datasette:
         if config_dir:
             db_files = []
             for ext in ("db", "sqlite", "sqlite3"):
-                db_files.extend(config_dir.glob(f"*.{ext}"))
+                db_files.extend(config_dir.glob("*.{}".format(ext)))
             self.files += tuple(str(f) for f in db_files)
         if (
             config_dir
@@ -676,10 +675,10 @@ class Datasette:
     def get_jinja_environment(self, request: Request = None) -> Environment:
         environment = self._jinja_env
         if request:
-            for hook_environment in pm.hook.jinja2_environment_from_request(
+            for environment in pm.hook.jinja2_environment_from_request(
                 datasette=self, request=request, env=environment
             ):
-                environment = hook_environment
+                pass
         return environment
 
     def get_action(self, name_or_abbr: str):
@@ -733,7 +732,7 @@ class Datasette:
             catalog_database_names.update(
                 row["database_name"]
                 for row in await internal_db.execute(
-                    f"select distinct database_name from {table}"
+                    "select distinct database_name from {}".format(table)
                 )
                 if row["database_name"] is not None
             )
@@ -744,7 +743,7 @@ class Datasette:
                 for stale_db_name in stale_databases:
                     for table in catalog_table_names:
                         conn.execute(
-                            f"DELETE FROM {table} WHERE database_name = ?",
+                            "DELETE FROM {} WHERE database_name = ?".format(table),
                             [stale_db_name],
                         )
 
@@ -793,13 +792,17 @@ class Datasette:
                         action.name in action_names
                         and action != action_names[action.name]
                     ):
-                        raise StartupError(f"Duplicate action name: {action.name}")
+                        raise StartupError(
+                            "Duplicate action name: {}".format(action.name)
+                        )
                     if (
                         action.abbr
                         and action.abbr in action_abbrs
                         and action != action_abbrs[action.abbr]
                     ):
-                        raise StartupError(f"Duplicate action abbr: {action.abbr}")
+                        raise StartupError(
+                            "Duplicate action abbr: {}".format(action.abbr)
+                        )
                     action_names[action.name] = action
                     if action.abbr:
                         action_abbrs[action.abbr] = action
@@ -858,7 +861,7 @@ class Datasette:
         actor_id: str,
         *,
         expires_after: int | None = None,
-        restrictions: TokenRestrictions | None = None,
+        restrictions: "TokenRestrictions | None" = None,
         handler: str | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """
@@ -915,7 +918,7 @@ class Datasette:
                 raise KeyError
             return matches[0]
         if name is None:
-            name = next(iter(self.databases.keys()))
+            name = [key for key in self.databases.keys()][0]
         return self.databases[name]
 
     def add_database(self, db, name=None, route=None):
@@ -928,7 +931,7 @@ class Datasette:
             suggestion = name
         i = 2
         while name in self.databases:
-            name = f"{suggestion}_{i}"
+            name = "{}_{}".format(suggestion, i)
             i += 1
         db.name = name
         db.route = route or name
@@ -963,14 +966,13 @@ class Datasette:
         for db in dbs:
             try:
                 db.close()
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-                # Collect the first failure and re-raise after every close() has run
+            except Exception as e:
                 if first_exception is None:
                     first_exception = e
         if self.executor is not None:
             try:
                 self.executor.shutdown(wait=True, cancel_futures=True)
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
+            except Exception as e:
                 if first_exception is None:
                     first_exception = e
         if first_exception is not None:
@@ -1319,15 +1321,24 @@ class Datasette:
         actual = (
             actual_sqlite_type.value
             if actual_sqlite_type is not None
-            else f"unrecognized {column_detail.type!r}"
+            else "unrecognized {!r}".format(column_detail.type)
         )
         raise ValueError(
-            f"Column type {ct_cls.name!r} is only applicable to SQLite types {allowed} but {database}.{resource}.{column} "
-            f"has SQLite type {actual}"
+            "Column type {!r} is only applicable to SQLite types {} but {}.{}.{} "
+            "has SQLite type {}".format(
+                ct_cls.name,
+                allowed,
+                database,
+                resource,
+                column,
+                actual,
+            )
         )
 
     async def _apply_column_types_config(self):
         """Load column_types from datasette.json config into the internal DB."""
+        import logging
+
         for db_name, db_conf in (self.config or {}).get("databases", {}).items():
             for table_name, table_conf in db_conf.get("tables", {}).items():
                 for col_name, ct in table_conf.get("column_types", {}).items():
@@ -1337,7 +1348,7 @@ class Datasette:
                         col_type = ct["type"]
                         config = ct.get("config")
                     if col_type not in self._column_types:
-                        logger.warning(
+                        logging.warning(
                             "column_types config references unknown type %r "
                             "for %s.%s.%s",
                             col_type,
@@ -1350,7 +1361,7 @@ class Datasette:
                             db_name, table_name, col_name, col_type, config
                         )
                     except ValueError as ex:
-                        logger.warning(str(ex))
+                        logging.warning(str(ex))
 
     async def get_column_type(self, database: str, resource: str, column: str):
         """
@@ -1403,7 +1414,7 @@ class Datasette:
         resource: str,
         column: str,
         column_type: str,
-        config: dict | None = None,
+        config: dict = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Assign a column type. Overwrites any existing assignment."""
         ct_cls = self._column_types.get(column_type)
@@ -1487,7 +1498,9 @@ class Datasette:
             possible_names = {plugin["name"], plugin["name"].replace("-", "_")}
             if plugin_name in possible_names:
                 return _resolve_static_asset_path(plugin["static_path"], path)
-        raise FileNotFoundError(f"No static assets found for plugin {plugin_name}")
+        raise FileNotFoundError(
+            "No static assets found for plugin {}".format(plugin_name)
+        )
 
     def _static_mounted_asset(self, mount_name, path):
         mount_name = mount_name.strip("/")
@@ -1497,7 +1510,7 @@ class Datasette:
                     _resolve_static_asset_path(dirname, path),
                     self.urls.path("/{}/{}".format(mount_name, path.lstrip("/"))),
                 )
-        raise FileNotFoundError(f"No static mount found for {mount_name}")
+        raise FileNotFoundError("No static mount found for {}".format(mount_name))
 
     def _static_asset_hash(self, filepath):
         filepath = Path(filepath)
@@ -1588,17 +1601,18 @@ class Datasette:
         if await self.allowed(action="view-instance", actor=actor):
             crumbs.append({"href": self.urls.instance(), "label": "home"})
         # Database link
-        if database and await self.allowed(
-            action="view-database",
-            resource=DatabaseResource(database=database),
-            actor=actor,
-        ):
-            crumbs.append(
-                {
-                    "href": self.urls.database(database),
-                    "label": database,
-                }
-            )
+        if database:
+            if await self.allowed(
+                action="view-database",
+                resource=DatabaseResource(database=database),
+                actor=actor,
+            ):
+                crumbs.append(
+                    {
+                        "href": self.urls.database(database),
+                        "label": database,
+                    }
+                )
         # Table link
         if table:
             assert database, "table= requires database="
@@ -1617,7 +1631,7 @@ class Datasette:
 
     async def actors_from_ids(
         self, actor_ids: Iterable[str | int]
-    ) -> dict[int | str, dict]:
+    ) -> Dict[int | str, Dict]:
         result = pm.hook.actors_from_ids(datasette=self, actor_ids=actor_ids)
         if result is None:
             # Do the default thing
@@ -1626,9 +1640,9 @@ class Datasette:
         return result
 
     async def track_event(self, event: Event):
-        assert isinstance(
-            event, self.event_classes
-        ), f"Invalid event type: {type(event)}"
+        assert isinstance(event, self.event_classes), "Invalid event type: {}".format(
+            type(event)
+        )
         for hook in pm.hook.track_event(datasette=self, event=event):
             await await_me_maybe(hook)
 
@@ -1665,7 +1679,7 @@ class Datasette:
         self,
         actor: dict,
         action: str,
-        resource: Resource | None = None,
+        resource: "Resource" | None = None,
     ):
         """
         Check if actor can see a resource and if it's private.
@@ -1864,7 +1878,10 @@ class Datasette:
         if truncated and resources:
             last_resource = resources[-1]
             # Use tilde-encoding like table pagination
-            next_token = f"{tilde_encode(str(last_resource.parent))},{tilde_encode(str(last_resource.child))}"
+            next_token = "{},{}".format(
+                tilde_encode(str(last_resource.parent)),
+                tilde_encode(str(last_resource.child)),
+            )
 
         return PaginatedResources(
             resources=resources,
@@ -1882,7 +1899,7 @@ class Datasette:
         self,
         *,
         action: str,
-        resource: Resource = None,
+        resource: "Resource" = None,
         actor: dict | None = None,
     ) -> bool:
         """
@@ -1913,7 +1930,7 @@ class Datasette:
         self,
         *,
         actions: Sequence[str],
-        resource: Resource = None,
+        resource: "Resource" = None,
         actor: dict | None = None,
     ) -> dict[str, bool]:
         """
@@ -1934,11 +1951,11 @@ class Datasette:
             )
             # {"edit-schema": True, "drop-table": True, "insert-row": False}
         """
+        from datasette.utils.actions_sql import check_permissions_for_actions
         from datasette.permissions import (
             _permission_check_cache,
             _skip_permission_checks,
         )
-        from datasette.utils.actions_sql import check_permissions_for_actions
 
         # For global actions, resource is None
         parent = resource.parent if resource else None
@@ -2027,7 +2044,7 @@ class Datasette:
         self,
         *,
         action: str,
-        resource: Resource = None,
+        resource: "Resource" = None,
         actor: dict | None = None,
     ):
         """
@@ -2081,15 +2098,13 @@ class Datasette:
         db = self.databases[database]
         foreign_keys = await db.foreign_keys_for_table(table)
         # Find the foreign_key for this column
-        fk = next(
-            (
+        try:
+            fk = [
                 foreign_key
                 for foreign_key in foreign_keys
                 if foreign_key["column"] == column
-            ),
-            None,
-        )
-        if fk is None:
+            ][0]
+        except IndexError:
             return {}
         # Ensure user has permission to view the referenced table
         from datasette.resources import TableResource
@@ -2177,17 +2192,16 @@ class Datasette:
                     sqlite_extensions[extension] = result.fetchone()[0]
                 else:
                     sqlite_extensions[extension] = None
-            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
-                # Probing for optional SQLite extensions - absence is the normal case
+            except Exception:
                 pass
         # More details on SpatiaLite
         if "spatialite" in sqlite_extensions:
             spatialite_details = {}
             for fn in SPATIALITE_FUNCTIONS:
                 try:
-                    result = conn.execute(f"select {fn}()")
+                    result = conn.execute("select {}()".format(fn))
                     spatialite_details[fn] = result.fetchone()[0]
-                except sqlite3.Error as e:
+                except Exception as e:
                     spatialite_details[fn] = {"error": str(e)}
             sqlite_extensions["spatialite"] = spatialite_details
 
@@ -2195,7 +2209,9 @@ class Datasette:
         fts_versions = []
         for fts in ("FTS5", "FTS4", "FTS3"):
             try:
-                conn.execute(f"CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE v{fts} USING {fts} (data)")
+                conn.execute(
+                    "CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE v{fts} USING {fts} (data)".format(fts=fts)
+                )
                 fts_versions.append(fts)
             except sqlite3.OperationalError:
                 continue
@@ -2254,7 +2270,7 @@ class Datasette:
                 "static": p["static_path"] is not None,
                 "templates": p["templates_path"] is not None,
                 "version": p.get("version"),
-                "hooks": sorted(set(p["hooks"])),
+                "hooks": list(sorted(set(p["hooks"]))),
             }
             for p in ps
         ]
@@ -2330,15 +2346,13 @@ class Datasette:
 
     async def render_template(
         self,
-        templates: list[str] | str | Template,
-        context: dict[str, Any] | Context | None = None,
+        templates: List[str] | str | Template,
+        context: Dict[str, Any] | Context | None = None,
         request: Request | None = None,
         view_name: str | None = None,
     ):
         if not self._startup_invoked:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "render_template() called before await ds.invoke_startup()"
-            )
+            raise Exception("render_template() called before await ds.invoke_startup()")
         context = context or {}
         if isinstance(templates, Template):
             template = templates
@@ -2384,9 +2398,9 @@ class Datasette:
             datasette=self,
         ):
             extra_vars = await await_me_maybe(extra_vars)
-            assert isinstance(
-                extra_vars, dict
-            ), f"extra_vars is of type {type(extra_vars)}"
+            assert isinstance(extra_vars, dict), "extra_vars is of type {}".format(
+                type(extra_vars)
+            )
             extra_template_vars.update(extra_vars)
 
         async def menu_links():
@@ -2405,27 +2419,29 @@ class Datasette:
         # the contract tests fail otherwise
         template_context = {
             **context,
-            "request": request,
-            "crumb_items": self._crumb_items,
-            "urls": self.urls,
-            "actor": request.actor if request else None,
-            "menu_links": menu_links,
-            "display_actor": display_actor,
-            "show_logout": request is not None
-            and "ds_actor" in request.cookies
-            and request.actor,
-            "zip": zip,
-            "body_scripts": body_scripts,
-            "format_bytes": format_bytes,
-            "show_messages": lambda: self._show_messages(request),
-            "extra_css_urls": await self._asset_urls(
-                "extra_css_urls", template, context, request, view_name
-            ),
-            "extra_js_urls": await self._asset_urls(
-                "extra_js_urls", template, context, request, view_name
-            ),
-            "base_url": self.setting("base_url"),
-            "datasette_version": __version__,
+            **{
+                "request": request,
+                "crumb_items": self._crumb_items,
+                "urls": self.urls,
+                "actor": request.actor if request else None,
+                "menu_links": menu_links,
+                "display_actor": display_actor,
+                "show_logout": request is not None
+                and "ds_actor" in request.cookies
+                and request.actor,
+                "zip": zip,
+                "body_scripts": body_scripts,
+                "format_bytes": format_bytes,
+                "show_messages": lambda: self._show_messages(request),
+                "extra_css_urls": await self._asset_urls(
+                    "extra_css_urls", template, context, request, view_name
+                ),
+                "extra_js_urls": await self._asset_urls(
+                    "extra_js_urls", template, context, request, view_name
+                ),
+                "base_url": self.setting("base_url"),
+                "datasette_version": __version__,
+            },
             **extra_template_vars,
         }
         if request and request.args.get("_context") and self.setting("template_debug"):
@@ -2925,8 +2941,7 @@ class DatasetteRouter:
                     custom_response
                 ), "Default forbidden() hook should have been called"
                 return await custom_response.asgi_send(send)
-        except Exception as exception:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # This IS the top-level error handler - it must catch everything
+        except Exception as exception:
             return await self.handle_exception(request, send, exception)
 
     async def handle_401(self, request, send, exception):
@@ -2948,7 +2963,7 @@ class DatasetteRouter:
                 request.path.replace("~", "~7E").replace("%", "~").replace(".", "~2E")
             )
             if request.query_string:
-                new_path += f"?{request.query_string}"
+                new_path += "?{}".format(request.query_string)
             await asgi_send_redirect(send, new_path)
             return
         # If URL has a trailing slash, redirect to URL without it
@@ -3158,7 +3173,8 @@ _curly_re = re.compile(r"({.*?})")
 
 def route_pattern_from_filepath(filepath):
     # Drop the ".html" suffix
-    filepath = filepath.removesuffix(".html")
+    if filepath.endswith(".html"):
+        filepath = filepath[: -len(".html")]
     re_bits = ["/"]
     for bit in _curly_re.split(filepath):
         if _curly_re.match(bit):
diff --git a/datasette/blob_renderer.py b/datasette/blob_renderer.py
index b6c8b77f..4d8c6bea 100644
--- a/datasette/blob_renderer.py
+++ b/datasette/blob_renderer.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-import hashlib
-
 from datasette import hookimpl
+from datasette.utils.asgi import Response, BadRequest
 from datasette.utils import to_css_class
-from datasette.utils.asgi import BadRequest, Response
+import hashlib
 
 _BLOB_COLUMN = "_blob_column"
 _BLOB_HASH = "_blob_hash"
diff --git a/datasette/cli.py b/datasette/cli.py
index 57db83b6..90a33e80 100644
--- a/datasette/cli.py
+++ b/datasette/cli.py
@@ -1,45 +1,43 @@
 import asyncio
+import uvicorn
+import click
+from click import formatting
+from click.types import CompositeParamType
+from click_default_group import DefaultGroup
 import functools
 import json
 import os
 import pathlib
+from runpy import run_module
 import shutil
+from subprocess import call
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import webbrowser
-from runpy import run_module
-from subprocess import call
-
-import click
-import uvicorn
-from click import formatting
-from click.types import CompositeParamType
-from click_default_group import DefaultGroup
-
 from .app import (
+    Datasette,
     DEFAULT_SETTINGS,
     SETTINGS,
     SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED,
-    Datasette,
     pm,
 )
 from .inspect import inspect_tables
 from .utils import (
-    ConnectionProblem,
     LoadExtension,
-    SpatialiteConnectionProblem,
-    SpatialiteNotFound,
     StartupError,
-    StaticMount,
-    ValueAsBooleanError,
     check_connection,
     deep_dict_update,
     find_spatialite,
+    parse_metadata,
+    ConnectionProblem,
+    SpatialiteConnectionProblem,
     initial_path_for_datasette,
     pairs_to_nested_config,
-    parse_metadata,
     temporary_docker_directory,
     value_as_boolean,
+    SpatialiteNotFound,
+    StaticMount,
+    ValueAsBooleanError,
 )
 from .utils.sqlite import sqlite3
 from .utils.testing import TestClient
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ class Setting(CompositeParamType):
             # Datasette 1.0, we turn bare setting names into setting.name
             # Type checking for those older settings
             default = DEFAULT_SETTINGS[name]
-            name = f"settings.{name}"
+            name = "settings.{}".format(name)
             if isinstance(default, bool):
                 try:
                     return name, "true" if value_as_boolean(value) else "false"
@@ -173,6 +171,7 @@ async def inspect_(files, sqlite_extensions):
 @cli.group()
 def publish():
     """Publish specified SQLite database files to the internet along with a Datasette-powered interface and API"""
+    pass
 
 
 # Register publish plugins
@@ -579,27 +578,27 @@ def serve(
         # https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/2389
         deep_dict_update(config_data, settings_updates)
 
-    kwargs = {
-        "immutables": immutable,
-        "cache_headers": not reload,
-        "cors": cors,
-        "inspect_data": inspect_data,
-        "config": config_data,
-        "metadata": metadata_data,
-        "sqlite_extensions": sqlite_extensions,
-        "template_dir": template_dir,
-        "plugins_dir": plugins_dir,
-        "static_mounts": static,
-        "settings": None,  # These are passed in config= now
-        "memory": memory,
-        "secret": secret,
-        "version_note": version_note,
-        "pdb": pdb,
-        "crossdb": crossdb,
-        "nolock": nolock,
-        "internal": internal,
-        "default_deny": default_deny,
-    }
+    kwargs = dict(
+        immutables=immutable,
+        cache_headers=not reload,
+        cors=cors,
+        inspect_data=inspect_data,
+        config=config_data,
+        metadata=metadata_data,
+        sqlite_extensions=sqlite_extensions,
+        template_dir=template_dir,
+        plugins_dir=plugins_dir,
+        static_mounts=static,
+        settings=None,  # These are passed in config= now
+        memory=memory,
+        secret=secret,
+        version_note=version_note,
+        pdb=pdb,
+        crossdb=crossdb,
+        nolock=nolock,
+        internal=internal,
+        default_deny=default_deny,
+    )
 
     # Separate directories from files
     directories = [f for f in files if os.path.isdir(f)]
@@ -622,7 +621,9 @@ def serve(
                 conn.close()
             else:
                 raise click.ClickException(
-                    f"Invalid value for '[FILES]...': Path '{file}' does not exist."
+                    "Invalid value for '[FILES]...': Path '{}' does not exist.".format(
+                        file
+                    )
                 )
 
     # Check for duplicate files by resolving all paths to their absolute forms
@@ -683,7 +684,7 @@ def serve(
         client = TestClient(ds)
         request_headers = {}
         if token:
-            request_headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {token}"
+            request_headers["Authorization"] = "Bearer {}".format(token)
         cookies = {}
         if actor:
             cookies["ds_actor"] = client.actor_cookie(json.loads(actor))
@@ -718,13 +719,9 @@ def serve(
             path = run_sync(lambda: initial_path_for_datasette(ds))
             url = f"http://{host}:{port}{path}"
         webbrowser.open(url)
-    uvicorn_kwargs = {
-        "host": host,
-        "port": port,
-        "log_level": "info",
-        "lifespan": "on",
-        "workers": 1,
-    }
+    uvicorn_kwargs = dict(
+        host=host, port=port, log_level="info", lifespan="on", workers=1
+    )
     if uds:
         uvicorn_kwargs["uds"] = uds
     if ssl_keyfile:
@@ -888,7 +885,7 @@ async def check_databases(ds):
             )
         except ConnectionProblem as e:
             raise click.UsageError(
-                f"Connection to {database.path} failed check: {e.args[0]!s}"
+                f"Connection to {database.path} failed check: {str(e.args[0])}"
             )
     # If --crossdb and more than SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED show warning
     if (
@@ -896,5 +893,9 @@ async def check_databases(ds):
         and len([db for db in ds.databases.values() if not db.is_memory])
         > SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED
     ):
-        msg = f"Warning: --crossdb only works with the first {SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED} attached databases"
+        msg = (
+            "Warning: --crossdb only works with the first {} attached databases".format(
+                SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED
+            )
+        )
         click.echo(click.style(msg, bold=True, fg="yellow"), err=True)
diff --git a/datasette/column_types.py b/datasette/column_types.py
index 92fdd969..11a14ec0 100644
--- a/datasette/column_types.py
+++ b/datasette/column_types.py
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ class ColumnType:
         Return an HTML string to render this cell value, or None to
         fall through to the default render_cell plugin hook chain.
         """
-        return
+        return None
 
     async def validate(self, value, datasette):
         """
         Validate a value before it is written. Return None if valid,
         or a string error message if invalid.
         """
-        return
+        return None
 
     async def transform_value(self, value, datasette):
         """
diff --git a/datasette/csrf.py b/datasette/csrf.py
index a62f9473..df239aee 100644
--- a/datasette/csrf.py
+++ b/datasette/csrf.py
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ def _origin_tuple(value):
     scheme = (parsed.scheme or "").lower()
     host = (parsed.hostname or "").lower()
     if not scheme or not host:
-        raise ValueError(f"missing scheme or host in {value!r}")
+        raise ValueError("missing scheme or host in {!r}".format(value))
     port = parsed.port  # may raise ValueError on bad ports
     if port is None:
         port = DEFAULT_PORTS.get(scheme)
     if port is None:
-        raise ValueError(f"unknown default port for scheme {scheme!r}")
+        raise ValueError("unknown default port for scheme {!r}".format(scheme))
     return scheme, host, port
 
 
@@ -125,7 +125,9 @@ class CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware:
                 return
             await self._forbid(
                 send,
-                f"Sec-Fetch-Site was {sec_fetch_site!r}, expected 'same-origin' or 'none'",
+                "Sec-Fetch-Site was {!r}, expected 'same-origin' or 'none'".format(
+                    sec_fetch_site
+                ),
             )
             return
 
@@ -139,11 +141,11 @@ class CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware:
         request_scheme = self._request_scheme(scope)
         try:
             origin_tuple = _origin_tuple(origin)
-            expected_tuple = _origin_tuple(f"{request_scheme}://{host}")
+            expected_tuple = _origin_tuple("{}://{}".format(request_scheme, host))
         except ValueError:
             await self._forbid(
                 send,
-                f"Malformed Origin {origin!r} or Host {host!r}",
+                "Malformed Origin {!r} or Host {!r}".format(origin, host),
             )
             return
 
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ class CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware:
 
         await self._forbid(
             send,
-            f"Origin {origin!r} does not match Host {host!r}",
+            "Origin {!r} does not match Host {!r}".format(origin, host),
         )
 
     def _request_scheme(self, scope):
@@ -161,8 +163,7 @@ class CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware:
             try:
                 if self.datasette.setting("force_https_urls"):
                     return "https"
-            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
-                # Settings may not be readable this early; fall back to the ASGI scheme
+            except Exception:
                 pass
         return scope.get("scheme") or "http"
 
diff --git a/datasette/database.py b/datasette/database.py
index e162d34e..bab3a378 100644
--- a/datasette/database.py
+++ b/datasette/database.py
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 import asyncio
 import atexit
+from collections import namedtuple
 import inspect
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 import queue
+import sqlite_utils
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import threading
 import uuid
-from collections import namedtuple
-from pathlib import Path
 
-import sqlite_utils
-
-from .inspect import inspect_hash
 from .tracer import trace
 from .utils import (
     call_with_supported_arguments,
@@ -23,13 +21,14 @@ from .utils import (
     get_all_foreign_keys,
     get_outbound_foreign_keys,
     md5_not_usedforsecurity,
-    sqlite3,
     sqlite_timelimit,
-    table_column_details,
+    sqlite3,
     table_columns,
+    table_column_details,
 )
 from .utils.sql_analysis import SQLAnalysis, analyze_sql_tables
 from .utils.sqlite import sqlite_hidden_table_names
+from .inspect import inspect_hash
 
 connections = threading.local()
 
@@ -100,7 +99,9 @@ class Database:
 
     def _check_not_closed(self):
         if self._closed:
-            raise DatasetteClosedError(f"Database {self.name!r} has been closed")
+            raise DatasetteClosedError(
+                "Database {!r} has been closed".format(self.name)
+            )
 
     def _remove_pending_execute_future(self, future):
         with self._pending_execute_futures_lock:
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ class Database:
         if write:
             extra_kwargs["isolation_level"] = "IMMEDIATE"
         if self.memory_name:
-            uri = f"file:{self.memory_name}?mode=memory&cache=shared"
+            uri = "file:{}?mode=memory&cache=shared".format(self.memory_name)
             conn = sqlite3.connect(
                 uri, uri=True, check_same_thread=False, **extra_kwargs
             )
@@ -192,20 +193,21 @@ class Database:
             write_thread.join(timeout=10)
             if write_thread.is_alive():
                 sys.stderr.write(
-                    f"Datasette: write thread for {self.name!r} did not exit within 10s\n"
+                    "Datasette: write thread for {!r} did not exit within 10s\n".format(
+                        self.name
+                    )
                 )
                 sys.stderr.flush()
         for future in pending_execute_futures:
             try:
                 future.result()
-            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
-                # Shutdown teardown - a failed pending write must not block close()
+            except Exception:
                 pass
         # Close anything still tracked in _all_file_connections
         for connection in self._all_file_connections:
             try:
                 connection.close()
-            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+            except Exception:
                 pass
         self._all_file_connections = []
         # Drop per-thread cached read connections we can reach
@@ -217,13 +219,13 @@ class Database:
         if self._read_connection is not None:
             try:
                 self._read_connection.close()
-            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+            except Exception:
                 pass
             self._read_connection = None
         if self._write_connection is not None:
             try:
                 self._write_connection.close()
-            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+            except Exception:
                 pass
             self._write_connection = None
         if self.is_temp_disk:
@@ -369,8 +371,7 @@ class Database:
             async def _dispatch_events_after_write():
                 try:
                     await reply_future
-                except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
-                    # The write failed; skip success events regardless of why
+                except Exception:
                     # if the write failed, don't emit success events
                     return
                 for event in pending_events:
@@ -423,7 +424,9 @@ class Database:
             self._write_thread = threading.Thread(
                 target=self._execute_writes, daemon=True
             )
-            self._write_thread.name = f"_execute_writes for database {self.name}"
+            self._write_thread.name = "_execute_writes for database {}".format(
+                self.name
+            )
             self._write_thread.start()
         task_id = uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, "datasette.io")
         loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
@@ -444,8 +447,7 @@ class Database:
         try:
             conn = self.connect(write=True)
             self.ds._prepare_connection(conn, self.name)
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # Stored and re-raised to whoever queues the next write
+        except Exception as e:
             conn_exception = e
         while True:
             task = self._write_queue.get()
@@ -453,8 +455,7 @@ class Database:
                 if conn is not None:
                     try:
                         conn.close()
-                    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
-                        # Best-effort close as the write thread exits
+                    except Exception:
                         pass
                 return
             exception = None
@@ -473,9 +474,8 @@ class Database:
                         except ValueError:
                             # Was probably a memory connection
                             pass
-                except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-                    # Write thread must survive any task failure or the database wedges
-                    sys.stderr.write(f"{e}\n")
+                except Exception as e:
+                    sys.stderr.write("{}\n".format(e))
                     sys.stderr.flush()
                     exception = e
             else:
@@ -486,8 +486,8 @@ class Database:
                             result = task.fn(conn)
                     else:
                         result = task.fn(conn)
-                except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-                    sys.stderr.write(f"{e}\n")
+                except Exception as e:
+                    sys.stderr.write("{}\n".format(e))
                     sys.stderr.flush()
                     exception = e
             _deliver_write_result(task, result, exception)
@@ -554,7 +554,9 @@ class Database:
                         raise QueryInterrupted(e, sql, params)
                     if log_sql_errors:
                         sys.stderr.write(
-                            f"ERROR: conn={conn}, sql = {sql!r}, params = {params}: {e}\n"
+                            "ERROR: conn={}, sql = {}, params = {}: {}\n".format(
+                                conn, repr(sql), params, e
+                            )
                         )
                         sys.stderr.flush()
                     raise
@@ -711,9 +713,9 @@ class Database:
             column_names
             and len(column_names) == 2
             and ("id" in column_names or "pk" in column_names)
-            and set(column_names) != {"id", "pk"}
+            and not set(column_names) == {"id", "pk"}
         ):
-            return next(c for c in column_names if c not in ("id", "pk"))
+            return [c for c in column_names if c not in ("id", "pk")][0]
         # Couldn't find a label:
         return None
 
@@ -855,10 +857,10 @@ def _apply_write_wrapper(fn, wrapper_factory, track_event):
 class WriteTask:
     __slots__ = (
         "fn",
-        "isolated_connection",
+        "task_id",
         "loop",
         "reply_future",
-        "task_id",
+        "isolated_connection",
         "transaction",
     )
 
@@ -899,7 +901,7 @@ class QueryInterrupted(Exception):
         self.params = params
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return f"QueryInterrupted: {self.e}"
+        return "QueryInterrupted: {}".format(self.e)
 
 
 class MultipleValues(Exception):
diff --git a/datasette/default_actions.py b/datasette/default_actions.py
index ee165ae5..602e0df4 100644
--- a/datasette/default_actions.py
+++ b/datasette/default_actions.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.permissions import Action
 from datasette.resources import (
     DatabaseResource,
-    QueryResource,
     TableResource,
+    QueryResource,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/datasette/default_magic_parameters.py b/datasette/default_magic_parameters.py
index bff5f0a7..91c1c5aa 100644
--- a/datasette/default_magic_parameters.py
+++ b/datasette/default_magic_parameters.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+from datasette import hookimpl
 import datetime
 import os
 import time
 
-from datasette import hookimpl
-
 
 def header(key, request):
     key = key.replace("_", "-").encode("utf-8")
diff --git a/datasette/default_permissions/__init__.py b/datasette/default_permissions/__init__.py
index dee5df42..6cd46f04 100644
--- a/datasette/default_permissions/__init__.py
+++ b/datasette/default_permissions/__init__.py
@@ -17,29 +17,18 @@ UNION/INTERSECT operations. The order of evaluation is:
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from .config import config_permissions_sql as config_permissions_sql
-from .defaults import (
-    DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS as DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS,
-)
-from .defaults import (
-    default_action_permissions_sql as default_action_permissions_sql,
-)
-from .defaults import (
-    # Avoid "datasette.default_permissions" does not explicitly export attribute
-    default_allow_sql_check as default_allow_sql_check,
-)
-from .defaults import (
-    default_query_permissions_sql as default_query_permissions_sql,
-)
-from .restrictions import (
-    ActorRestrictions as ActorRestrictions,
-)
-
 # Re-export all hooks and public utilities
 from .restrictions import (
     actor_restrictions_sql as actor_restrictions_sql,
-)
-from .restrictions import (
     restrictions_allow_action as restrictions_allow_action,
+    ActorRestrictions as ActorRestrictions,
 )
 from .root import root_user_permissions_sql as root_user_permissions_sql
+from .config import config_permissions_sql as config_permissions_sql
+from .defaults import (
+    # Avoid "datasette.default_permissions" does not explicitly export attribute
+    default_allow_sql_check as default_allow_sql_check,
+    default_action_permissions_sql as default_action_permissions_sql,
+    default_query_permissions_sql as default_query_permissions_sql,
+    DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS as DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS,
+)
diff --git a/datasette/default_permissions/config.py b/datasette/default_permissions/config.py
index 4494f07f..8edc976e 100644
--- a/datasette/default_permissions/config.py
+++ b/datasette/default_permissions/config.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Applies permission rules from datasette.yaml configuration.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        datasette: Datasette,
-        actor: dict | None,
+        datasette: "Datasette",
+        actor: Optional[dict],
         action: str,
     ):
         self.datasette = datasette
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
         self.restrictions = actor.get("_r", {}) if actor else {}
 
         # Pre-compute restriction info for efficiency
-        self.restricted_databases: set[str] = set()
-        self.restricted_tables: set[tuple[str, str]] = set()
+        self.restricted_databases: Set[str] = set()
+        self.restricted_tables: Set[Tuple[str, str]] = set()
 
         if self.has_restrictions:
             self.restricted_databases = {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
             # Tables implicitly reference their parent databases
             self.restricted_databases.update(db for db, _ in self.restricted_tables)
 
-    def evaluate_allow_block(self, allow_block: Any) -> bool | None:
+    def evaluate_allow_block(self, allow_block: Any) -> Optional[bool]:
         """Evaluate an allow block against the current actor."""
         if allow_block is None:
             return None
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
     def is_in_restriction_allowlist(
         self,
-        parent: str | None,
-        child: str | None,
+        parent: Optional[str],
+        child: Optional[str],
     ) -> bool:
         """Check if resource is allowed by actor restrictions."""
         if not self.has_restrictions:
@@ -147,9 +147,9 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
     def add_permissions_rule(
         self,
-        parent: str | None,
-        child: str | None,
-        permissions_block: dict | None,
+        parent: Optional[str],
+        child: Optional[str],
+        permissions_block: Optional[dict],
         scope_desc: str,
     ) -> None:
         """Add a rule from a permissions:{action} block."""
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
     def add_allow_block_rule(
         self,
-        parent: str | None,
-        child: str | None,
+        parent: Optional[str],
+        child: Optional[str],
         allow_block: Any,
         scope_desc: str,
     ) -> None:
@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
     def _add_restriction_gate_denies(
         self,
-        parent: str | None,
-        child: str | None,
+        parent: Optional[str],
+        child: Optional[str],
         is_allowed: bool,
         scope_desc: str,
     ) -> None:
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
                     if db_name == parent:
                         self.collector.add(db_name, table_name, False, reason)
 
-    def process(self) -> PermissionSQL | None:
+    def process(self) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
         """Process all config rules and return combined PermissionSQL."""
         self._process_root_permissions()
         self._process_databases()
@@ -425,10 +425,10 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def config_permissions_sql(
-    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: dict | None,
+    datasette: "Datasette",
+    actor: Optional[dict],
     action: str,
-) -> list[PermissionSQL] | None:
+) -> Optional[List[PermissionSQL]]:
     """
     Apply permission rules from datasette.yaml configuration.
 
diff --git a/datasette/default_permissions/defaults.py b/datasette/default_permissions/defaults.py
index 6f97812b..5bc74425 100644
--- a/datasette/default_permissions/defaults.py
+++ b/datasette/default_permissions/defaults.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Provides default allow rules for standard view/execute actions.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -29,28 +29,29 @@ DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS = frozenset(
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def default_allow_sql_check(
-    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: dict | None,
+    datasette: "Datasette",
+    actor: Optional[dict],
     action: str,
-) -> PermissionSQL | None:
+) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
     """
     Enforce the default_allow_sql setting.
 
     When default_allow_sql is false (the default), execute-sql is denied
     unless explicitly allowed by config or other rules.
     """
-    if action == "execute-sql" and not datasette.setting("default_allow_sql"):
-        return PermissionSQL.deny(reason="default_allow_sql is false")
+    if action == "execute-sql":
+        if not datasette.setting("default_allow_sql"):
+            return PermissionSQL.deny(reason="default_allow_sql is false")
 
     return None
 
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def default_action_permissions_sql(
-    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: dict | None,
+    datasette: "Datasette",
+    actor: Optional[dict],
     action: str,
-) -> PermissionSQL | None:
+) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
     """
     Provide default allow rules for standard view/execute actions.
 
@@ -70,10 +71,10 @@ async def default_action_permissions_sql(
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def default_query_permissions_sql(
-    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: dict | None,
+    datasette: "Datasette",
+    actor: Optional[dict],
     action: str,
-) -> PermissionSQL | None:
+) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
     actor_id = actor.get("id") if isinstance(actor, dict) else None
 
     if action not in {"view-query", "update-query", "delete-query"}:
diff --git a/datasette/default_permissions/helpers.py b/datasette/default_permissions/helpers.py
index 5e59b7b4..47e03569 100644
--- a/datasette/default_permissions/helpers.py
+++ b/datasette/default_permissions/helpers.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Shared helper utilities for default permission implementations.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Set
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
 
 
-def get_action_name_variants(datasette: Datasette, action: str) -> set[str]:
+def get_action_name_variants(datasette: "Datasette", action: str) -> Set[str]:
     """
     Get all name variants for an action (full name and abbreviation).
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def get_action_name_variants(datasette: Datasette, action: str) -> set[str]:
     return variants
 
 
-def action_in_list(datasette: Datasette, action: str, action_list: list) -> bool:
+def action_in_list(datasette: "Datasette", action: str, action_list: list) -> bool:
     """Check if an action (or its abbreviation) is in a list."""
     return bool(get_action_name_variants(datasette, action).intersection(action_list))
 
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ def action_in_list(datasette: Datasette, action: str, action_list: list) -> bool
 class PermissionRow:
     """A single permission rule row."""
 
-    parent: str | None
-    child: str | None
+    parent: Optional[str]
+    child: Optional[str]
     allow: bool
     reason: str
 
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ class PermissionRowCollector:
     """Collects permission rows and converts them to PermissionSQL."""
 
     def __init__(self, prefix: str = "row"):
-        self.rows: list[PermissionRow] = []
+        self.rows: List[PermissionRow] = []
         self.prefix = prefix
 
     def add(
         self,
-        parent: str | None,
-        child: str | None,
-        allow: bool | None,
+        parent: Optional[str],
+        child: Optional[str],
+        allow: Optional[bool],
         reason: str,
         if_not_none: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class PermissionRowCollector:
             return
         self.rows.append(PermissionRow(parent, child, allow, reason))
 
-    def to_permission_sql(self) -> PermissionSQL | None:
+    def to_permission_sql(self) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
         """Convert collected rows to a PermissionSQL object."""
         if not self.rows:
             return None
diff --git a/datasette/default_permissions/restrictions.py b/datasette/default_permissions/restrictions.py
index 88e1d274..a22cd7e5 100644
--- a/datasette/default_permissions/restrictions.py
+++ b/datasette/default_permissions/restrictions.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ contains allowlists of resources the actor can access.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ from .helpers import action_in_list, get_action_name_variants
 class ActorRestrictions:
     """Parsed actor restrictions from the _r key."""
 
-    global_actions: list[str]  # _r.a - globally allowed actions
+    global_actions: List[str]  # _r.a - globally allowed actions
     database_actions: dict  # _r.d - {db_name: [actions]}
     table_actions: dict  # _r.r - {db_name: {table: [actions]}}
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_actor(cls, actor: dict | None) -> ActorRestrictions | None:
+    def from_actor(cls, actor: Optional[dict]) -> Optional["ActorRestrictions"]:
         """Parse restrictions from actor dict. Returns None if no restrictions."""
         if not actor:
             return None
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ class ActorRestrictions:
             table_actions=restrictions.get("r", {}),
         )
 
-    def is_action_globally_allowed(self, datasette: Datasette, action: str) -> bool:
+    def is_action_globally_allowed(self, datasette: "Datasette", action: str) -> bool:
         """Check if action is in the global allowlist."""
         return action_in_list(datasette, action, self.global_actions)
 
-    def get_allowed_databases(self, datasette: Datasette, action: str) -> set[str]:
+    def get_allowed_databases(self, datasette: "Datasette", action: str) -> Set[str]:
         """Get database names where this action is allowed."""
         allowed = set()
         for db_name, db_actions in self.database_actions.items():
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class ActorRestrictions:
         return allowed
 
     def get_allowed_tables(
-        self, datasette: Datasette, action: str
-    ) -> set[tuple[str, str]]:
+        self, datasette: "Datasette", action: str
+    ) -> Set[Tuple[str, str]]:
         """Get (database, table) pairs where this action is allowed."""
         allowed = set()
         for db_name, tables in self.table_actions.items():
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ class ActorRestrictions:
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def actor_restrictions_sql(
-    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: dict | None,
+    datasette: "Datasette",
+    actor: Optional[dict],
     action: str,
-) -> list[PermissionSQL] | None:
+) -> Optional[List[PermissionSQL]]:
     """
     Handle actor restriction-based permission rules.
 
@@ -140,10 +140,10 @@ async def actor_restrictions_sql(
 
 
 def restrictions_allow_action(
-    datasette: Datasette,
+    datasette: "Datasette",
     restrictions: dict,
     action: str,
-    resource: str | tuple[str, str] | None,
+    resource: Optional[str | Tuple[str, str]],
 ) -> bool:
     """
     Check if restrictions allow the requested action on the requested resource.
diff --git a/datasette/default_permissions/root.py b/datasette/default_permissions/root.py
index 22d13f65..4931f7ff 100644
--- a/datasette/default_permissions/root.py
+++ b/datasette/default_permissions/root.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Grants full permissions to the root user when --root flag is used.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def root_user_permissions_sql(
-    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: dict | None,
-) -> PermissionSQL | None:
+    datasette: "Datasette",
+    actor: Optional[dict],
+) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
     """
     Grant root user full permissions when --root flag is used.
     """
diff --git a/datasette/default_permissions/tokens.py b/datasette/default_permissions/tokens.py
index 52daf8a2..7a359dc6 100644
--- a/datasette/default_permissions/tokens.py
+++ b/datasette/default_permissions/tokens.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ to datasette.verify_token() so all registered handlers are tried.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -17,13 +17,15 @@ from datasette.tokens import SignedTokenHandler
 
 
 @hookimpl
-def register_token_handler(datasette: Datasette):
+def register_token_handler(datasette: "Datasette"):
     """Register the default signed token handler."""
     return SignedTokenHandler()
 
 
 @hookimpl(specname="actor_from_request")
-async def actor_from_signed_api_token(datasette: Datasette, request) -> dict | None:
+async def actor_from_signed_api_token(
+    datasette: "Datasette", request
+) -> Optional[dict]:
     """
     Authenticate requests using API tokens by delegating to all registered
     token handlers via datasette.verify_token().
diff --git a/datasette/default_table_actions.py b/datasette/default_table_actions.py
index 0f2f32ef..e41434ef 100644
--- a/datasette/default_table_actions.py
+++ b/datasette/default_table_actions.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def table_actions(datasette, actor, database, table, request):
                 "label": "Alter table",
                 "description": "Change columns and primary key for this table.",
                 "attrs": {
-                    "aria-label": f"Alter table {table}",
+                    "aria-label": "Alter table {}".format(table),
                     "data-table-action": "alter-table",
                 },
             }
diff --git a/datasette/events.py b/datasette/events.py
index 5f3fd06e..e8786da9 100644
--- a/datasette/events.py
+++ b/datasette/events.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractproperty
 from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
-
 from datasette.hookspecs import hookimpl
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 
 @dataclass
diff --git a/datasette/facets.py b/datasette/facets.py
index 8c09e1dc..5f757df3 100644
--- a/datasette/facets.py
+++ b/datasette/facets.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 import json
 import urllib
-
 from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
 from datasette.utils import (
-    detect_json1,
     escape_sqlite,
     path_with_added_args,
     path_with_removed_args,
+    detect_json1,
     sqlite3,
 )
 
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ def load_facet_configs(request, table_config):
             assert (
                 len(facet_config.values()) == 1
             ), "Metadata config dicts should be {type: config}"
-            type, facet_config = next(iter(facet_config.items()))
+            type, facet_config = list(facet_config.items())[0]
             if isinstance(facet_config, str):
                 facet_config = {"simple": facet_config}
         facet_configs.setdefault(type, []).append(
@@ -161,13 +160,18 @@ class ColumnFacet(Facet):
         for column in columns:
             if column in already_enabled:
                 continue
-            suggested_facet_sql = f"""
-                with limited as (select * from ({self.sql}) limit {self.suggest_consider})
-                select {escape_sqlite(column)} as value, count(*) as n from limited
+            suggested_facet_sql = """
+                with limited as (select * from ({sql}) limit {suggest_consider})
+                select {column} as value, count(*) as n from limited
                 where value is not null
                 group by value
-                limit {facet_size + 1}
-            """
+                limit {limit}
+            """.format(
+                column=escape_sqlite(column),
+                sql=self.sql,
+                limit=facet_size + 1,
+                suggest_consider=self.suggest_consider,
+            )
             distinct_values = None
             try:
                 distinct_values = await self.ds.execute(
@@ -263,7 +267,7 @@ class ColumnFacet(Facet):
                 for row in facet_rows:
                     column_qs = column
                     if column.startswith("_"):
-                        column_qs = f"{column}__exact"
+                        column_qs = "{}__exact".format(column)
                     selected = (column_qs, str(row["value"])) in qs_pairs
                     if selected:
                         toggle_path = path_with_removed_args(
@@ -338,12 +342,12 @@ class ArrayFacet(Facet):
                         for v in await self.ds.execute(
                             self.database,
                             (
-                                f"select {escape_sqlite(column)} from ({self.sql}) "
-                                f"where {escape_sqlite(column)} is not null "
-                                f"and {escape_sqlite(column)} != '' "
-                                f"and json_array_length({escape_sqlite(column)}) > 0 "
+                                "select {column} from ({sql}) "
+                                "where {column} is not null "
+                                "and {column} != '' "
+                                "and json_array_length({column}) > 0 "
                                 "limit 100"
-                            ),
+                            ).format(column=escape_sqlite(column), sql=self.sql),
                             self.params,
                             truncate=False,
                             custom_time_limit=self.ds.setting(
@@ -384,14 +388,14 @@ class ArrayFacet(Facet):
             source = source_and_config["source"]
             column = config.get("column") or config["simple"]
             # https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/448
-            facet_sql = f"""
-                with inner as ({self.sql}),
+            facet_sql = """
+                with inner as ({sql}),
                 deduped_array_items as (
                     select
                         distinct j.value,
                         inner.*
                     from
-                        json_each([inner].{escape_sqlite(column)}) j
+                        json_each([inner].{col}) j
                         join inner
                 )
                 select
@@ -402,8 +406,12 @@ class ArrayFacet(Facet):
                 group by
                     value
                 order by
-                    count(*) desc, value limit {facet_size + 1}
-            """
+                    count(*) desc, value limit {limit}
+            """.format(
+                col=escape_sqlite(column),
+                sql=self.sql,
+                limit=facet_size + 1,
+            )
             try:
                 facet_rows_results = await self.ds.execute(
                     self.database,
diff --git a/datasette/filters.py b/datasette/filters.py
index 1d4e32c2..95cc5f37 100644
--- a/datasette/filters.py
+++ b/datasette/filters.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-import json
-from typing import ClassVar
-
 from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
-from datasette.utils.asgi import BadRequest
 from datasette.views.base import DatasetteError
-
+from datasette.utils.asgi import BadRequest
+import json
 from .utils import detect_json1, escape_sqlite, path_with_removed_args
 
 
@@ -102,9 +99,9 @@ def search_filters(request, database, table, datasette):
                             fts_table=escape_sqlite(fts_table),
                             search_col=escape_sqlite(search_col),
                             match_clause=(
-                                f":search_{i}"
+                                ":search_{}".format(i)
                                 if search_mode_raw
-                                else f"escape_fts(:search_{i})"
+                                else "escape_fts(:search_{})".format(i)
                             ),
                         )
                     )
@@ -137,11 +134,11 @@ def through_filters(request, database, table, datasette):
                 value = through_data["value"]
                 db = datasette.get_database(database)
                 outgoing_foreign_keys = await db.foreign_keys_for_table(through_table)
-                fk_to_us = next(
-                    (fk for fk in outgoing_foreign_keys if fk["other_table"] == table),
-                    None,
-                )
-                if fk_to_us is None:
+                try:
+                    fk_to_us = [
+                        fk for fk in outgoing_foreign_keys if fk["other_table"] == table
+                    ][0]
+                except IndexError:
                     raise DatasetteError(
                         "Invalid _through - could not find corresponding foreign key"
                     )
@@ -368,7 +365,7 @@ class Filters:
             ),
         ]
     )
-    _filters_by_key: ClassVar[dict[str, Filter]] = {f.key: f for f in _filters}
+    _filters_by_key = {f.key: f for f in _filters}
 
     def __init__(self, pairs):
         self.pairs = pairs
diff --git a/datasette/fixtures.py b/datasette/fixtures.py
index 049e35ed..7c85e16a 100644
--- a/datasette/fixtures.py
+++ b/datasette/fixtures.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
+from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
+from datasette.utils import documented
 import itertools
 import random
 import string
 
-from datasette.utils import documented
-from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
-
 __all__ = [
     "EXTRA_DATABASE_SQL",
     "TABLES",
@@ -347,7 +346,9 @@ CREATE VIEW searchable_view_configured_by_metadata AS
     + '\nINSERT INTO no_primary_key VALUES ("RENDER_CELL_DEMO", "a202", "b202", "c202");\n'
     + "\n".join(
         [
-            f'INSERT INTO compound_three_primary_keys VALUES ("{a}", "{b}", "{c}", "{content}");'
+            'INSERT INTO compound_three_primary_keys VALUES ("{a}", "{b}", "{c}", "{content}");'.format(
+                a=a, b=b, c=c, content=content
+            )
             for a, b, c, content in generate_compound_rows(1001)
         ]
     )
diff --git a/datasette/forbidden.py b/datasette/forbidden.py
index 67bf0d8b..91b1ff96 100644
--- a/datasette/forbidden.py
+++ b/datasette/forbidden.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from datasette import Response, hookimpl
-
+from datasette import hookimpl, Response
 from .utils import add_cors_headers
 
 
diff --git a/datasette/handle_exception.py b/datasette/handle_exception.py
index c36d5dbe..e255ddf2 100644
--- a/datasette/handle_exception.py
+++ b/datasette/handle_exception.py
@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-import traceback
-
-from markupsafe import Markup
-
-from datasette import Response, hookimpl
-
+from datasette import hookimpl, Response
 from .utils import add_cors_headers, error_body
 from .utils.asgi import (
     Base400,
 )
 from .views.base import DatasetteError
+from markupsafe import Markup
+import traceback
 
-# Debugger imports are deliberate - they back the "pdb" setting, which drops
-# into a debugger on unhandled exceptions
 try:
-    import ipdb as pdb  # noqa: T100
+    import ipdb as pdb
 except ImportError:
-    import pdb  # noqa: T100
+    import pdb
 
 try:
     import rich
@@ -74,7 +69,7 @@ def handle_exception(datasette, request, exception):
                 dict(
                     info,
                     urls=datasette.urls,
-                    menu_links=list,
+                    menu_links=lambda: [],
                 )
             ),
             status=status,
diff --git a/datasette/hookspecs.py b/datasette/hookspecs.py
index f89f2f36..7c56f882 100644
--- a/datasette/hookspecs.py
+++ b/datasette/hookspecs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from pluggy import HookimplMarker, HookspecMarker
+from pluggy import HookimplMarker
+from pluggy import HookspecMarker
 
 hookspec = HookspecMarker("datasette")
 hookimpl = HookimplMarker("datasette")
diff --git a/datasette/inspect.py b/datasette/inspect.py
index b126ce5c..5e681e03 100644
--- a/datasette/inspect.py
+++ b/datasette/inspect.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import hashlib
 
 from .utils import (
+    detect_spatialite,
     detect_fts,
     detect_primary_keys,
-    detect_spatialite,
     escape_sqlite,
     get_all_foreign_keys,
-    sqlite3,
     table_columns,
+    sqlite3,
 )
 
 HASH_BLOCK_SIZE = 1024 * 1024
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ def inspect_tables(conn, database_metadata):
                 """)
         ]
 
-    for t, table_info in tables.items():
+    for t in tables.keys():
         for hidden_table in hidden_tables:
             if t == hidden_table or t.startswith(hidden_table):
-                table_info["hidden"] = True
+                tables[t]["hidden"] = True
                 continue
 
     return tables
diff --git a/datasette/jump.py b/datasette/jump.py
index d70d33df..d138e827 100644
--- a/datasette/jump.py
+++ b/datasette/jump.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class JumpSQL:
         search_text: str | None = None,
         display_name: str | None = None,
         item_type: str = "menu",
-    ) -> JumpSQL:
+    ) -> "JumpSQL":
         if search_text is None:
             search_text = " ".join(
                 text for text in (label, display_name, description) if text is not None
diff --git a/datasette/permissions.py b/datasette/permissions.py
index e03b065c..786dc026 100644
--- a/datasette/permissions.py
+++ b/datasette/permissions.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import contextvars
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, NamedTuple
+import contextvars
 
 # Context variable to track when permission checks should be skipped
 _skip_permission_checks = contextvars.ContextVar(
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ class Resource(ABC):
         )
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return (
-            f"{self.__class__.__name__}(parent={self.parent!r}, child={self.child!r})"
+        return "{}(parent={!r}, child={!r})".format(
+            self.__class__.__name__, self.parent, self.child
         )
 
     @property
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ class Resource(ABC):
 
         Must return two columns: parent, child
         """
+        pass
 
 
 class AllowedResource(NamedTuple):
diff --git a/datasette/plugins.py b/datasette/plugins.py
index 9cf94079..ae2cb17d 100644
--- a/datasette/plugins.py
+++ b/datasette/plugins.py
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 import importlib
-import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata
-import importlib.resources as importlib_resources
 import os
-import sys
-from pprint import pprint
-
 import pluggy
-
+from pprint import pprint
+import sys
 from . import hookspecs
 
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    import importlib.resources as importlib_resources
+else:
+    import importlib_resources
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata
+else:
+    import importlib_metadata
+
+
 DEFAULT_PLUGINS = (
     "datasette.publish.heroku",
     "datasette.publish.cloudrun",
@@ -79,7 +85,7 @@ if DATASETTE_LOAD_PLUGINS is not None:
                     # Ensure name can be found in plugin_to_distinfo later:
                     pm._plugin_distinfo.append((mod, distribution))
         except importlib_metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
-            sys.stderr.write(f"Plugin {package_name} could not be found\n")
+            sys.stderr.write("Plugin {} could not be found\n".format(package_name))
 
 
 # Load default plugins
diff --git a/datasette/publish/cloudrun.py b/datasette/publish/cloudrun.py
index 9ace865b..63d22fe8 100644
--- a/datasette/publish/cloudrun.py
+++ b/datasette/publish/cloudrun.py
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
+from datasette import hookimpl
+import click
 import json
 import os
 import re
 from subprocess import CalledProcessError, check_call, check_output
 
-import click
-
-from datasette import hookimpl
-
-from ..utils import temporary_docker_directory
 from .common import (
     add_common_publish_arguments_and_options,
     fail_if_publish_binary_not_installed,
 )
+from ..utils import temporary_docker_directory
 
 
 @hookimpl
@@ -221,7 +219,7 @@ def publish_subcommand(publish):
 
             check_call(
                 "gcloud builds submit --tag {}{}".format(
-                    image_id, f" --timeout {timeout}" if timeout else ""
+                    image_id, " --timeout {}".format(timeout) if timeout else ""
                 ),
                 shell=True,
             )
@@ -233,7 +231,7 @@ def publish_subcommand(publish):
             ("--min-instances", min_instances),
         ):
             if value is not None:
-                extra_deploy_options.append(f"{option} {value}")
+                extra_deploy_options.append("{} {}".format(option, value))
         check_call(
             "gcloud run deploy --allow-unauthenticated --platform=managed --image {} {}{}".format(
                 image_id,
@@ -260,16 +258,24 @@ def _ensure_artifact_registry(artifact_project, artifact_region, artifact_reposi
         ) from exc
 
     describe_cmd = (
-        f"gcloud artifacts repositories describe {artifact_repository} --project {artifact_project} "
-        f"--location {artifact_region} --quiet"
+        "gcloud artifacts repositories describe {repo} --project {project} "
+        "--location {location} --quiet"
+    ).format(
+        repo=artifact_repository,
+        project=artifact_project,
+        location=artifact_region,
     )
     try:
         check_call(describe_cmd, shell=True)
         return
     except CalledProcessError:
         create_cmd = (
-            f"gcloud artifacts repositories create {artifact_repository} --repository-format=docker "
-            f'--location {artifact_region} --project {artifact_project} --description "Datasette Cloud Run images" --quiet'
+            "gcloud artifacts repositories create {repo} --repository-format=docker "
+            '--location {location} --project {project} --description "Datasette Cloud Run images" --quiet'
+        ).format(
+            repo=artifact_repository,
+            location=artifact_region,
+            project=artifact_project,
         )
         try:
             check_call(create_cmd, shell=True)
diff --git a/datasette/publish/common.py b/datasette/publish/common.py
index 27dfd4bf..29665eb3 100644
--- a/datasette/publish/common.py
+++ b/datasette/publish/common.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
+from ..utils import StaticMount
+import click
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 
-import click
-
-from ..utils import StaticMount
-
 
 def add_common_publish_arguments_and_options(subcommand):
     for decorator in reversed(
@@ -78,7 +76,9 @@ def fail_if_publish_binary_not_installed(binary, publish_target, install_link):
     """Exit (with error message) if ``binary` isn't installed"""
     if not shutil.which(binary):
         click.secho(
-            f"Publishing to {publish_target} requires {binary} to be installed and configured",
+            "Publishing to {publish_target} requires {binary} to be installed and configured".format(
+                publish_target=publish_target, binary=binary
+            ),
             bg="red",
             fg="white",
             bold=True,
diff --git a/datasette/publish/heroku.py b/datasette/publish/heroku.py
index b0290833..f576a346 100644
--- a/datasette/publish/heroku.py
+++ b/datasette/publish/heroku.py
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from datasette import hookimpl
+import click
 import json
 import os
 import pathlib
 import shlex
 import shutil
-import tempfile
-from contextlib import contextmanager
 from subprocess import call, check_output
-
-import click
-
-from datasette import hookimpl
-from datasette.utils import link_or_copy, link_or_copy_directory, parse_metadata
+import tempfile
 
 from .common import (
     add_common_publish_arguments_and_options,
     fail_if_publish_binary_not_installed,
 )
+from datasette.utils import link_or_copy, link_or_copy_directory, parse_metadata
 
 
 @hookimpl
@@ -236,7 +234,7 @@ def temporary_heroku_directory(
             extras.extend(["--static", f"{mount_point}:{mount_point}"])
 
         quoted_files = " ".join(
-            [f"-i {shlex.quote(file_name)}" for file_name in file_names]
+            ["-i {}".format(shlex.quote(file_name)) for file_name in file_names]
         )
         procfile_cmd = "web: datasette serve --host 0.0.0.0 {quoted_files} --cors --port $PORT --inspect-file inspect-data.json {extras}".format(
             quoted_files=quoted_files, extras=" ".join(extras)
diff --git a/datasette/renderer.py b/datasette/renderer.py
index 0e01f52f..7c94f6ee 100644
--- a/datasette/renderer.py
+++ b/datasette/renderer.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 import json
-
 from datasette.extras import extra_names_from_request
 from datasette.utils import (
-    CustomJSONEncoder,
     error_body,
-    path_from_row_pks,
-    remove_infinites,
-    sqlite3,
     value_as_boolean,
+    remove_infinites,
+    CustomJSONEncoder,
+    path_from_row_pks,
+    sqlite3,
 )
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
 
diff --git a/datasette/stored_queries.py b/datasette/stored_queries.py
index db3c6548..f5f977d9 100644
--- a/datasette/stored_queries.py
+++ b/datasette/stored_queries.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import json
-from collections.abc import Iterable
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any
+import json
+from typing import Any, Iterable
 
 from .utils import tilde_encode, urlsafe_components
 
@@ -387,7 +386,7 @@ async def count_queries(
                 OR q.sql LIKE :query_search
             )
             """)
-        params["query_search"] = f"%{q}%"
+        params["query_search"] = "%{}%".format(q)
     if is_write is not None:
         where_clauses.append("q.is_write = :query_is_write")
         params["query_is_write"] = int(bool(is_write))
@@ -463,7 +462,7 @@ async def list_queries(
         except ValueError:
             components = []
         if database is None and len(components) == 3:
-            where_clauses.append(f"""
+            where_clauses.append("""
                 (
                     q.database_name > :cursor_database
                     OR (
@@ -477,12 +476,12 @@ async def list_queries(
                         )
                     )
                 )
-                """)
+                """.format(sort_key_sql=sort_key_sql))
             params["cursor_database"] = components[0]
             params["cursor_sort_key"] = components[1]
             params["cursor_name"] = components[2]
         elif database is not None and len(components) == 2:
-            where_clauses.append(f"""
+            where_clauses.append("""
                 (
                     {sort_key_sql} > :cursor_sort_key
                     OR (
@@ -490,7 +489,7 @@ async def list_queries(
                         AND q.name > :cursor_name
                     )
                 )
-                """)
+                """.format(sort_key_sql=sort_key_sql))
             params["cursor_sort_key"] = components[0]
             params["cursor_name"] = components[1]
 
@@ -503,7 +502,7 @@ async def list_queries(
                 OR q.sql LIKE :query_search
             )
             """)
-        params["query_search"] = f"%{q}%"
+        params["query_search"] = "%{}%".format(q)
     if is_write is not None:
         where_clauses.append("q.is_write = :query_is_write")
         params["query_is_write"] = int(bool(is_write))
diff --git a/datasette/tokens.py b/datasette/tokens.py
index 79f840d2..4f905339 100644
--- a/datasette/tokens.py
+++ b/datasette/tokens.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import dataclasses
 import time
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
 
 import itsdangerous
 
@@ -50,24 +50,24 @@ class TokenRestrictions:
     database: dict[str, list[str]] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
     resource: dict[str, dict[str, list[str]]] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
 
-    def allow_all(self, action: str) -> TokenRestrictions:
+    def allow_all(self, action: str) -> "TokenRestrictions":
         """Allow an action across all databases and resources."""
         self.all.append(action)
         return self
 
-    def allow_database(self, database: str, action: str) -> TokenRestrictions:
+    def allow_database(self, database: str, action: str) -> "TokenRestrictions":
         """Allow an action on a specific database."""
         self.database.setdefault(database, []).append(action)
         return self
 
     def allow_resource(
         self, database: str, resource: str, action: str
-    ) -> TokenRestrictions:
+    ) -> "TokenRestrictions":
         """Allow an action on a specific resource within a database."""
         self.resource.setdefault(database, {}).setdefault(resource, []).append(action)
         return self
 
-    def abbreviated(self, datasette: Datasette) -> dict | None:
+    def abbreviated(self, datasette: "Datasette") -> Optional[dict]:
         """
         Return the abbreviated ``_r`` dictionary shape for this set of
         restrictions, using action abbreviations registered with ``datasette``.
@@ -112,16 +112,16 @@ class TokenHandler:
 
     async def create_token(
         self,
-        datasette: Datasette,
+        datasette: "Datasette",
         actor_id: str,
         *,
-        expires_after: int | None = None,
-        restrictions: TokenRestrictions | None = None,
+        expires_after: Optional[int] = None,
+        restrictions: Optional[TokenRestrictions] = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Create and return a token string for the given actor."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def verify_token(self, datasette: Datasette, token: str) -> dict | None:
+    async def verify_token(self, datasette: "Datasette", token: str) -> Optional[dict]:
         """
         Verify a token and return an actor dict.
 
@@ -142,11 +142,11 @@ class SignedTokenHandler(TokenHandler):
 
     async def create_token(
         self,
-        datasette: Datasette,
+        datasette: "Datasette",
         actor_id: str,
         *,
-        expires_after: int | None = None,
-        restrictions: TokenRestrictions | None = None,
+        expires_after: Optional[int] = None,
+        restrictions: Optional[TokenRestrictions] = None,
     ) -> str:
         if not datasette.setting("allow_signed_tokens"):
             raise ValueError(
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class SignedTokenHandler(TokenHandler):
                 token["_r"] = abbreviated
         return "dstok_{}".format(datasette.sign(token, namespace="token"))
 
-    async def verify_token(self, datasette: Datasette, token: str) -> dict | None:
+    async def verify_token(self, datasette: "Datasette", token: str) -> Optional[dict]:
         prefix = "dstok_"
 
         if not token.startswith(prefix):
@@ -200,8 +200,9 @@ class SignedTokenHandler(TokenHandler):
         ):
             duration = max_signed_tokens_ttl
 
-        if duration and time.time() - created > duration:
-            raise TokenInvalid("Token has expired")
+        if duration:
+            if time.time() - created > duration:
+                raise TokenInvalid("Token has expired")
 
         actor = {"id": decoded["a"], "token": "dstok"}
 
diff --git a/datasette/tracer.py b/datasette/tracer.py
index 1fbda6f9..28f3cc09 100644
--- a/datasette/tracer.py
+++ b/datasette/tracer.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import asyncio
-import json
-import time
-import traceback
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from contextvars import ContextVar
-
 from markupsafe import escape
+import time
+import json
+import traceback
 
 tracers = {}
 
@@ -133,17 +132,17 @@ class AsgiTracer:
                     "num_traces": len(traces),
                     "traces": traces,
                 }
-                content_type = next(
-                    (
+                try:
+                    content_type = [
                         v.decode("utf8")
                         for k, v in response_headers
                         if k.lower() == b"content-type"
-                    ),
-                    "",
-                )
+                    ][0]
+                except IndexError:
+                    content_type = ""
                 if "text/html" in content_type and b"</body>" in accumulated_body:
                     extra = escape(json.dumps(trace_info, indent=2))
-                    extra_html = f"<pre>{extra}</pre></body>".encode()
+                    extra_html = f"<pre>{extra}</pre></body>".encode("utf8")
                     accumulated_body = accumulated_body.replace(b"</body>", extra_html)
                 elif "json" in content_type and accumulated_body.startswith(b"{"):
                     data = json.loads(accumulated_body.decode("utf8"))
diff --git a/datasette/url_builder.py b/datasette/url_builder.py
index f8da20f3..16b3d42b 100644
--- a/datasette/url_builder.py
+++ b/datasette/url_builder.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+from .utils import tilde_encode, path_with_format, PrefixedUrlString
 import urllib
 
-from .utils import PrefixedUrlString, path_with_format, tilde_encode
-
 
 class Urls:
     def __init__(self, ds):
@@ -9,7 +8,8 @@ class Urls:
 
     def path(self, path, format=None):
         if not isinstance(path, PrefixedUrlString):
-            path = path.removeprefix("/")
+            if path.startswith("/"):
+                path = path[1:]
             path = self.ds.setting("base_url") + path
         if format is not None:
             path = path_with_format(path=path, format=format)
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ class Urls:
         return PrefixedUrlString(path)
 
     def row_blob(self, database, table, row_path, column):
-        return (
-            self.table(database, table)
-            + f"/{row_path}.blob?_blob_column={urllib.parse.quote_plus(column)}"
+        return self.table(database, table) + "/{}.blob?_blob_column={}".format(
+            row_path, urllib.parse.quote_plus(column)
         )
diff --git a/datasette/utils/__init__.py b/datasette/utils/__init__.py
index eb46d549..18d3ba52 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/__init__.py
@@ -1,31 +1,29 @@
 import asyncio
-import base64
 import binascii
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import aiofiles
+import click
+from collections import OrderedDict, namedtuple, Counter
 import copy
 import dataclasses
+import base64
 import hashlib
 import inspect
 import json
-import os
-import re
-import secrets
-import shlex
-import shutil
-import tempfile
-import time
-import types
-import typing
-import urllib
-from collections import Counter, OrderedDict, namedtuple
-from collections.abc import Iterable
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-
-import aiofiles
-import click
 import markupsafe
 import mergedeep
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import tempfile
+import typing
+import time
+import types
+import secrets
+import shutil
+from typing import Iterable, List, Tuple
+import urllib
 import yaml
-
 from .shutil_backport import copytree
 from .sqlite import sqlite3, supports_table_xinfo
 
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
 class PaginatedResources:
     """Paginated results from allowed_resources query."""
 
-    resources: list["Resource"]
+    resources: List["Resource"]
     next: str | None  # Keyset token for next page (None if no more results)
     _datasette: typing.Any = dataclasses.field(default=None, repr=False)
     _action: str = dataclasses.field(default=None, repr=False)
@@ -85,132 +83,22 @@ class PaginatedResources:
 
 
 # From https://www.sqlite.org/lang_keywords.html
-reserved_words = {
-    "abort",
-    "action",
-    "add",
-    "after",
-    "all",
-    "alter",
-    "analyze",
-    "and",
-    "as",
-    "asc",
-    "attach",
-    "autoincrement",
-    "before",
-    "begin",
-    "between",
-    "by",
-    "cascade",
-    "case",
-    "cast",
-    "check",
-    "collate",
-    "column",
-    "commit",
-    "conflict",
-    "constraint",
-    "create",
-    "cross",
-    "current_date",
-    "current_time",
-    "current_timestamp",
-    "database",
-    "default",
-    "deferrable",
-    "deferred",
-    "delete",
-    "desc",
-    "detach",
-    "distinct",
-    "drop",
-    "each",
-    "else",
-    "end",
-    "escape",
-    "except",
-    "exclusive",
-    "exists",
-    "explain",
-    "fail",
-    "for",
-    "foreign",
-    "from",
-    "full",
-    "glob",
-    "group",
-    "having",
-    "if",
-    "ignore",
-    "immediate",
-    "in",
-    "index",
-    "indexed",
-    "initially",
-    "inner",
-    "insert",
-    "instead",
-    "intersect",
-    "into",
-    "is",
-    "isnull",
-    "join",
-    "key",
-    "left",
-    "like",
-    "limit",
-    "match",
-    "natural",
-    "no",
-    "not",
-    "notnull",
-    "null",
-    "of",
-    "offset",
-    "on",
-    "or",
-    "order",
-    "outer",
-    "plan",
-    "pragma",
-    "primary",
-    "query",
-    "raise",
-    "recursive",
-    "references",
-    "regexp",
-    "reindex",
-    "release",
-    "rename",
-    "replace",
-    "restrict",
-    "right",
-    "rollback",
-    "row",
-    "savepoint",
-    "select",
-    "set",
-    "table",
-    "temp",
-    "temporary",
-    "then",
-    "to",
-    "transaction",
-    "trigger",
-    "union",
-    "unique",
-    "update",
-    "using",
-    "vacuum",
-    "values",
-    "view",
-    "virtual",
-    "when",
-    "where",
-    "with",
-    "without",
-}
+reserved_words = set(
+    (
+        "abort action add after all alter analyze and as asc attach autoincrement "
+        "before begin between by cascade case cast check collate column commit "
+        "conflict constraint create cross current_date current_time "
+        "current_timestamp database default deferrable deferred delete desc detach "
+        "distinct drop each else end escape except exclusive exists explain fail "
+        "for foreign from full glob group having if ignore immediate in index "
+        "indexed initially inner insert instead intersect into is isnull join key "
+        "left like limit match natural no not notnull null of offset on or order "
+        "outer plan pragma primary query raise recursive references regexp reindex "
+        "release rename replace restrict right rollback row savepoint select set "
+        "table temp temporary then to transaction trigger union unique update using "
+        "vacuum values view virtual when where with without"
+    ).split()
+)
 
 APT_GET_DOCKERFILE_EXTRAS = r"""
 RUN apt-get update && \
@@ -270,7 +158,7 @@ functions_marked_as_documented = []
 
 def documented(fn=None, *, label=None):
     def decorate(fn):
-        fn._datasette_docs_label = label or f"internals_utils_{fn.__name__}"
+        fn._datasette_docs_label = label or "internals_utils_{}".format(fn.__name__)
         functions_marked_as_documented.append(fn)
         return fn
 
@@ -472,7 +360,7 @@ disallawed_sql_res = [
     (
         re.compile(f"pragma(?!_({'|'.join(allowed_pragmas)}))"),
         "Statement contained a disallowed PRAGMA. Allowed pragma functions are {}".format(
-            ", ".join(f"pragma_{pragma}()" for pragma in allowed_pragmas)
+            ", ".join("pragma_{}()".format(pragma) for pragma in allowed_pragmas)
         ),
     )
 ]
@@ -646,7 +534,10 @@ CMD {cmd}""".format(
             else ""
         ),
         environment_variables="\n".join(
-            [f"ENV {key} '{value}'" for key, value in environment_variables.items()]
+            [
+                "ENV {} '{}'".format(key, value)
+                for key, value in environment_variables.items()
+            ]
         ),
         install_from=" ".join(install),
         files=" ".join(files),
@@ -749,7 +640,7 @@ def get_outbound_foreign_keys(conn, table):
     fks = []
     for info in infos:
         if info is not None:
-            id, seq, table_name, from_, to_, _on_update, _on_delete, _match = info
+            id, seq, table_name, from_, to_, on_update, on_delete, match = info
             fks.append(
                 {
                     "column": from_,
@@ -850,7 +741,7 @@ def detect_json1(conn=None):
     try:
         conn.execute("SELECT json('{}')")
         return True
-    except sqlite3.Error:
+    except Exception:
         return False
     finally:
         if close_conn:
@@ -930,7 +821,9 @@ def is_url(value):
     if not value.startswith("http://") and not value.startswith("https://"):
         return False
     # Any whitespace at all is invalid
-    return not whitespace_re.search(value)
+    if whitespace_re.search(value):
+        return False
+    return True
 
 
 css_class_re = re.compile(r"^[a-zA-Z]+[_a-zA-Z0-9-]*$")
@@ -983,9 +876,7 @@ def module_from_path(path, name):
     mod.__file__ = path
     with open(path, "r") as file:
         code = compile(file.read(), path, "exec", dont_inherit=True)
-    # Executing the file is the whole point - this is how --plugins-dir loads
-    # plugins and how metadata/config .py files are evaluated
-    exec(code, mod.__dict__)  # noqa: S102
+    exec(code, mod.__dict__)
     return mod
 
 
@@ -1142,7 +1033,9 @@ def escape_fts(query):
         query += '"'
     bits = _escape_fts_re.split(query)
     bits = [b for b in bits if b and b != '""']
-    return " ".join(f'"{bit}"' if not bit.startswith('"') else bit for bit in bits)
+    return " ".join(
+        '"{}"'.format(bit) if not bit.startswith('"') else bit for bit in bits
+    )
 
 
 class MultiParams:
@@ -1154,7 +1047,7 @@ class MultiParams:
                     data[key], (list, tuple)
                 ), "dictionary data should be a dictionary of key => [list]"
             self._data = data
-        elif isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
+        elif isinstance(data, list) or isinstance(data, tuple):
             new_data = {}
             for item in data:
                 assert (
@@ -1244,7 +1137,9 @@ def _gather_arguments(fn, kwargs):
     for parameter in parameters:
         if parameter not in kwargs:
             raise TypeError(
-                f"{fn} requires parameters {tuple(parameters)}, missing: {set(parameters) - set(kwargs.keys())}"
+                "{} requires parameters {}, missing: {}".format(
+                    fn, tuple(parameters), set(parameters) - set(kwargs.keys())
+                )
             )
         call_with.append(kwargs[parameter])
     return call_with
@@ -1313,9 +1208,9 @@ def resolve_env_secrets(config, environ):
     """Create copy that recursively replaces {"$env": "NAME"} with values from environ"""
     if isinstance(config, dict):
         if list(config.keys()) == ["$env"]:
-            return environ.get(next(iter(config.values())))
+            return environ.get(list(config.values())[0])
         elif list(config.keys()) == ["$file"]:
-            with open(next(iter(config.values()))) as fp:
+            with open(list(config.values())[0]) as fp:
                 return fp.read()
         else:
             return {
@@ -1411,7 +1306,7 @@ _named_param_re = re.compile(r":(\w+)")
 
 
 @documented
-def named_parameters(sql: str) -> list[str]:
+def named_parameters(sql: str) -> List[str]:
     """
     Given a SQL statement, return a list of named parameters that are used in the statement
 
@@ -1424,7 +1319,7 @@ def named_parameters(sql: str) -> list[str]:
     return _named_param_re.findall(sql)
 
 
-async def derive_named_parameters(db: "Database", sql: str) -> list[str]:
+async def derive_named_parameters(db: "Database", sql: str) -> List[str]:
     """
     This undocumented but stable method exists for backwards compatibility
     with plugins that were using it before it switched to named_parameters()
@@ -1448,9 +1343,9 @@ def parse_size_limit(value, default, maximum, name="_size"):
         if size < 0:
             raise ValueError
     except ValueError:
-        raise ValueError(f"{name} must be a positive integer")
+        raise ValueError("{} must be a positive integer".format(name))
     if size > maximum:
-        raise ValueError(f"{name} must be <= {maximum}")
+        raise ValueError("{} must be <= {}".format(name, maximum))
     return size
 
 
@@ -1508,7 +1403,7 @@ class TildeEncoder(dict):
         elif b == _space:
             res = "+"
         else:
-            res = f"~{b:02X}"
+            res = "~{:02X}".format(b)
         self[b] = res
         return res
 
@@ -1603,7 +1498,7 @@ def _combine(base: dict, update: dict) -> dict:
     return base
 
 
-def pairs_to_nested_config(pairs: list[tuple[str, typing.Any]]) -> dict:
+def pairs_to_nested_config(pairs: typing.List[typing.Tuple[str, typing.Any]]) -> dict:
     """
     Parse a list of key-value pairs into a nested dictionary.
     """
@@ -1618,7 +1513,7 @@ def make_slot_function(name, datasette, request, **kwargs):
     from datasette.plugins import pm
 
     method = getattr(pm.hook, name, None)
-    assert method is not None, f"No hook found for {name}"
+    assert method is not None, "No hook found for {}".format(name)
 
     async def inner():
         html_bits = []
@@ -1642,7 +1537,7 @@ def prune_empty_dicts(d: dict):
                 d.pop(key, None)
 
 
-def move_plugins_and_allow(source: dict, destination: dict) -> tuple[dict, dict]:
+def move_plugins_and_allow(source: dict, destination: dict) -> Tuple[dict, dict]:
     """
     Move 'plugins' and 'allow' keys from source to destination dictionary. Creates
     hierarchy in destination if needed. After moving, recursively remove any keys
diff --git a/datasette/utils/asgi.py b/datasette/utils/asgi.py
index 812194fd..610b86f2 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/asgi.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/asgi.py
@@ -1,29 +1,28 @@
 import json
-import re
-from http.cookies import Morsel, SimpleCookie
-from mimetypes import guess_type
-from pathlib import Path
-from urllib.parse import parse_qs, parse_qsl, urlunparse
-
-import aiofiles
-import aiofiles.os
-
+from typing import Optional
 from datasette.utils import MultiParams, calculate_etag, error_body, sha256_file
 from datasette.utils.multipart import (
-    DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE,
-    DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
+    parse_form_data,
+    MultipartParseError,
+    FormData,
     DEFAULT_MAX_FILE_SIZE,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
     DEFAULT_MAX_FILES,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE,
     DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE,
     DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES,
     DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_LINES,
-    DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
-    DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
     DEFAULT_MIN_FREE_DISK_BYTES,
-    FormData,
-    MultipartParseError,
-    parse_form_data,
 )
+from mimetypes import guess_type
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlunparse, parse_qsl
+from pathlib import Path
+from http.cookies import SimpleCookie, Morsel
+import aiofiles
+import aiofiles.os
+import re
 
 # Workaround for adding samesite support to pre 3.8 python
 Morsel._reserved["samesite"] = "SameSite"
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ class Request:
         self.max_post_body_bytes = max_post_body_bytes
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'<asgi.Request method="{self.method}" url="{self.url}">'
+        return '<asgi.Request method="{}" url="{}">'.format(self.method, self.url)
 
     @property
     def method(self):
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ class Request:
         if max_bytes is None:
             max_bytes = self.max_post_body_bytes
         too_large = PayloadTooLarge(
-            f"Request body exceeded maximum size of {max_bytes} bytes"
+            "Request body exceeded maximum size of {} bytes".format(max_bytes)
         )
         if max_bytes:
             # Reject early if the client declares an oversized body
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ class Request:
         max_request_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
         max_fields: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
         max_files: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FILES,
-        max_parts: int | None = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
+        max_parts: Optional[int] = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
         max_field_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE,
         max_memory_file_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE,
         max_part_header_bytes: int = DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES,
@@ -530,9 +529,9 @@ class Response:
         httponly=False,
         samesite="lax",
     ):
-        assert (
-            samesite in SAMESITE_VALUES
-        ), f"samesite should be one of {SAMESITE_VALUES}"
+        assert samesite in SAMESITE_VALUES, "samesite should be one of {}".format(
+            SAMESITE_VALUES
+        )
         cookie = SimpleCookie()
         cookie[key] = value
         for prop_name, prop_value in (
diff --git a/datasette/utils/baseconv.py b/datasette/utils/baseconv.py
index 0469d7a8..c4b64908 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/baseconv.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/baseconv.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Originally shared here: https://www.djangosnippets.org/snippets/1431/
 """
 
 
-class BaseConverter:
+class BaseConverter(object):
     decimal_digits = "0123456789"
 
     def __init__(self, digits):
diff --git a/datasette/utils/check_callable.py b/datasette/utils/check_callable.py
index e21a769b..a0997d20 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/check_callable.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/check_callable.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import inspect
 import types
-from typing import Any, NamedTuple
+from typing import NamedTuple, Any
 
 
 class CallableStatus(NamedTuple):
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def check_callable(obj: Any) -> CallableStatus:
     if isinstance(obj, types.FunctionType):
         return CallableStatus(True, inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj))
 
-    if callable(obj):
+    if hasattr(obj, "__call__"):
         return CallableStatus(True, inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj.__call__))
 
-    assert False, f"obj {obj!r} is somehow callable with no __call__ method"
+    assert False, "obj {} is somehow callable with no __call__ method".format(repr(obj))
diff --git a/datasette/utils/internal_db.py b/datasette/utils/internal_db.py
index 0ddeb847..702b53d8 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/internal_db.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/internal_db.py
@@ -207,8 +207,7 @@ async def populate_schema_tables(internal_db, db, schema_version):
             columns = table_column_details(conn, table_name)
             columns_to_insert.extend(
                 {
-                    "database_name": database_name,
-                    "table_name": table_name,
+                    **{"database_name": database_name, "table_name": table_name},
                     **column._asdict(),
                 }
                 for column in columns
@@ -218,8 +217,7 @@ async def populate_schema_tables(internal_db, db, schema_version):
             ).fetchall()
             foreign_keys_to_insert.extend(
                 {
-                    "database_name": database_name,
-                    "table_name": table_name,
+                    **{"database_name": database_name, "table_name": table_name},
                     **dict(foreign_key),
                 }
                 for foreign_key in foreign_keys
@@ -229,8 +227,7 @@ async def populate_schema_tables(internal_db, db, schema_version):
             ).fetchall()
             indexes_to_insert.extend(
                 {
-                    "database_name": database_name,
-                    "table_name": table_name,
+                    **{"database_name": database_name, "table_name": table_name},
                     **dict(index),
                 }
                 for index in indexes
@@ -262,7 +259,7 @@ async def populate_schema_tables(internal_db, db, schema_version):
             "catalog_tables",
         ):
             conn.execute(
-                f"DELETE FROM {table} WHERE database_name = ?",
+                "DELETE FROM {} WHERE database_name = ?".format(table),
                 [database_name],
             )
         conn.execute(
diff --git a/datasette/utils/multipart.py b/datasette/utils/multipart.py
index 13289b1c..cfa77486 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/multipart.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/multipart.py
@@ -11,10 +11,15 @@ Supports:
 import asyncio
 import shutil
 import tempfile
-from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import (
     Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
 )
 from urllib.parse import parse_qsl
 
@@ -24,7 +29,7 @@ DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE = 100 * 1024 * 1024  # 100MB
 DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS = 1000
 DEFAULT_MAX_FILES = 100
 # If max_parts is not specified, it defaults to max_fields + max_files
-DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS: int | None = None
+DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS: Optional[int] = None
 DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE = 100 * 1024  # 100KB
 DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE = 1024 * 1024  # 1MB
 DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES = 16 * 1024  # 16KB
@@ -35,6 +40,8 @@ DEFAULT_MIN_FREE_DISK_BYTES = 50 * 1024 * 1024  # 50MB
 class MultipartParseError(Exception):
     """Raised when multipart parsing fails."""
 
+    pass
+
 
 @dataclass
 class UploadedFile:
@@ -50,7 +57,7 @@ class UploadedFile:
 
     name: str
     filename: str
-    content_type: str | None
+    content_type: Optional[str]
     size: int
     _file: tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile = field(repr=False)
 
@@ -79,8 +86,7 @@ class UploadedFile:
     def __del__(self):
         try:
             self._file.close()
-        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
-            # __del__ must never raise
+        except Exception:
             pass
 
 
@@ -92,27 +98,27 @@ class FormData:
     """
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self._data: list[tuple[str, str | UploadedFile]] = []
+        self._data: List[Tuple[str, Union[str, UploadedFile]]] = []
 
-    def append(self, key: str, value: str | UploadedFile) -> None:
+    def append(self, key: str, value: Union[str, UploadedFile]) -> None:
         """Add a key-value pair."""
         self._data.append((key, value))
 
-    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str | UploadedFile:
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Union[str, UploadedFile]:
         """Get the first value for a key."""
         for k, v in self._data:
             if k == key:
                 return v
         raise KeyError(key)
 
-    def get(self, key: str, default: Any = None) -> str | UploadedFile | None:
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Any = None) -> Optional[Union[str, UploadedFile]]:
         """Get the first value for a key, or default if not found."""
         try:
             return self[key]
         except KeyError:
             return default
 
-    def getlist(self, key: str) -> list[str | UploadedFile]:
+    def getlist(self, key: str) -> List[Union[str, UploadedFile]]:
         """Get all values for a key."""
         return [v for k, v in self._data if k == key]
 
@@ -136,15 +142,15 @@ class FormData:
         """Return unique keys."""
         return list(self)
 
-    def items(self) -> list[tuple[str, str | UploadedFile]]:
+    def items(self) -> List[Tuple[str, Union[str, UploadedFile]]]:
         """Return all key-value pairs."""
         return list(self._data)
 
-    def values(self) -> list[str | UploadedFile]:
+    def values(self) -> List[Union[str, UploadedFile]]:
         """Return all values."""
         return [v for _, v in self._data]
 
-    def _uploaded_files(self) -> list[UploadedFile]:
+    def _uploaded_files(self) -> List[UploadedFile]:
         """Return UploadedFile instances contained in this form."""
         return [v for _, v in self._data if isinstance(v, UploadedFile)]
 
@@ -157,7 +163,7 @@ class FormData:
         for uploaded in self._uploaded_files():
             try:
                 uploaded.close_sync()
-            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+            except Exception:
                 # Best-effort cleanup; ignore close errors
                 pass
 
@@ -166,7 +172,7 @@ class FormData:
         for uploaded in self._uploaded_files():
             try:
                 await uploaded.close()
-            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+            except Exception:
                 # Best-effort cleanup; ignore close errors
                 pass
 
@@ -183,13 +189,13 @@ class FormData:
         await self.aclose()
 
 
-def parse_content_disposition(header: str) -> dict[str, str | None]:
+def parse_content_disposition(header: str) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
     """
     Parse Content-Disposition header value.
 
     Returns dict with 'name', 'filename' keys (filename may be None).
     """
-    result: dict[str, str | None] = {"name": None, "filename": None}
+    result: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = {"name": None, "filename": None}
 
     # Split on semicolons, handling quoted strings
     parts = []
@@ -232,8 +238,7 @@ def parse_content_disposition(header: str) -> dict[str, str | None]:
                         from urllib.parse import unquote
 
                         result["filename"] = unquote(encoded, encoding="utf-8")
-                    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
-                        # Malformed RFC 5987 filename* - fall back to the plain filename
+                    except Exception:
                         pass
             continue
 
@@ -245,19 +250,20 @@ def parse_content_disposition(header: str) -> dict[str, str | None]:
 
         if key == "name":
             result["name"] = value
-        # Only set filename if filename* hasn't already set it
-        elif key == "filename" and result["filename"] is None:
-            # Strip path components (security)
-            # Handle both Unix and Windows paths
-            value = value.replace("\\", "/")
-            if "/" in value:
-                value = value.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
-            result["filename"] = value
+        elif key == "filename":
+            # Only set if filename* hasn't already set it
+            if result["filename"] is None:
+                # Strip path components (security)
+                # Handle both Unix and Windows paths
+                value = value.replace("\\", "/")
+                if "/" in value:
+                    value = value.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+                result["filename"] = value
 
     return result
 
 
-def parse_content_type(header: str) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
+def parse_content_type(header: str) -> Tuple[str, Dict[str, str]]:
     """
     Parse Content-Type header value.
 
@@ -301,7 +307,7 @@ class MultipartParser:
         max_request_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
         max_fields: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
         max_files: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FILES,
-        max_parts: int | None = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
+        max_parts: Optional[int] = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
         max_field_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE,
         max_memory_file_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE,
         max_part_header_bytes: int = DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES,
@@ -342,12 +348,12 @@ class MultipartParser:
         self._tempdir = tempfile.gettempdir()
 
         # Current part state
-        self.current_headers: dict[str, str] = {}
-        self.current_file: tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile | None = None
+        self.current_headers: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.current_file: Optional[tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile] = None
         self.current_body = bytearray()
-        self.current_name: str | None = None
-        self.current_filename: str | None = None
-        self.current_content_type: str | None = None
+        self.current_name: Optional[str] = None
+        self.current_filename: Optional[str] = None
+        self.current_content_type: Optional[str] = None
 
     def feed(self, chunk: bytes) -> None:
         """Feed a chunk of data to the parser."""
@@ -448,7 +454,7 @@ class MultipartParser:
             # Parse header
             try:
                 line_str = line.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
-            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            except Exception:
                 line_str = line.decode("latin-1")
 
             if ":" in line_str:
@@ -475,9 +481,7 @@ class MultipartParser:
             if self.file_count > self.max_files:
                 raise MultipartParseError("Too many files")
             if self.handle_files:
-                # Outlives this method - it is filled in across parser callbacks
-                # and then handed to the UploadedFile the caller consumes
-                self.current_file = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(  # noqa: SIM115
+                self.current_file = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(
                     max_size=self.max_memory_file_size
                 )
             else:
@@ -640,7 +644,7 @@ async def parse_form_data(
     max_request_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
     max_fields: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
     max_files: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FILES,
-    max_parts: int | None = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
+    max_parts: Optional[int] = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
     max_field_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE,
     max_memory_file_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE,
     max_part_header_bytes: int = DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES,
diff --git a/datasette/utils/permissions.py b/datasette/utils/permissions.py
index 5a8ee8e2..fd1e41a1 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/permissions.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/permissions.py
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Sequence, Tuple
 import sqlite3
-from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
-from typing import Any
 
 from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
 from datasette.plugins import pm
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ SKIP_PERMISSION_CHECKS = object()
 
 async def gather_permission_sql_from_hooks(
     *, datasette, actor: dict | None, action: str
-) -> list[PermissionSQL] | object:
+) -> List[PermissionSQL] | object:
     """Collect PermissionSQL objects from the permission_resources_sql hook.
 
     Ensures that each returned PermissionSQL has a populated ``source``.
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ async def gather_permission_sql_from_hooks(
     hookimpls = hook_caller.get_hookimpls()
     hook_results = list(hook_caller(datasette=datasette, actor=actor, action=action))
 
-    collected: list[PermissionSQL] = []
+    collected: List[PermissionSQL] = []
     actor_json = json.dumps(actor) if actor is not None else None
     actor_id = actor.get("id") if isinstance(actor, dict) else None
 
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ def _iter_permission_sql_from_result(
     if isinstance(result, PermissionSQL):
         return [result]
     if isinstance(result, (list, tuple)):
-        collected: list[PermissionSQL] = []
+        collected: List[PermissionSQL] = []
         for item in result:
             collected.extend(_iter_permission_sql_from_result(item, action=action))
         return collected
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ def _iter_permission_sql_from_result(
 
 def build_rules_union(
     actor: dict | None, plugins: Sequence[PermissionSQL]
-) -> tuple[str, dict[str, Any]]:
+) -> Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any]]:
     """
     Compose plugin SQL into a UNION ALL.
 
@@ -103,10 +102,10 @@ def build_rules_union(
     The system reserves these parameter names: :actor, :actor_id, :action, :filter_parent
     Plugin parameters should be prefixed with a unique identifier (e.g., source name).
     """
-    parts: list[str] = []
+    parts: List[str] = []
     actor_json = json.dumps(actor) if actor else None
     actor_id = actor.get("id") if actor else None
-    params: dict[str, Any] = {"actor": actor_json, "actor_id": actor_id}
+    params: Dict[str, Any] = {"actor": actor_json, "actor_id": actor_id}
 
     for p in plugins:
         # No namespacing - just use plugin params as-is
@@ -142,10 +141,10 @@ async def resolve_permissions_from_catalog(
     plugins: Sequence[Any],
     action: str,
     candidate_sql: str,
-    candidate_params: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    candidate_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     *,
     implicit_deny: bool = True,
-) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
     """
     Resolve permissions by embedding the provided *candidate_sql* in a CTE.
 
@@ -169,8 +168,8 @@ async def resolve_permissions_from_catalog(
       - parent, child, allow, reason, source_plugin, depth
       - resource (rendered "/parent/child" or "/parent" or "/")
     """
-    resolved_plugins: list[PermissionSQL] = []
-    restriction_sqls: list[str] = []
+    resolved_plugins: List[PermissionSQL] = []
+    restriction_sqls: List[str] = []
 
     for plugin in plugins:
         if callable(plugin) and not isinstance(plugin, PermissionSQL):
@@ -399,11 +398,11 @@ async def resolve_permissions_with_candidates(
     db,
     actor: dict | None,
     plugins: Sequence[Any],
-    candidates: list[tuple[str, str | None]],
+    candidates: List[Tuple[str, str | None]],
     action: str,
     *,
     implicit_deny: bool = True,
-) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
     """
     Resolve permissions without any external candidate table by embedding
     the candidates as a UNION of parameterized SELECTs in a CTE.
@@ -412,8 +411,8 @@ async def resolve_permissions_with_candidates(
     actor: actor dict (or None), made available as :actor (JSON), :actor_id, and :action
     """
     # Build a small CTE for candidates.
-    cand_rows_sql: list[str] = []
-    cand_params: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    cand_rows_sql: List[str] = []
+    cand_params: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     for i, (parent, child) in enumerate(candidates):
         pkey = f"cand_p_{i}"
         ckey = f"cand_c_{i}"
diff --git a/datasette/utils/shutil_backport.py b/datasette/utils/shutil_backport.py
index d323f5d6..d1fd1bd7 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/shutil_backport.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/shutil_backport.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.8.3/LICENSE
 """
 
 import os
-from shutil import Error, copy, copy2, copystat
+from shutil import copy, copy2, copystat, Error
 
 
 def _copytree(
diff --git a/datasette/utils/sql_analysis.py b/datasette/utils/sql_analysis.py
index 334545bd..1be28982 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/sql_analysis.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/sql_analysis.py
@@ -413,12 +413,12 @@ def analyze_sql_tables(
                 database=None,
                 table=None,
                 sqlite_schema=sqlite_schema,
-                target=f"{arg1} {arg2}" if arg2 is not None else arg1,
+                target="{} {}".format(arg1, arg2) if arg2 is not None else arg1,
                 source=source,
             )
             return sqlite3.SQLITE_OK
 
-        action_name = _AUTHORIZER_ACTION_NAMES.get(action, f"SQLITE_{action}")
+        action_name = _AUTHORIZER_ACTION_NAMES.get(action, "SQLITE_{}".format(action))
         record(
             "unknown",
             "unknown",
@@ -521,7 +521,9 @@ def analyze_sql_tables(
             and key.target in _SQLITE_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_FUNCTIONS
         ):
             return True
-        return bool(key_is_drop_table_delete(key))
+        if key_is_drop_table_delete(key):
+            return True
+        return False
 
     def table_kind_for(key: OperationKey) -> SQLiteTableType | None:
         if (
diff --git a/datasette/utils/sqlite.py b/datasette/utils/sqlite.py
index d3926f6f..4743ae4c 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/sqlite.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/sqlite.py
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def sqlite_hidden_table_names(conn, *, schema: str | None = "main") -> list[str]
     schema_table = _sqlite_schema_table(schema)
     try:
         rows = conn.execute(
-            f"select name, sql from {schema_table} where type = 'table'"
+            "select name, sql from {} where type = 'table'".format(schema_table)
         ).fetchall()
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
         return []
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def _sqlite_table_type_from_schema(
     schema_table = _sqlite_schema_table(schema)
     try:
         row = conn.execute(
-            f"select type, sql from {schema_table} where name = ?",
+            "select type, sql from {} where name = ?".format(schema_table),
             (table,),
         ).fetchone()
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ def _is_known_shadow_table(
     schema_table = _sqlite_schema_table(schema)
     try:
         rows = conn.execute(
-            f"select name, sql from {schema_table} where type = 'table'"
+            "select name, sql from {} where type = 'table'".format(schema_table)
         ).fetchall()
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
         return False
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ def _sqlite_schema_table(schema: str | None) -> str:
         return "sqlite_master"
     if schema == "temp":
         return "sqlite_temp_master"
-    return f"{_quote_identifier(schema)}.sqlite_master"
+    return "{}.sqlite_master".format(_quote_identifier(schema))
 
 
 def _quote_identifier(value: str) -> str:
diff --git a/datasette/utils/testing.py b/datasette/utils/testing.py
index a8be47bf..de7e94af 100644
--- a/datasette/utils/testing.py
+++ b/datasette/utils/testing.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import json
-from urllib.parse import urlencode
-
 from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
+import json
 
 # These wrapper classes pre-date the introduction of
 # datasette.client and httpx to Datasette. They could
diff --git a/datasette/views/__init__.py b/datasette/views/__init__.py
index bac3b39e..ed7e175f 100644
--- a/datasette/views/__init__.py
+++ b/datasette/views/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 import dataclasses
 import types
 import typing
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -74,14 +74,16 @@ class Context:
             extra_class = table_extra_registry.classes_by_name[name]
         except KeyError:
             raise KeyError(
-                f"{cls.__name__}.{name} is declared with from_extra() but there is no "
-                "registered extra of that name"
+                "{}.{} is declared with from_extra() but there is no "
+                "registered extra of that name".format(cls.__name__, name)
             )
         if cls.extras_scope is not None and not extra_class.available_for(
             cls.extras_scope
         ):
             raise ValueError(
-                f"{cls.__name__}.{name} is declared with from_extra() but the {name} extra is "
-                f"not available for scope {cls.extras_scope}"
+                "{}.{} is declared with from_extra() but the {} extra is "
+                "not available for scope {}".format(
+                    cls.__name__, name, name, cls.extras_scope
+                )
             )
         return extra_class.description or ""
diff --git a/datasette/views/base.py b/datasette/views/base.py
index 48108cec..66e14a6d 100644
--- a/datasette/views/base.py
+++ b/datasette/views/base.py
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ import csv
 import hashlib
 import sys
 
+from datasette.utils.asgi import Request
 from datasette.utils import (
+    add_cors_headers,
     EscapeHtmlWriter,
     InvalidSql,
     LimitedWriter,
-    add_cors_headers,
     path_from_row_pks,
     path_with_format,
     sqlite3,
 )
 from datasette.utils.asgi import (
     AsgiStream,
-    BadRequest,
-    Request,
     Response,
+    BadRequest,
 )
 
 
@@ -129,10 +129,12 @@ class BaseView:
         template = environment.select_template(templates)
         template_context = {
             **context,
-            "select_templates": [
-                f"{'*' if template_name == template.name else ''}{template_name}"
-                for template_name in templates
-            ],
+            **{
+                "select_templates": [
+                    f"{'*' if template_name == template.name else ''}{template_name}"
+                    for template_name in templates
+                ],
+            },
         }
         headers = {}
         if self.has_json_alternate:
@@ -149,7 +151,9 @@ class BaseView:
             template_context["alternate_url_json"] = alternate_url_json
             headers.update(
                 {
-                    "Link": f'<{alternate_url_json}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
+                    "Link": '<{}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'.format(
+                        alternate_url_json
+                    )
                 }
             )
         return Response.html(
@@ -180,7 +184,9 @@ async def stream_csv(datasette, fetch_data, request, database):
     stream = request.args.get("_stream")
     # Do not calculate facets or counts:
     extra_parameters = [
-        f"{key}=1" for key in ("_nofacet", "_nocount") if not request.args.get(key)
+        "{}=1".format(key)
+        for key in ("_nofacet", "_nocount")
+        if not request.args.get(key)
     ]
     if extra_parameters:
         # Replace request object with a new one with modified scope
@@ -210,6 +216,9 @@ async def stream_csv(datasette, fetch_data, request, database):
     except (sqlite3.OperationalError, InvalidSql) as e:
         raise DatasetteError(str(e), title="Invalid SQL", status=400)
 
+    except sqlite3.OperationalError as e:
+        raise DatasetteError(str(e))
+
     except DatasetteError:
         raise
 
@@ -316,9 +325,8 @@ async def stream_csv(datasette, fetch_data, request, database):
                             else:
                                 new_row.append(cell)
                         await writer.writerow(new_row)
-            except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
-                # Streaming CSV: report the error into the response body and stop
-                sys.stderr.write(f"Caught this error: {ex}\n")
+            except Exception as ex:
+                sys.stderr.write("Caught this error: {}\n".format(ex))
                 sys.stderr.flush()
                 await r.write(str(ex))
                 return
diff --git a/datasette/views/database.py b/datasette/views/database.py
index f54ffd38..11646f45 100644
--- a/datasette/views/database.py
+++ b/datasette/views/database.py
@@ -1,52 +1,49 @@
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
+from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urlencode
 import asyncio
 import hashlib
 import itertools
 import json
+import markupsafe
 import os
 import textwrap
-from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
-from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urlencode
-
-import markupsafe
 
+from datasette.extras import extra_names_from_request, ExtraScope
 from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
-from datasette.extras import ExtraScope, extra_names_from_request
-from datasette.plugins import pm
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, QueryResource
 from datasette.stored_queries import StoredQuery, stored_query_to_dict
+from datasette.write_sql import QueryWriteRejected
 from datasette.utils import (
-    InvalidSql,
     add_cors_headers,
     await_me_maybe,
-    call_with_supported_arguments,
     error_body,
+    call_with_supported_arguments,
+    named_parameters as derive_named_parameters,
     format_bytes,
-    is_url,
     make_slot_function,
+    tilde_decode,
+    to_css_class,
+    validate_sql_select,
+    is_url,
     path_with_added_args,
     path_with_format,
     path_with_removed_args,
     sqlite3,
-    tilde_decode,
-    to_css_class,
     truncate_url,
-    validate_sql_select,
+    InvalidSql,
 )
-from datasette.utils import (
-    named_parameters as derive_named_parameters,
-)
-from datasette.utils.asgi import AsgiFileDownload, Forbidden, NotFound, Response
-from datasette.write_sql import QueryWriteRejected
+from datasette.utils.asgi import AsgiFileDownload, NotFound, Response, Forbidden
+from datasette.plugins import pm
 
-from . import Context
 from .base import DatasetteError, View, stream_csv
 from .query_helpers import _ensure_stored_query_execution_permissions, _table_columns
-from .table_create_alter import _create_table_ui_context
 from .table_extras import (
     QueryExtraContext,
     resolve_query_extras,
     table_extra_registry,
 )
+from .table_create_alter import _create_table_ui_context
+from . import Context
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -103,7 +100,7 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
             return response
 
         if format_ not in ("html", "json"):
-            raise NotFound(f"Invalid format: {format_}")
+            raise NotFound("Invalid format: {}".format(format_))
 
         metadata = await datasette.get_database_metadata(database)
 
@@ -167,7 +164,7 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
                         "label": "Create table",
                         "description": "Create a new table in this database.",
                         "attrs": {
-                            "aria-label": f"Create table in {database}",
+                            "aria-label": "Create table in {}".format(database),
                             "data-database-action": "create-table",
                         },
                     }
@@ -274,7 +271,9 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
                 view_name="database",
             ),
             headers={
-                "Link": f'<{alternate_url_json}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
+                "Link": '<{}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'.format(
+                    alternate_url_json
+                )
             },
         )
 
@@ -557,7 +556,7 @@ async def database_download(request, datasette):
     if datasette.cors:
         add_cors_headers(headers)
     if db.hash:
-        etag = f'"{db.hash}"'
+        etag = '"{}"'.format(db.hash)
         headers["Etag"] = etag
         # Has user seen this already?
         if_none_match = request.headers.get("if-none-match")
@@ -665,9 +664,8 @@ class QueryView(View):
                     ).first()
                     if message_result:
                         message = message_result[0]
-                except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
-                    # Stored-query on_success_message_sql is user-authored
-                    message = f"Error running on_success_message_sql: {ex}"
+                except Exception as ex:
+                    message = "Error running on_success_message_sql: {}".format(ex)
                     message_type = datasette.ERROR
             if not message:
                 if stored_query.on_success_message:
@@ -681,8 +679,7 @@ class QueryView(View):
 
             redirect_url = stored_query.on_success_redirect
             ok = True
-        except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # Stored-query execution is user-authored SQL
+        except Exception as ex:
             message = stored_query.on_error_message or str(ex)
             message_type = datasette.ERROR
             redirect_url = stored_query.on_error_redirect
@@ -816,16 +813,16 @@ class QueryView(View):
                 rows = results.rows
             except QueryInterrupted as ex:
                 raise DatasetteError(
-                    textwrap.dedent(f"""
+                    textwrap.dedent("""
                     <p>SQL query took too long. The time limit is controlled by the
                     <a href="https://docs.datasette.io/en/stable/settings.html#sql-time-limit-ms">sql_time_limit_ms</a>
                     configuration option.</p>
-                    <textarea style="width: 90%">{markupsafe.escape(ex.sql)}</textarea>
+                    <textarea style="width: 90%">{}</textarea>
                     <script>
                     let ta = document.querySelector("textarea");
                     ta.style.height = ta.scrollHeight + "px";
                     </script>
-                """).strip(),
+                """.format(markupsafe.escape(ex.sql))).strip(),
                     title="SQL Interrupted",
                     status=400,
                     message_is_html=True,
@@ -841,6 +838,8 @@ class QueryView(View):
                 columns = []
             except (sqlite3.OperationalError, InvalidSql) as ex:
                 raise DatasetteError(str(ex), title="Invalid SQL", status=400)
+            except sqlite3.OperationalError as ex:
+                raise DatasetteError(str(ex))
             except DatasetteError:
                 raise
 
@@ -862,7 +861,7 @@ class QueryView(View):
                 return data, None, None
 
             return await stream_csv(datasette, fetch_data_for_csv, request, db.name)
-        elif format_ in datasette.renderers:
+        elif format_ in datasette.renderers.keys():
             if not sql:
                 raise DatasetteError("?sql= is required", status=400)
             data = {"ok": True, "rows": rows, "columns": columns}
@@ -954,7 +953,9 @@ class QueryView(View):
             }
             headers.update(
                 {
-                    "Link": f'<{alternate_url_json}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
+                    "Link": '<{}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'.format(
+                        alternate_url_json
+                    )
                 }
             )
             metadata = await query_metadata()
@@ -1035,7 +1036,9 @@ class QueryView(View):
                         + "?"
                         + urlencode(
                             {
-                                "sql": sql,
+                                **{
+                                    "sql": sql,
+                                },
                                 **named_parameter_values,
                             }
                         )
@@ -1137,7 +1140,7 @@ class QueryView(View):
                 headers=headers,
             )
         else:
-            assert False, f"Invalid format: {format_}"
+            assert False, "Invalid format: {}".format(format_)
         if datasette.cors:
             add_cors_headers(r.headers)
         return r
@@ -1238,7 +1241,7 @@ async def display_rows(datasette, database, request, rows, columns):
                         '<a class="blob-download" href="{}"{}>&lt;Binary:&nbsp;{:,}&nbsp;byte{}&gt;</a>'.format(
                             blob_url,
                             (
-                                f' title="{formatted}"'
+                                ' title="{}"'.format(formatted)
                                 if "bytes" not in formatted
                                 else ""
                             ),
diff --git a/datasette/views/execute_write.py b/datasette/views/execute_write.py
index 3dfb810c..dd35b127 100644
--- a/datasette/views/execute_write.py
+++ b/datasette/views/execute_write.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
 from .base import BaseView
 from .database import display_rows as display_query_rows
 from .query_helpers import (
-    SQL_PARAMETER_FORM_PREFIX,
     QueryValidationError,
+    SQL_PARAMETER_FORM_PREFIX,
     _analysis_is_write,
     _analysis_rows,
     _analysis_rows_with_permissions,
@@ -31,7 +31,15 @@ WRITE_TEMPLATE_LABELS = {
     "delete": "Delete rows",
 }
 WRITE_TEMPLATE_OPERATIONS = tuple(WRITE_TEMPLATE_LABELS)
-CREATE_TABLE_TEMPLATE_SQL = "create table new_table (\n  id integer primary key,\n  name text\n  -- created text default (datetime('now'))\n)"
+CREATE_TABLE_TEMPLATE_SQL = "\n".join(
+    (
+        "create table new_table (",
+        "  id integer primary key,",
+        "  name text",
+        "  -- created text default (datetime('now'))",
+        ")",
+    )
+)
 
 
 def _parameter_names(columns):
@@ -41,11 +49,11 @@ def _parameter_names(columns):
         base = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9_]+", "_", column.lower())
         base = base.strip("_") or "value"
         if base[0].isdigit():
-            base = f"p_{base}"
+            base = "p_{}".format(base)
         name = base
         index = 2
         while name in seen:
-            name = f"{base}_{index}"
+            name = "{}_{}".format(base, index)
             index += 1
         seen.add(name)
         names[column] = name
@@ -57,7 +65,7 @@ def _quote_identifier(identifier):
 
 
 def _preferred_where_column(table, columns):
-    lower_table_id = f"{table.lower()}_id"
+    lower_table_id = "{}_id".format(table.lower())
     return (
         next((column for column in columns if column.lower() == "id"), None)
         or next(
@@ -82,15 +90,17 @@ def _insert_template_sql(table, columns):
     auto_pk = _auto_incrementing_primary_key(columns)
     insert_columns = [column for column in column_names if column != auto_pk]
     if not insert_columns:
-        return f"insert into {_quote_identifier(table)}\ndefault values"
+        return "insert into {}\ndefault values".format(_quote_identifier(table))
     names = _parameter_names(insert_columns)
     return "\n".join(
         (
-            f"insert into {_quote_identifier(table)} (",
-            ",\n".join(f"  {_quote_identifier(column)}" for column in insert_columns),
+            "insert into {} (".format(_quote_identifier(table)),
+            ",\n".join(
+                "  {}".format(_quote_identifier(column)) for column in insert_columns
+            ),
             ")",
             "values (",
-            ",\n".join(f"  :{names[column]}" for column in insert_columns),
+            ",\n".join("  :{}".format(names[column]) for column in insert_columns),
             ")",
         )
     )
@@ -104,14 +114,18 @@ def _update_template_sql(table, columns):
     if not set_columns:
         return "\n".join(
             (
-                f"update {_quote_identifier(table)}",
-                f"set {_quote_identifier(where_column)} = :new_{names[where_column]}",
-                f"where {_quote_identifier(where_column)} = :{names[where_column]}",
+                "update {}".format(_quote_identifier(table)),
+                "set {} = :new_{}".format(
+                    _quote_identifier(where_column), names[where_column]
+                ),
+                "where {} = :{}".format(
+                    _quote_identifier(where_column), names[where_column]
+                ),
             )
         )
     return "\n".join(
         (
-            f"update {_quote_identifier(table)}",
+            "update {}".format(_quote_identifier(table)),
             "set "
             + ",\n".join(
                 "{}{} = :{}".format(
@@ -121,7 +135,9 @@ def _update_template_sql(table, columns):
                 )
                 for index, column in enumerate(set_columns)
             ),
-            f"where {_quote_identifier(where_column)} = :{names[where_column]}",
+            "where {} = :{}".format(
+                _quote_identifier(where_column), names[where_column]
+            ),
         )
     )
 
@@ -132,8 +148,10 @@ def _delete_template_sql(table, columns):
     where_column = _preferred_where_column(table, column_names)
     return "\n".join(
         (
-            f"delete from {_quote_identifier(table)}",
-            f"where {_quote_identifier(where_column)} = :{names[where_column]}",
+            "delete from {}".format(_quote_identifier(table)),
+            "where {} = :{}".format(
+                _quote_identifier(where_column), names[where_column]
+            ),
         )
     )
 
diff --git a/datasette/views/index.py b/datasette/views/index.py
index f73ee38a..67296cd1 100644
--- a/datasette/views/index.py
+++ b/datasette/views/index.py
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ import json
 
 from datasette.plugins import pm
 from datasette.utils import (
-    UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
-    CustomJSONEncoder,
     add_cors_headers,
     await_me_maybe,
     make_slot_function,
+    CustomJSONEncoder,
+    UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
 )
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
 from datasette.version import __version__
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ class IndexView(BaseView):
 
         databases = []
         # Iterate over allowed databases instead of all databases
-        for name, allowed_db in allowed_db_dict.items():
+        for name in allowed_db_dict.keys():
             db = self.ds.databases[name]
-            database_private = allowed_db.private
+            database_private = allowed_db_dict[name].private
 
             # Get allowed tables/views for this database
             allowed_for_db = tables_by_db.get(name, {})
 
             # Get table names from allowed set instead of db.table_names()
-            table_names = [child_name for child_name in allowed_for_db]
+            table_names = [child_name for child_name in allowed_for_db.keys()]
 
             hidden_table_names = set(await db.hidden_table_names())
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class IndexView(BaseView):
                 # We will be sorting by number of relationships, so populate that field
                 all_foreign_keys = await db.get_all_foreign_keys()
                 for table, foreign_keys in all_foreign_keys.items():
-                    if table in tables:
+                    if table in tables.keys():
                         count = len(foreign_keys["incoming"] + foreign_keys["outgoing"])
                         tables[table]["num_relationships_for_sorting"] = count
 
@@ -121,7 +121,8 @@ class IndexView(BaseView):
             # Only add views if this is less than TRUNCATE_AT
             if len(tables_and_views_truncated) < TRUNCATE_AT:
                 num_views_to_add = TRUNCATE_AT - len(tables_and_views_truncated)
-                tables_and_views_truncated.extend(views[:num_views_to_add])
+                for view in views[:num_views_to_add]:
+                    tables_and_views_truncated.append(view)
 
             databases.append(
                 {
diff --git a/datasette/views/query_helpers.py b/datasette/views/query_helpers.py
index 725d9cdb..588891d4 100644
--- a/datasette/views/query_helpers.py
+++ b/datasette/views/query_helpers.py
@@ -5,19 +5,6 @@ from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
 from datasette.stored_queries import (
     StoredQuery,
 )
-from datasette.utils import (
-    InvalidSql,
-    escape_sqlite,
-    parse_size_limit,
-    path_from_row_pks,
-    sqlite3,
-    validate_sql_select,
-)
-from datasette.utils import (
-    named_parameters as derive_named_parameters,
-)
-from datasette.utils.asgi import Forbidden
-from datasette.utils.sql_analysis import Operation, SQLAnalysis
 from datasette.write_sql import (
     IgnoreWriteSqlOperation,
     QueryWriteRejected,
@@ -25,6 +12,17 @@ from datasette.write_sql import (
     decision_for_write_sql_operation,
     operation_is_write,
 )
+from datasette.utils import (
+    parse_size_limit,
+    named_parameters as derive_named_parameters,
+    escape_sqlite,
+    path_from_row_pks,
+    sqlite3,
+    validate_sql_select,
+    InvalidSql,
+)
+from datasette.utils.asgi import Forbidden
+from datasette.utils.sql_analysis import Operation, SQLAnalysis
 
 _query_name_re = re.compile(r"^[^/\.\n]+$")
 
@@ -93,7 +91,7 @@ def _as_optional_bool(value, name):
             return True
         if lowered in {"0", "false", "f", "no", "off"}:
             return False
-    raise QueryValidationError(f"{name} must be 0 or 1")
+    raise QueryValidationError("{} must be 0 or 1".format(name))
 
 
 def _query_list_limit(value, default, maximum):
@@ -173,7 +171,7 @@ async def _json_or_form_payload(request):
         try:
             return json.loads(body or b"{}"), True
         except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            raise QueryValidationError(f"Invalid JSON: {e}")
+            raise QueryValidationError("Invalid JSON: {}".format(e))
     return await request.post_vars(), False
 
 
@@ -194,7 +192,7 @@ async def _analyze_user_query(datasette, db, sql, *, actor):
     try:
         analysis = await db.analyze_sql(sql, params)
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError as ex:
-        raise QueryValidationError(f"Could not analyze query: {ex}") from ex
+        raise QueryValidationError("Could not analyze query: {}".format(ex)) from ex
 
     is_write = _analysis_is_write(analysis)
     if is_write:
@@ -295,7 +293,8 @@ def _coerce_execute_write_payload(data, is_json):
         for key, value in data.items():
             if key in {"sql", "csrftoken", "_json"}:
                 continue
-            key = key.removeprefix(SQL_PARAMETER_FORM_PREFIX)
+            if key.startswith(SQL_PARAMETER_FORM_PREFIX):
+                key = key[len(SQL_PARAMETER_FORM_PREFIX) :]
             params[key] = value
     if not isinstance(params, dict):
         raise QueryValidationError("params must be a dictionary")
@@ -315,7 +314,7 @@ async def _prepare_execute_write(datasette, db, sql, params, actor):
     try:
         analysis = await db.analyze_sql(sql, params)
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError as ex:
-        raise QueryValidationError(f"Could not analyze query: {ex}") from ex
+        raise QueryValidationError("Could not analyze query: {}".format(ex)) from ex
     if not _analysis_is_write(analysis):
         raise QueryValidationError(
             "Use /-/query for read-only SQL; this endpoint only executes writes"
@@ -497,7 +496,7 @@ async def _inserted_row_url(datasette, db, analysis, cursor):
     )
     try:
         result = await db.execute(
-            f"select {select} from {escape_sqlite(table)} where rowid = ?",
+            "select {} from {} where rowid = ?".format(select, escape_sqlite(table)),
             [lastrowid],
         )
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
diff --git a/datasette/views/row.py b/datasette/views/row.py
index b1388299..c90a3bbe 100644
--- a/datasette/views/row.py
+++ b/datasette/views/row.py
@@ -8,35 +8,34 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 import markupsafe
 import sqlite_utils
 
+from datasette.utils.asgi import NotFound, Forbidden, PayloadTooLarge, Response
 from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
-from datasette.events import DeleteRowEvent, UpdateRowEvent
-from datasette.extras import ExtraScope, extra_names_from_request
-from datasette.plugins import pm
+from datasette.events import UpdateRowEvent, DeleteRowEvent
 from datasette.resources import TableResource
+from .base import BaseView, DatasetteError, stream_csv
 from datasette.utils import (
-    CustomJSONEncoder,
-    CustomRow,
-    InvalidSql,
-    WriteJsonValueError,
     add_cors_headers,
     await_me_maybe,
     call_with_supported_arguments,
+    CustomJSONEncoder,
+    CustomRow,
     decode_write_json_row,
-    escape_sqlite,
+    InvalidSql,
     make_slot_function,
     path_from_row_pks,
     path_with_format,
     path_with_removed_args,
-    sqlite3,
     to_css_class,
+    escape_sqlite,
+    sqlite3,
+    WriteJsonValueError,
 )
-from datasette.utils.asgi import Forbidden, NotFound, PayloadTooLarge, Response
-
+from datasette.plugins import pm
+from datasette.extras import extra_names_from_request, ExtraScope
 from . import Context, from_extra
-from .base import BaseView, DatasetteError, stream_csv
 from .table import (
-    _table_page_data,
     display_columns_and_rows,
+    _table_page_data,
     row_label_from_label_column,
 )
 from .table_extras import RowExtraContext, resolve_row_extras, table_extra_registry
@@ -188,16 +187,16 @@ class RowView(BaseView):
                 data, extra_template_data, templates = response_or_template_contexts
         except QueryInterrupted as ex:
             raise DatasetteError(
-                textwrap.dedent(f"""
+                textwrap.dedent("""
                 <p>SQL query took too long. The time limit is controlled by the
                 <a href="https://docs.datasette.io/en/stable/settings.html#sql-time-limit-ms">sql_time_limit_ms</a>
                 configuration option.</p>
-                <textarea style="width: 90%">{markupsafe.escape(ex.sql)}</textarea>
+                <textarea style="width: 90%">{}</textarea>
                 <script>
                 let ta = document.querySelector("textarea");
                 ta.style.height = ta.scrollHeight + "px";
                 </script>
-            """).strip(),
+            """.format(markupsafe.escape(ex.sql))).strip(),
                 title="SQL Interrupted",
                 status=400,
                 message_is_html=True,
@@ -208,13 +207,15 @@ class RowView(BaseView):
             )
         except (sqlite3.OperationalError, InvalidSql) as e:
             raise DatasetteError(str(e), title="Invalid SQL", status=400)
+        except sqlite3.OperationalError as e:
+            raise DatasetteError(str(e))
         except DatasetteError:
             raise
 
         end = time.perf_counter()
         data["query_ms"] = (end - start) * 1000
 
-        if format_ in self.ds.renderers:
+        if format_ in self.ds.renderers.keys():
             # Dispatch request to the correct output format renderer
             # (CSV is not handled here due to streaming)
             result = call_with_supported_arguments(
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ class RowView(BaseView):
             if status_code is not None:
                 response.status = status_code
         else:
-            raise NotFound(f"Invalid format: {format_}")
+            raise NotFound("Invalid format: {}".format(format_))
 
         ttl = request.args.get("_ttl", None)
         if ttl is None or not ttl.isdigit():
@@ -372,7 +373,9 @@ class RowView(BaseView):
                 view_name=self.name,
             ),
             headers={
-                "Link": f'<{alternate_url_json}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
+                "Link": '<{}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'.format(
+                    alternate_url_json
+                )
             },
         )
 
@@ -497,7 +500,7 @@ class RowView(BaseView):
 
             row_action_label = pk_path
             if row_label and row_label != pk_path:
-                row_action_label = f"{pk_path} {row_label}"
+                row_action_label = "{} {}".format(pk_path, row_label)
 
             row_action_permissions = {}
             if is_table and db.is_mutable:
@@ -510,7 +513,7 @@ class RowView(BaseView):
             row_actions = []
             if row_action_permissions.get("update-row"):
                 attrs = {
-                    "aria-label": f"Edit row {row_action_label}",
+                    "aria-label": "Edit row {}".format(row_action_label),
                     "data-row": row_path,
                     "data-row-action": "edit",
                 }
@@ -526,7 +529,7 @@ class RowView(BaseView):
                 )
             if row_action_permissions.get("delete-row"):
                 attrs = {
-                    "aria-label": f"Delete row {row_action_label}",
+                    "aria-label": "Delete row {}".format(row_action_label),
                     "data-row": row_path,
                     "data-row-action": "delete",
                 }
@@ -676,7 +679,7 @@ class RowView(BaseView):
                 key,
                 ",".join(pk_values),
             )
-            foreign_key_tables.append({**fk, "count": count, "link": link})
+            foreign_key_tables.append({**fk, **{"count": count, "link": link}})
         return foreign_key_tables
 
 
@@ -702,21 +705,23 @@ async def _row_flash_message(db, action, resolved, row=None):
     if label:
         label = _truncated_row_flash_label(label)
     if label and label != pk_label:
-        return f"{action} row {pk_label} ({label})"
-    return f"{action} row {pk_label}"
+        return "{} row {} ({})".format(action, pk_label, label)
+    return "{} row {}".format(action, pk_label)
 
 
 async def _resolve_row_and_check_permission(datasette, request, permission):
-    from datasette.app import DatabaseNotFound, RowNotFound, TableNotFound
+    from datasette.app import DatabaseNotFound, TableNotFound, RowNotFound
 
     try:
         resolved = await datasette.resolve_row(request)
     except DatabaseNotFound as e:
-        return False, Response.error([f"Database not found: {e.database_name}"], 404)
+        return False, Response.error(
+            ["Database not found: {}".format(e.database_name)], 404
+        )
     except TableNotFound as e:
-        return False, Response.error([f"Table not found: {e.table}"], 404)
+        return False, Response.error(["Table not found: {}".format(e.table)], 404)
     except RowNotFound as e:
-        return False, Response.error([f"Record not found: {e.pk_values}"], 404)
+        return False, Response.error(["Record not found: {}".format(e.pk_values)], 404)
 
     # Ensure user has permission to delete this row
     if not await datasette.allowed(
@@ -748,8 +753,7 @@ class RowDeleteView(BaseView):
 
         try:
             await resolved.db.execute_write_fn(delete_row, request=request)
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # TODO: narrow to expected write errors so Datasette bugs surface as 500s
+        except Exception as e:
             return Response.error([str(e)], 400)
 
         await self.ds.track_event(
@@ -789,7 +793,7 @@ class RowUpdateView(BaseView):
         try:
             data = await request.json()
         except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            return Response.error([f"Invalid JSON: {e}"])
+            return Response.error(["Invalid JSON: {}".format(e)])
         except PayloadTooLarge as e:
             return Response.error([str(e)], 413)
 
@@ -832,8 +836,7 @@ class RowUpdateView(BaseView):
 
         try:
             await resolved.db.execute_write_fn(update_row, request=request)
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # TODO: narrow to expected write errors so Datasette bugs surface as 500s
+        except Exception as e:
             return Response.error([str(e)], 400)
 
         result = {"ok": True}
diff --git a/datasette/views/special.py b/datasette/views/special.py
index a77f221f..28d34208 100644
--- a/datasette/views/special.py
+++ b/datasette/views/special.py
@@ -1,25 +1,23 @@
 import json
 import logging
-import secrets
-import urllib
-
-from datasette.events import CreateTokenEvent, LoginEvent, LogoutEvent
 from datasette.jump import JumpSQL, namespace_sql_params
 from datasette.plugins import pm
+from datasette.events import LogoutEvent, LoginEvent, CreateTokenEvent
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, TableResource
+from datasette.utils.asgi import Response, Forbidden
 from datasette.utils import (
     UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
     actor_matches_allow,
+    parse_size_limit,
     add_cors_headers,
     await_me_maybe,
     error_body,
-    parse_size_limit,
-    tilde_decode,
     tilde_encode,
+    tilde_decode,
 )
-from datasette.utils.asgi import Forbidden, Response
-
 from .base import BaseView, View
+import secrets
+import urllib
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -181,7 +179,9 @@ class AutocompleteDebugView(BaseView):
                     )
                     context.update(
                         {
-                            "autocomplete_url": f"{self.ds.urls.table(database_name, table_name)}/-/autocomplete",
+                            "autocomplete_url": "{}/-/autocomplete".format(
+                                self.ds.urls.table(database_name, table_name)
+                            ),
                             "label_column": await db.label_column_for_table(table_name),
                         }
                     )
@@ -420,11 +420,8 @@ class AllowedResourcesView(BaseView):
                     row["reason"] = resource.reasons
 
                 allowed_rows.append(row)
-        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # Returns empty results if the catalog tables don't exist yet, but
-            # also swallows the AttributeError raised for instance-level actions
-            # such as view-instance, which have no resource_class.
-            # TODO: handle that case explicitly and narrow this to sqlite3.Error
+        except Exception:
+            # If catalog tables don't exist yet, return empty results
             return (
                 {
                     "ok": True,
@@ -526,7 +523,7 @@ class PermissionRulesView(BaseView):
 
         from datasette.utils.actions_sql import build_permission_rules_sql
 
-        union_sql, union_params, _restriction_sqls = await build_permission_rules_sql(
+        union_sql, union_params, restriction_sqls = await build_permission_rules_sql(
             self.ds, actor, action
         )
         await self.ds.refresh_schemas()
@@ -939,7 +936,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                 tables.append({"name": table, "links": table_links})
                 table_links.append(
                     {
-                        "label": f"Get rows for {table}",
+                        "label": "Get rows for {}".format(table),
                         "method": "GET",
                         "path": self.ds.urls.table(name, table, format="json"),
                     }
@@ -959,7 +956,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                             {
                                 "path": self.ds.urls.table(name, table) + "/-/insert",
                                 "method": "POST",
-                                "label": f"Insert rows into {table}",
+                                "label": "Insert rows into {}".format(table),
                                 "json": {
                                     "rows": [
                                         {
@@ -973,7 +970,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                             {
                                 "path": self.ds.urls.table(name, table) + "/-/upsert",
                                 "method": "POST",
-                                "label": f"Upsert rows into {table}",
+                                "label": "Upsert rows into {}".format(table),
                                 "json": {
                                     "rows": [
                                         {
@@ -1003,7 +1000,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                     table_links.append(
                         {
                             "path": self.ds.urls.table(name, table) + "/-/drop",
-                            "label": f"Drop table {table}",
+                            "label": "Drop table {}".format(table),
                             "json": {"confirm": False},
                             "method": "POST",
                         }
@@ -1020,7 +1017,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                 database_links.append(
                     {
                         "path": self.ds.urls.database(name) + "/-/create",
-                        "label": f"Create table in {name}",
+                        "label": "Create table in {}".format(name),
                         "json": {
                             "table": "new_table",
                             "columns": [
diff --git a/datasette/views/stored_queries.py b/datasette/views/stored_queries.py
index 0bbe9f38..d64f37d2 100644
--- a/datasette/views/stored_queries.py
+++ b/datasette/views/stored_queries.py
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class QueryListView(BaseView):
             pairs.append(("_next", page.next))
             next_url = self.ds.absolute_url(
                 request,
-                f"{request.path}?{urlencode(pairs)}",
+                "{}?{}".format(request.path, urlencode(pairs)),
             )
 
         current_filters = {
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ class QueryDefinitionView(BaseView):
         query_name = tilde_decode(request.url_vars["query"])
         query = await self.ds.get_query(db.name, query_name)
         if query is None:
-            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
+            return Response.error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="view-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ class QueryUpdateView(BaseView):
         query_name = tilde_decode(request.url_vars["query"])
         existing = await self.ds.get_query(db.name, query_name)
         if existing is None:
-            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
+            return Response.error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="update-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ class QueryEditView(BaseView):
     async def get(self, request):
         db, query_name, existing = await self._load(request)
         if existing is None:
-            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
+            return Response.error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
         await self.ds.ensure_permission(
             action="update-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ class QueryEditView(BaseView):
     async def post(self, request):
         db, query_name, existing = await self._load(request)
         if existing is None:
-            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
+            return Response.error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="update-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ class QueryDeleteView(BaseView):
     async def get(self, request):
         db, query_name, existing = await self._load(request)
         if existing is None:
-            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
+            return Response.error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
         await self.ds.ensure_permission(
             action="delete-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ class QueryDeleteView(BaseView):
     async def post(self, request):
         db, query_name, existing = await self._load(request)
         if existing is None:
-            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
+            return Response.error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="delete-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
@@ -665,13 +665,13 @@ class QueryDeleteView(BaseView):
                 ["Trusted queries cannot be deleted using the API"], 403
             )
 
-        _data, is_json = await _json_or_form_payload(request)
+        data, is_json = await _json_or_form_payload(request)
         await self.ds.remove_query(db.name, query_name)
         if is_json:
             return Response.json({"ok": True})
         self.ds.add_message(
             request,
-            f"Query “{existing.title or query_name}” deleted",
+            "Query “{}” deleted".format(existing.title or query_name),
             self.ds.INFO,
         )
         return Response.redirect(self.ds.urls.path(self.ds.urls.database(db.name)))
diff --git a/datasette/views/table.py b/datasette/views/table.py
index 3eb80854..f7edd744 100644
--- a/datasette/views/table.py
+++ b/datasette/views/table.py
@@ -3,51 +3,48 @@ import itertools
 import json
 import urllib
 import urllib.parse
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 
 import markupsafe
-import sqlite_utils
 
-from datasette import tracer
 from datasette.column_types import SQLiteType
-from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
+from datasette.extras import extra_names_from_request
+from datasette.plugins import pm
 from datasette.events import (
     AlterTableEvent,
     DropTableEvent,
     InsertRowsEvent,
     UpsertRowsEvent,
 )
-from datasette.extras import ExtraScope, extra_names_from_request
-from datasette.filters import Filters
-from datasette.plugins import pm
+from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
+from datasette import tracer
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, TableResource
 from datasette.utils import (
-    CustomJSONEncoder,
-    CustomRow,
-    InvalidSql,
-    WriteJsonValueError,
     add_cors_headers,
-    append_querystring,
     await_me_maybe,
     call_with_supported_arguments,
+    CustomJSONEncoder,
+    CustomRow,
+    append_querystring,
     compound_keys_after_sql,
     decode_write_json_rows,
+    format_bytes,
+    make_slot_function,
+    tilde_encode,
     escape_sqlite,
     filters_should_redirect,
-    format_bytes,
     is_url,
-    make_slot_function,
     path_from_row_pks,
     path_with_added_args,
     path_with_format,
     path_with_removed_args,
     path_with_replaced_args,
-    sqlite3,
-    tilde_encode,
     to_css_class,
     truncate_url,
     urlsafe_components,
     value_as_boolean,
+    InvalidSql,
+    WriteJsonValueError,
+    sqlite3,
 )
 from datasette.utils.asgi import (
     BadRequest,
@@ -57,7 +54,11 @@ from datasette.utils.asgi import (
     Request,
     Response,
 )
+from datasette.filters import Filters
+import sqlite_utils
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 
+from datasette.extras import ExtraScope
 from . import Context, from_extra
 from .base import BaseView, DatasetteError, stream_csv
 from .database import QueryView
@@ -535,7 +536,7 @@ async def _table_insert_ui(
         columns.append(column_data)
 
     data = {
-        "path": f"{datasette.urls.table(database_name, table_name)}/-/insert",
+        "path": "{}/-/insert".format(datasette.urls.table(database_name, table_name)),
         "tableName": table_name,
         "columns": columns,
         "bulkColumns": bulk_columns,
@@ -543,8 +544,8 @@ async def _table_insert_ui(
         "maxInsertRows": datasette.setting("max_insert_rows"),
     }
     if can_update:
-        data["upsertPath"] = (
-            f"{datasette.urls.table(database_name, table_name)}/-/upsert"
+        data["upsertPath"] = "{}/-/upsert".format(
+            datasette.urls.table(database_name, table_name)
         )
     return data
 
@@ -603,7 +604,7 @@ async def _table_alter_ui(
         columns.append(column_data)
 
     data = {
-        "path": f"{datasette.urls.table(database_name, table_name)}/-/alter",
+        "path": "{}/-/alter".format(datasette.urls.table(database_name, table_name)),
         "tableName": table_name,
         "columns": columns,
         "primaryKeys": pks,
@@ -629,7 +630,9 @@ async def _table_alter_ui(
         actor=request.actor,
     )
     if can_drop_table:
-        data["dropPath"] = f"{datasette.urls.table(database_name, table_name)}/-/drop"
+        data["dropPath"] = "{}/-/drop".format(
+            datasette.urls.table(database_name, table_name)
+        )
     return data
 
 
@@ -725,10 +728,12 @@ async def display_columns_and_rows(
             row_label = row_label_from_label_column(row, label_column)
             row_action_label = pk_path
             if row_label and row_label != pk_path:
-                row_action_label = f"{pk_path} {row_label}"
+                row_action_label = "{} {}".format(pk_path, row_label)
             table_path = datasette.urls.table(database_name, table_name)
-            row_link = (
-                f'<a href="{table_path}/{row_path}">{markupsafe.escape(pk_path)!s}</a>'
+            row_link = '<a href="{table_path}/{flat_pks_quoted}">{flat_pks}</a>'.format(
+                table_path=table_path,
+                flat_pks=str(markupsafe.escape(pk_path)),
+                flat_pks_quoted=row_path,
             )
             edit_icon = (
                 '<svg class="row-inline-action-icon" aria-hidden="true" '
@@ -755,16 +760,22 @@ async def display_columns_and_rows(
             if row_action_permissions.get("update-row"):
                 row_actions.append(
                     '<button type="button" class="row-inline-action row-inline-action-edit" '
-                    f'aria-label="Edit row {markupsafe.escape(row_action_label)}" title="Edit row" '
+                    'aria-label="Edit row {row_label}" title="Edit row" '
                     'data-row-action="edit">'
-                    f"{edit_icon}</button>"
+                    "{edit_icon}</button>".format(
+                        edit_icon=edit_icon,
+                        row_label=markupsafe.escape(row_action_label),
+                    )
                 )
             if row_action_permissions.get("delete-row"):
                 row_actions.append(
                     '<button type="button" class="row-inline-action row-inline-action-delete" '
-                    f'aria-label="Delete row {markupsafe.escape(row_action_label)}" title="Delete row" '
+                    'aria-label="Delete row {row_label}" title="Delete row" '
                     'data-row-action="delete">'
-                    f"{delete_icon}</button>"
+                    "{delete_icon}</button>".format(
+                        delete_icon=delete_icon,
+                        row_label=markupsafe.escape(row_action_label),
+                    )
                 )
             if row_actions:
                 row_link = (
@@ -832,7 +843,11 @@ async def display_columns_and_rows(
                             path_from_row_pks(row, pks, not pks),
                             column,
                         ),
-                        (f' title="{formatted}"' if "bytes" not in formatted else ""),
+                        (
+                            ' title="{}"'.format(formatted)
+                            if "bytes" not in formatted
+                            else ""
+                        ),
                         len(value),
                         "" if len(value) == 1 else "s",
                     )
@@ -944,7 +959,7 @@ class TableInsertView(BaseView):
         try:
             data = await request.json()
         except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            return _errors([f"Invalid JSON: {e}"])
+            return _errors(["Invalid JSON: {}".format(e)])
         if not isinstance(data, dict):
             return _errors(["JSON must be a dictionary"])
         keys = data.keys()
@@ -972,7 +987,9 @@ class TableInsertView(BaseView):
         # Does this exceed max_insert_rows?
         max_insert_rows = self.ds.setting("max_insert_rows")
         if len(rows) > max_insert_rows:
-            return _errors([f"Too many rows, maximum allowed is {max_insert_rows}"])
+            return _errors(
+                ["Too many rows, maximum allowed is {}".format(max_insert_rows)]
+            )
 
         # Validate other parameters
         extras = {
@@ -1030,7 +1047,7 @@ class TableInsertView(BaseView):
         # Table must exist (may handle table creation in the future)
         db = self.ds.get_database(database_name)
         if not await db.table_exists(table_name):
-            return Response.error([f"Table not found: {table_name}"], 404)
+            return Response.error(["Table not found: {}".format(table_name)], 404)
 
         if upsert:
             # Must have insert-row AND upsert-row permissions
@@ -1153,15 +1170,14 @@ class TableInsertView(BaseView):
 
         try:
             rows = await db.execute_write_fn(insert_or_upsert_rows, request=request)
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # TODO: narrow to expected write errors so Datasette bugs surface as 500s
+        except Exception as e:
             return Response.error([str(e)])
         result = {"ok": True}
         if should_return:
             if upsert:
                 # Fetch based on initial input IDs
                 where_clause = " OR ".join(
-                    ["({})".format(" AND ".join(f"{pk} = ?" for pk in pks))]
+                    ["({})".format(" AND ".join("{} = ?".format(pk) for pk in pks))]
                     * len(row_pk_values_for_later)
                 )
                 args = list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(row_pk_values_for_later))
@@ -1251,7 +1267,7 @@ class TableSetColumnTypeView(BaseView):
         try:
             data = await request.json()
         except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            return Response.error([f"Invalid JSON: {e}"], 400)
+            return Response.error(["Invalid JSON: {}".format(e)], 400)
         except PayloadTooLarge as e:
             return Response.error([str(e)], 413)
 
@@ -1278,7 +1294,7 @@ class TableSetColumnTypeView(BaseView):
             database_name, table_name
         )
         if column not in column_details:
-            return Response.error([f"Column not found: {column}"], 400)
+            return Response.error(["Column not found: {}".format(column)], 400)
 
         column_type_data = data["column_type"]
         if column_type_data is None:
@@ -1319,7 +1335,7 @@ class TableSetColumnTypeView(BaseView):
             return Response.error(['"column_type.config" must be a dictionary'], 400)
 
         if column_type not in self.ds._column_types:
-            return Response.error([f"Unknown column type: {column_type}"], 400)
+            return Response.error(["Unknown column type: {}".format(column_type)], 400)
 
         try:
             await self.ds.set_column_type(
@@ -1357,7 +1373,7 @@ class TableDropView(BaseView):
         # Table must exist
         db = self.ds.get_database(database_name)
         if not await db.table_exists(table_name):
-            return Response.error([f"Table not found: {table_name}"], 404)
+            return Response.error(["Table not found: {}".format(table_name)], 404)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="drop-table",
             resource=TableResource(database=database_name, table=table_name),
@@ -1382,7 +1398,7 @@ class TableDropView(BaseView):
                     "database": database_name,
                     "table": table_name,
                     "row_count": (
-                        await db.execute(f"select count(*) from [{table_name}]")
+                        await db.execute("select count(*) from [{}]".format(table_name))
                     ).single_value(),
                     "message": 'Pass "confirm": true to confirm',
                 },
@@ -1401,7 +1417,7 @@ class TableDropView(BaseView):
         )
         self.ds.add_message(
             request,
-            f"Table {table_name} dropped",
+            "Table {} dropped".format(table_name),
             self.ds.WARNING,
         )
         return Response.json({"ok": True}, status=200)
@@ -1461,28 +1477,32 @@ def _prefix_range_end(value):
 
 
 def _autocomplete_like(column):
-    return f"{escape_sqlite(column)} like :like escape char(92)"
+    return "{} like :like escape char(92)".format(escape_sqlite(column))
 
 
 def _autocomplete_prefix_like(column):
-    return f"{escape_sqlite(column)} like :prefix escape char(92)"
+    return "{} like :prefix escape char(92)".format(escape_sqlite(column))
 
 
 def _autocomplete_order_by(pks, label_column, exact_pk, label_matches_first=True):
     clauses = []
     if exact_pk:
         clauses.append(
-            f"case when cast({escape_sqlite(pks[0])} as text) = :q then 0 else 1 end"
+            "case when cast({} as text) = :q then 0 else 1 end".format(
+                escape_sqlite(pks[0])
+            )
         )
     if label_column:
         label_like = _autocomplete_like(label_column)
         if label_matches_first:
-            clauses.append(f"case when {label_like} then 0 else 1 end")
+            clauses.append("case when {} then 0 else 1 end".format(label_like))
         clauses.append(
-            f"case when {label_like} then length(cast({escape_sqlite(label_column)} as text)) end"
+            "case when {} then length(cast({} as text)) end".format(
+                label_like, escape_sqlite(label_column)
+            )
         )
     else:
-        clauses.append(f"length(cast({escape_sqlite(pks[0])} as text))")
+        clauses.append("length(cast({} as text))".format(escape_sqlite(pks[0])))
     clauses.extend(escape_sqlite(pk) for pk in pks)
     return ", ".join(clauses)
 
@@ -1549,8 +1569,8 @@ class TableAutocompleteView(BaseView):
             return Response.json({"ok": True, "rows": []})
         params = {
             "q": q,
-            "like": f"%{_escape_like(q)}%",
-            "prefix": f"{_escape_like(q)}%",
+            "like": "%{}%".format(_escape_like(q)),
+            "prefix": "{}%".format(_escape_like(q)),
         }
 
         like_columns = pks[:]
@@ -1564,13 +1584,18 @@ class TableAutocompleteView(BaseView):
             where_sql = "1 = 1"
             order_by = _autocomplete_initial_order_by(pks)
 
-        sql = f"""
+        sql = """
             select {select_sql}
-            from {escape_sqlite(table_name)}
-            where {where_sql}
+            from {table}
+            where {where}
             order by {order_by}
             limit 10
-        """
+        """.format(
+            select_sql=select_sql,
+            table=escape_sqlite(table_name),
+            where=where_sql,
+            order_by=order_by,
+        )
 
         try:
             results = await db.execute(
@@ -1582,14 +1607,21 @@ class TableAutocompleteView(BaseView):
             if prefix_end:
                 params["prefix_end"] = prefix_end
                 first_pk = escape_sqlite(pks[0])
-                fallback_where = f"{first_pk} >= :q and {first_pk} < :prefix_end and {fallback_where}"
-            fallback_sql = f"""
+                fallback_where = (
+                    "{first_pk} >= :q and {first_pk} < :prefix_end and {like}"
+                ).format(first_pk=first_pk, like=fallback_where)
+            fallback_sql = """
                 select {select_sql}
-                from {escape_sqlite(table_name)}
-                where {fallback_where}
-                order by {_autocomplete_pk_order_by(pks)}
+                from {table}
+                where {where}
+                order by {order_by}
                 limit 10
-            """
+            """.format(
+                select_sql=select_sql,
+                table=escape_sqlite(table_name),
+                where=fallback_where,
+                order_by=_autocomplete_pk_order_by(pks),
+            )
             try:
                 results = await db.execute(
                     fallback_sql,
@@ -1745,7 +1777,7 @@ async def table_view_traced(datasette, request):
     )
     if isinstance(view_data, Response):
         return view_data
-    data, rows, columns, _expanded_columns, sql, next_url = view_data
+    data, rows, columns, expanded_columns, sql, next_url = view_data
 
     # Handle formats from plugins
     if format_ == "csv":
@@ -1756,8 +1788,8 @@ async def table_view_traced(datasette, request):
                 rows,
                 columns,
                 expanded_columns,
-                _sql,
-                _next_url,
+                sql,
+                next_url,
             ) = await table_view_data(
                 datasette,
                 request,
@@ -1774,7 +1806,7 @@ async def table_view_traced(datasette, request):
             return data, None, None
 
         return await stream_csv(datasette, fetch_data, request, resolved.db.name)
-    elif format_ in datasette.renderers:
+    elif format_ in datasette.renderers.keys():
         # Dispatch request to the correct output format renderer
         # (CSV is not handled here due to streaming)
         result = call_with_supported_arguments(
@@ -1832,7 +1864,9 @@ async def table_view_traced(datasette, request):
         )
         headers.update(
             {
-                "Link": f'<{alternate_url_json}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
+                "Link": '<{}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'.format(
+                    alternate_url_json
+                )
             }
         )
         table_context = TableContext(
@@ -1917,7 +1951,7 @@ async def table_view_traced(datasette, request):
             headers=headers,
         )
     else:
-        assert False, f"Invalid format: {format_}"
+        assert False, "Invalid format: {}".format(format_)
     if next_url:
         r.headers["link"] = f'<{next_url}>; rel="next"'
     return r
@@ -2108,7 +2142,9 @@ async def table_view_data(
                             extra_desc_only=(
                                 ""
                                 if sort
-                                else f" or {escape_sqlite(sort or sort_desc)} is null"
+                                else " or {column2} is null".format(
+                                    column2=escape_sqlite(sort or sort_desc)
+                                )
                             ),
                             next_clauses=" and ".join(next_by_pk_clauses),
                         )
@@ -2150,11 +2186,22 @@ async def table_view_data(
 
     # Facets are calculated against SQL without order by or limit
     sql_no_order_no_limit = (
-        f"select {select_all_columns} from {escape_sqlite(table_name)} {where_clause}"
+        "select {select_all_columns} from {table_name} {where}".format(
+            select_all_columns=select_all_columns,
+            table_name=escape_sqlite(table_name),
+            where=where_clause,
+        )
     )
 
     # This is the SQL that populates the main table on the page
-    sql = f"select {select_specified_columns} from {escape_sqlite(table_name)} {where_clause}{order_by} limit {page_size + 1}{offset}"
+    sql = "select {select_specified_columns} from {table_name} {where}{order_by} limit {page_size}{offset}".format(
+        select_specified_columns=select_specified_columns,
+        table_name=escape_sqlite(table_name),
+        where=where_clause,
+        order_by=order_by,
+        page_size=page_size + 1,
+        offset=offset,
+    )
 
     if request.args.get("_timelimit"):
         extra_args["custom_time_limit"] = int(request.args.get("_timelimit"))
@@ -2165,6 +2212,9 @@ async def table_view_data(
     except (sqlite3.OperationalError, InvalidSql) as e:
         raise DatasetteError(str(e), title="Invalid SQL", status=400)
 
+    except sqlite3.OperationalError as e:
+        raise DatasetteError(str(e))
+
     columns = [r[0] for r in results.description]
     rows = list(results.rows)
 
@@ -2211,8 +2261,7 @@ async def table_view_data(
             new_rows = []
             for row in rows:
                 new_row = CustomRow(columns)
-                # CustomRow/sqlite3.Row iterate over values, so .keys() is required
-                for column in row.keys():  # noqa: SIM118
+                for column in row.keys():
                     value = row[column]
                     if (column, value) in expanded_labels and value is not None:
                         new_row[column] = {
@@ -2249,7 +2298,7 @@ async def table_view_data(
         # Data formats reject unknown extras; the HTML path (which passes
         # extra_extras={"_html"}) resolves internal extras of its own
         table_extra_registry.validate_requested(extras, ExtraScope.TABLE)
-    if any(k for k in request.args if k == "_facet" or k.startswith("_facet_")):
+    if any(k for k in request.args.keys() if k == "_facet" or k.startswith("_facet_")):
         extras.add("facet_results")
     if request.args.get("_shape") == "object":
         extras.add("primary_keys")
@@ -2430,13 +2479,20 @@ async def _next_value_and_url(
             except IndexError:
                 # sort/sort_desc column missing from SELECT - look up value by PK instead
                 prefix_where_clause = " and ".join(
-                    f"[{pk}] = :pk{i}" for i, pk in enumerate(pks)
+                    "[{}] = :pk{}".format(pk, i) for i, pk in enumerate(pks)
+                )
+                prefix_lookup_sql = "select [{}] from [{}] where {}".format(
+                    sort or sort_desc, table_name, prefix_where_clause
                 )
-                prefix_lookup_sql = f"select [{sort or sort_desc}] from [{table_name}] where {prefix_where_clause}"
                 prefix = (
                     await db.execute(
                         prefix_lookup_sql,
-                        {**{f"pk{i}": rows[-2][pk] for i, pk in enumerate(pks)}},
+                        {
+                            **{
+                                "pk{}".format(i): rows[-2][pk]
+                                for i, pk in enumerate(pks)
+                            }
+                        },
                     )
                 ).single_value()
             if isinstance(prefix, dict) and "value" in prefix:
diff --git a/datasette/views/table_create_alter.py b/datasette/views/table_create_alter.py
index 56b28877..4deeafcc 100644
--- a/datasette/views/table_create_alter.py
+++ b/datasette/views/table_create_alter.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import json
 import re
 import time
-from typing import Annotated, Any, Literal
+from typing import Annotated, Any, Literal, Union
 
-import sqlite_utils
+from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
 from pydantic import (
     BaseModel,
     ConfigDict,
@@ -13,18 +13,18 @@ from pydantic import (
     model_validator,
 )
 from pydantic_core import PydanticCustomError
+import sqlite_utils
 from sqlite_utils.db import DEFAULT as SQLITE_UTILS_DEFAULT
 
 from datasette.column_types import SQLiteType
-from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
 from datasette.events import AlterTableEvent, CreateTableEvent, InsertRowsEvent
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, TableResource
 from datasette.utils import (
-    WriteJsonValueError,
     decode_write_json_rows,
     escape_sqlite,
     get_outbound_foreign_keys,
     table_column_details,
+    WriteJsonValueError,
 )
 from datasette.utils.asgi import NotFound, PayloadTooLarge, Response
 from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite_hidden_table_names
@@ -136,14 +136,14 @@ def _foreign_key_name_reasons(source_column, target):
     singular_table = _singular(table)
     column = target["fk_column"].lower()
     possible_names = {
-        f"{table}_{column}",
-        f"{singular_table}_{column}",
+        "{}_{}".format(table, column),
+        "{}_{}".format(singular_table, column),
     }
     if column == "id":
         possible_names.update(
             {
-                f"{table}_id",
-                f"{singular_table}_id",
+                "{}_id".format(table),
+                "{}_id".format(singular_table),
             }
         )
     return ["name_match"] if source in possible_names else []
@@ -262,8 +262,10 @@ async def _create_table_ui_context(
     if not database_action_permissions.get("create-table"):
         return None
     data = {
-        "path": f"{datasette.urls.database(database_name)}/-/create",
-        "foreignKeyTargetsPath": f"{datasette.urls.database(database_name)}/-/foreign-key-targets",
+        "path": "{}/-/create".format(datasette.urls.database(database_name)),
+        "foreignKeyTargetsPath": "{}/-/foreign-key-targets".format(
+            datasette.urls.database(database_name)
+        ),
         "databaseName": database_name,
         "columnTypes": CREATE_TABLE_COLUMN_TYPES,
         "defaultExpressions": default_expression_options(),
@@ -396,15 +398,15 @@ def default_expr_for_sql(expression):
 
 def _quoted_options(options):
     if len(options) == 1:
-        return f"'{options[0]}'"
+        return "'{}'".format(options[0])
     return "{} or '{}'".format(
-        ", ".join(f"'{option}'" for option in options[:-1]),
+        ", ".join("'{}'".format(option) for option in options[:-1]),
         options[-1],
     )
 
 
 def _default_expr_error_message():
-    return f"Input should be {_quoted_options(list(DEFAULT_EXPRESSIONS))}"
+    return "Input should be {}".format(_quoted_options(list(DEFAULT_EXPRESSIONS)))
 
 
 def default_expression_options():
@@ -713,16 +715,18 @@ class SetForeignKeysOperation(_StrictPydanticModel):
 
 
 AlterTableOperation = Annotated[
-    AddColumnOperation
-    | RenameColumnOperation
-    | RenameTableOperation
-    | AlterColumnOperation
-    | DropColumnOperation
-    | SetPrimaryKeyOperation
-    | ReorderColumnsOperation
-    | AddForeignKeyOperation
-    | DropForeignKeyOperation
-    | SetForeignKeysOperation,
+    Union[
+        AddColumnOperation,
+        RenameColumnOperation,
+        RenameTableOperation,
+        AlterColumnOperation,
+        DropColumnOperation,
+        SetPrimaryKeyOperation,
+        ReorderColumnsOperation,
+        AddForeignKeyOperation,
+        DropForeignKeyOperation,
+        SetForeignKeysOperation,
+    ],
     Field(discriminator="op"),
 ]
 
@@ -736,7 +740,7 @@ def _pydantic_errors(validation_error):
     for error in validation_error.errors():
         location = ".".join(str(item) for item in error["loc"])
         message = error["msg"]
-        errors.append(f"{location}: {message}" if location else message)
+        errors.append("{}: {}".format(location, message) if location else message)
     return errors
 
 
@@ -757,7 +761,7 @@ def _create_table_pydantic_errors(validation_error):
             output.append(message)
             continue
         location = ".".join(str(item) for item in error["loc"])
-        output.append(f"{location}: {message}" if location else message)
+        output.append("{}: {}".format(location, message) if location else message)
     return output
 
 
@@ -806,7 +810,7 @@ class TableCreateView(BaseView):
         try:
             data = await request.json()
         except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            return Response.error([f"Invalid JSON: {e}"])
+            return Response.error(["Invalid JSON: {}".format(e)])
         except PayloadTooLarge as e:
             return Response.error([str(e)], 413)
 
@@ -821,13 +825,14 @@ class TableCreateView(BaseView):
         ignore = create_request.ignore
         replace = create_request.replace
 
-        # Replacing rows requires update-row permission
-        if replace and not await self.ds.allowed(
-            action="update-row",
-            resource=DatabaseResource(database=database_name),
-            actor=request.actor,
-        ):
-            return Response.error(["Permission denied: need update-row"], 403)
+        if replace:
+            # Must have update-row permission
+            if not await self.ds.allowed(
+                action="update-row",
+                resource=DatabaseResource(database=database_name),
+                actor=request.actor,
+            ):
+                return Response.error(["Permission denied: need update-row"], 403)
 
         table_name = create_request.table
         table_exists = await db.table_exists(table_name)
@@ -873,14 +878,9 @@ class TableCreateView(BaseView):
             actual_pks = await db.primary_keys(table_name)
             # if pk passed and table already exists check it does not change
             bad_pks = False
-            if (
-                len(actual_pks) == 1
-                and pk
-                and pk != actual_pks[0]
-                or len(actual_pks) > 1
-                and pks
-                and set(pks) != set(actual_pks)
-            ):
+            if len(actual_pks) == 1 and pk and pk != actual_pks[0]:
+                bad_pks = True
+            elif len(actual_pks) > 1 and pks and set(pks) != set(actual_pks):
                 bad_pks = True
             if bad_pks:
                 return Response.error(["pk cannot be changed for existing table"])
@@ -925,8 +925,7 @@ class TableCreateView(BaseView):
 
         try:
             schema = await db.execute_write_fn(create_table, request=request)
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # TODO: narrow to expected write errors so Datasette bugs surface as 500s
+        except Exception as e:
             return Response.error([str(e)])
 
         if initial_schema is not None and initial_schema != schema:
@@ -1172,7 +1171,7 @@ class TableAlterView(BaseView):
         try:
             data = await request.json()
         except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            return Response.error([f"Invalid JSON: {e}"], 400)
+            return Response.error(["Invalid JSON: {}".format(e)], 400)
         except PayloadTooLarge as e:
             return Response.error([str(e)], 413)
 
@@ -1312,7 +1311,10 @@ class TableAlterView(BaseView):
                         and rename_table_to != current_table_name
                     ):
                         operation_conn.execute(
-                            f"alter table {escape_sqlite(current_table_name)} rename to {escape_sqlite(rename_table_to)}"
+                            "alter table {} rename to {}".format(
+                                escape_sqlite(current_table_name),
+                                escape_sqlite(rename_table_to),
+                            )
                         )
                         current_table_name = rename_table_to
 
@@ -1327,8 +1329,7 @@ class TableAlterView(BaseView):
             before_schema, after_schema, after_table_name = await db.execute_write_fn(
                 alter_table, request=request
             )
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # TODO: narrow to expected write errors so Datasette bugs surface as 500s
+        except Exception as e:
             return Response.error([str(e)], 400)
 
         altered = before_schema != after_schema
diff --git a/datasette/views/table_extras.py b/datasette/views/table_extras.py
index 3d8cad5e..50002d92 100644
--- a/datasette/views/table_extras.py
+++ b/datasette/views/table_extras.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import itertools
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import ClassVar
 
 from datasette.column_types import SQLiteType
 from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ class QueryExtraContext:
 class CountSqlExtra(Extra):
     description = "SQL query string used to calculate the total count for the current table view, including active filters."
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_size=0&_extra=count_sql")
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return context.count_sql
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ class CountSqlExtra(Extra):
 class CountExtra(Extra):
     description = "Total count of rows matching these filters"
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=count")
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
     expensive = True
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
@@ -129,7 +128,9 @@ class CountExtra(Extra):
                 pass
 
         if context.count_sql and count is None and not context.nocount:
-            count_sql_limited = f"select count(*) from (select * {context.from_sql} limit {context.db.count_limit + 1})"
+            count_sql_limited = "select count(*) from (select * {} limit {})".format(
+                context.from_sql, context.db.count_limit + 1
+            )
             try:
                 count_rows = list(
                     await context.db.execute(count_sql_limited, context.from_sql_params)
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ def count_is_truncated(datasette, db, database_name, table_name, count_sql, coun
 class CountTruncatedExtra(Extra):
     description = "True if the count hit Datasette's counting limit, meaning the real number of matching rows is at least the reported count."
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=count,count_truncated")
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
     expensive = True
 
     async def resolve(self, context, count):
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ class CountTruncatedExtra(Extra):
 
 
 class FacetInstancesProvider(Provider):
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context, count):
         facet_instances = []
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ class FacetResultsExtra(Extra):
         },
         note="Shape abbreviated from /fixtures/facetable.json?_facet=state&_extra=facet_results.",
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
     expensive = True
     docs_note = "See :ref:`facets` for details of how facets work."
 
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ class FacetsTimedOutExtra(Extra):
             "if every facet calculation completed."
         ),
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context, facet_results):
         return facet_results["timed_out"]
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ class SuggestedFacetsExtra(Extra):
         ],
         note="Shape abbreviated from /fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=suggested_facets.",
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
     expensive = True
     docs_note = (
         "Suggestions are controlled by the :ref:`setting_suggest_facets` setting."
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ class HumanDescriptionEnExtra(Extra):
     example = ExtraExample(
         "/fixtures/facetable.json?state=CA&_sort=pk&_extra=human_description_en"
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         human_description_en = context.filters.human_description_en(
@@ -323,7 +324,7 @@ class HumanDescriptionEnExtra(Extra):
 class ColumnsExtra(Extra):
     description = "List of column names returned by this table, row or query."
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=columns")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=columns"
         ),
@@ -331,11 +332,7 @@ class ColumnsExtra(Extra):
             "/fixtures/-/query.json?sql=select+1+as+one&_extra=columns"
         ),
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return context.columns
@@ -344,7 +341,7 @@ class ColumnsExtra(Extra):
 class AllColumnsExtra(Extra):
     description = "List of all column names in the table, regardless of ``_col=`` or ``_nocol=`` filtering."
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_col=pk&_extra=all_columns")
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return list(context.table_columns)
@@ -353,12 +350,12 @@ class AllColumnsExtra(Extra):
 class PrimaryKeysExtra(Extra):
     description = "List of primary key column names for this table, or an empty list if the table has no explicit primary key."
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=primary_keys")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=primary_keys"
         )
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return context.pks
@@ -396,12 +393,12 @@ class ColumnDetailsExtra(Extra):
         "virtual generated columns and ``3`` for stored generated columns."
     )
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/binary_data.json?_size=0&_extra=column_details")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/binary_data/1.json?_extra=column_details"
         )
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         column_details = await context.datasette._get_resource_column_details(
@@ -415,7 +412,7 @@ class ColumnDetailsExtra(Extra):
 
 class ActionsExtra(Extra):
     description = 'Async callable returning table or view actions made available by core and plugin hooks. Each item is either a link with ``href``, ``label`` and optional ``description`` keys, or a button with ``type: "button"``, ``label``, optional ``description`` and optional ``attrs``. See :ref:`plugin_actions`, :ref:`plugin_hook_table_actions` and :ref:`plugin_hook_view_actions`.'
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
     # Returns an async function for the HTML templates - not JSON serializable
     public = False
 
@@ -487,7 +484,7 @@ async def precompute_database_action_permissions(datasette, actor, database_name
 class IsViewExtra(Extra):
     description = "Whether this resource is a view instead of a table"
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/simple_view.json?_extra=is_view")
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return context.is_view
@@ -500,7 +497,7 @@ class DebugExtra(Extra):
         "API and may change without warning."
     )
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=debug")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=debug"
         ),
@@ -508,11 +505,7 @@ class DebugExtra(Extra):
             "/fixtures/-/query.json?sql=select+1+as+one&_extra=debug"
         ),
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         debug = {
@@ -536,7 +529,7 @@ class DebugExtra(Extra):
 class RequestExtra(Extra):
     description = "Dictionary with request details: ``url``, ``path``, ``full_path``, ``host`` and ``args`` where ``args`` maps query string parameter names to their values."
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=request")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=request"
         ),
@@ -544,11 +537,7 @@ class RequestExtra(Extra):
             "/fixtures/-/query.json?sql=select+1+as+one&_extra=request"
         ),
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return {
@@ -561,7 +550,7 @@ class RequestExtra(Extra):
 
 
 class DisplayColumnsAndRowsProvider(Provider):
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         display_columns, display_rows = await context.display_columns_and_rows(
@@ -605,7 +594,7 @@ class DisplayColumnsExtra(Extra):
         ],
         note="Shape abbreviated from /fixtures/facetable.json?_size=1&_extra=display_columns.",
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context, display_columns_and_rows):
         return display_columns_and_rows["columns"]
@@ -613,7 +602,7 @@ class DisplayColumnsExtra(Extra):
 
 class DisplayRowsExtra(Extra):
     description = "Rows formatted for the HTML table display. Each row is iterable and contains cell dictionaries with ``column``, ``value``, ``raw`` and ``value_type`` keys; table pages may also provide ``pk_path``, ``row_path`` and ``row_label`` attributes on each row object."
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
     # Contains markupsafe/sqlite3.Row values - not JSON serializable
     public = False
 
@@ -644,7 +633,7 @@ class RenderCellExtra(Extra):
             "whose rendered value differs from the default are included."
         ),
     )
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             value={
                 "rows": [{"id": 4, "content": "RENDER_CELL_DEMO"}],
@@ -669,11 +658,7 @@ class RenderCellExtra(Extra):
             ),
         ),
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         table_name = context.table_name
@@ -727,7 +712,7 @@ class RenderCellExtra(Extra):
 class QueryExtra(Extra):
     description = "Details of the underlying SQL query as a dictionary with ``sql`` and ``params`` keys."
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_size=1&_extra=query")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=query"
         ),
@@ -736,11 +721,7 @@ class QueryExtra(Extra):
             ExtraExample("/fixtures/neighborhood_search.json?text=town&_extra=query"),
         ],
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return {
@@ -764,7 +745,7 @@ class ColumnTypesExtra(Extra):
             "been assigned the ``json`` column type."
         ),
     )
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/facetable/1.json?_extra=column_types",
             note=(
@@ -773,7 +754,7 @@ class ColumnTypesExtra(Extra):
             ),
         )
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         ct_map = await context.datasette.get_column_types(
@@ -823,7 +804,7 @@ class SetColumnTypeUiExtra(Extra):
             "types that could be assigned to it."
         ),
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         if context.is_view:
@@ -865,7 +846,9 @@ class SetColumnTypeUiExtra(Extra):
                 ],
             }
         return {
-            "path": f"{context.datasette.urls.table(context.database_name, context.table_name)}/-/set-column-type",
+            "path": "{}/-/set-column-type".format(
+                context.datasette.urls.table(context.database_name, context.table_name)
+            ),
             "columns": columns,
         }
 
@@ -883,7 +866,7 @@ class MetadataExtra(Extra):
             "descriptions."
         ),
     )
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=metadata",
             note=(
@@ -901,11 +884,7 @@ class MetadataExtra(Extra):
             ),
         ),
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         if context.scope == ExtraScope.QUERY:
@@ -934,7 +913,7 @@ class MetadataExtra(Extra):
 class DatabaseExtra(Extra):
     description = "Database name"
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=database")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=database"
         ),
@@ -942,11 +921,7 @@ class DatabaseExtra(Extra):
             "/fixtures/-/query.json?sql=select+1+as+one&_extra=database"
         ),
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return context.database_name
@@ -955,10 +930,10 @@ class DatabaseExtra(Extra):
 class TableExtra(Extra):
     description = "Table name"
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=table")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample("/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=table")
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return context.table_name
@@ -971,7 +946,7 @@ class DatabaseColorExtra(Extra):
         "a hash of the database name and used in the Datasette interface."
     )
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=database_color")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=database_color"
         ),
@@ -979,11 +954,7 @@ class DatabaseColorExtra(Extra):
             "/fixtures/-/query.json?sql=select+1+as+one&_extra=database_color"
         ),
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return context.db.color
@@ -994,7 +965,7 @@ class FormHiddenArgsExtra(Extra):
     example = ExtraExample(
         "/fixtures/facetable.json?_facet=state&_size=1&_extra=form_hidden_args"
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         form_hidden_args = []
@@ -1011,7 +982,7 @@ class FormHiddenArgsExtra(Extra):
 
 class FiltersExtra(Extra):
     description = "``Filters`` object used by the HTML table interface. Useful methods include ``filters.human_description_en()``; this is not JSON serializable."
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
     # Returns a Filters instance for the HTML templates - not JSON serializable
     public = False
 
@@ -1027,7 +998,7 @@ class CustomTableTemplatesExtra(Extra):
         ":ref:`customization_custom_templates`."
     )
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=custom_table_templates")
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return [
@@ -1048,7 +1019,7 @@ class SortedFacetResultsExtra(Extra):
     example = ExtraExample(
         "/fixtures/facetable.json?_facet=state&_extra=sorted_facet_results"
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context, facet_results):
         facet_configs = context.table_metadata.get("facets", [])
@@ -1058,7 +1029,7 @@ class SortedFacetResultsExtra(Extra):
                 if isinstance(fc, str):
                     metadata_facet_names.append(fc)
                 elif isinstance(fc, dict):
-                    metadata_facet_names.append(next(iter(fc.values())))
+                    metadata_facet_names.append(list(fc.values())[0])
             metadata_order = {name: i for i, name in enumerate(metadata_facet_names)}
             metadata_facets = []
             request_facets = []
@@ -1084,7 +1055,7 @@ class SortedFacetResultsExtra(Extra):
 class TableDefinitionExtra(Extra):
     description = "SQL definition for this table"
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=table_definition")
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return await context.db.get_table_definition(context.table_name)
@@ -1093,7 +1064,7 @@ class TableDefinitionExtra(Extra):
 class ViewDefinitionExtra(Extra):
     description = "SQL definition for this view"
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/simple_view.json?_extra=view_definition")
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return await context.db.get_view_definition(context.table_name)
@@ -1110,7 +1081,7 @@ class RenderersExtra(Extra):
             "<plugin_register_output_renderer>`."
         ),
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context, expandable_columns, query):
         renderers = {}
@@ -1152,7 +1123,7 @@ class PrivateExtra(Extra):
         "anonymous user could not. See :ref:`authentication_permissions`."
     )
     example = ExtraExample("/fixtures/facetable.json?_extra=private")
-    examples: ClassVar[dict[ExtraScope, ExtraExample | list[ExtraExample]]] = {
+    examples = {
         ExtraScope.ROW: ExtraExample(
             "/fixtures/simple_primary_key/1.json?_extra=private"
         ),
@@ -1160,11 +1131,7 @@ class PrivateExtra(Extra):
             "/fixtures/-/query.json?sql=select+1+as+one&_extra=private"
         ),
     }
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         return context.private
@@ -1181,7 +1148,7 @@ class ExpandableColumnsExtra(Extra):
             "that would be used as the label for each expanded value."
         ),
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         expandables = []
@@ -1201,7 +1168,7 @@ class ForeignKeyTablesExtra(Extra):
             "reference this row, and ``link`` is a URL to browse those rows."
         ),
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.ROW}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.ROW}
     expensive = True
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
@@ -1235,11 +1202,7 @@ class ExtrasExtra(Extra):
             "the current request."
         ),
     )
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {
-        ExtraScope.TABLE,
-        ExtraScope.ROW,
-        ExtraScope.QUERY,
-    }
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE, ExtraScope.ROW, ExtraScope.QUERY}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         all_extras = [
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 2a5c1439..5dd06b57 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #
 # Datasette documentation build configuration file, created by
 # sphinx-quickstart on Thu Nov 16 06:50:13 2017.
diff --git a/docs/json_api_doc.py b/docs/json_api_doc.py
index 9a4dba23..422e67f4 100644
--- a/docs/json_api_doc.py
+++ b/docs/json_api_doc.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def table_extras(cog):
     cog.out("\n")
     for scope, heading, intro, classes in classes_by_scope:
         cog.out("{}\n{}\n\n".format(heading, "~" * len(heading)))
-        cog.out(f"{intro}\n\n")
+        cog.out("{}\n\n".format(intro))
         for cls in classes:
             examples = _examples_for_scope(cls, scope)
             description = cls.description or ""
@@ -58,16 +58,16 @@ def table_extras(cog):
             if notes:
                 description = "{} ({})".format(description, " ".join(notes)).strip()
 
-            cog.out(f"``{cls.key()}``\n")
-            cog.out(f"    {description}\n\n")
+            cog.out("``{}``\n".format(cls.key()))
+            cog.out("    {}\n\n".format(description))
             for example in examples:
                 if example.path:
                     value = live_examples[(example.path, example.key or cls.key())]
-                    cog.out(f"    ``GET {example.path}``\n\n")
+                    cog.out("    ``GET {}``\n\n".format(example.path))
                 else:
                     value = example.value
                 if example.note:
-                    cog.out(f"    {example.note}\n\n")
+                    cog.out("    {}\n\n".format(example.note))
                 cog.out("    .. code-block:: json\n\n")
                 cog.out(textwrap.indent(json.dumps(value, indent=2), "        "))
                 cog.out("\n\n")
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ async def _fetch_live_examples(scoped_classes):
                     response = await datasette.client.get(example.path)
                     assert response.status_code == 200, example.path
                     data = response.json()
-                    assert key in data, f"{key} missing from {example.path}"
+                    assert key in data, "{} missing from {}".format(key, example.path)
                     examples[(example.path, key)] = data[key]
         finally:
             for db in datasette.databases.values():
diff --git a/docs/metadata_doc.py b/docs/metadata_doc.py
index 1bf17f8e..031b3ddd 100644
--- a/docs/metadata_doc.py
+++ b/docs/metadata_doc.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import json
 import textwrap
-
-from ruamel.yaml import YAML
 from yaml import safe_dump
+from ruamel.yaml import YAML
 
 
 def metadata_example(cog, data=None, yaml=None):
@@ -34,10 +33,10 @@ def config_example(
     else:
         data = input
         output_yaml = safe_dump(input, sort_keys=False)
-    cog.out(f"\n.. tab:: {yaml_title}\n\n")
+    cog.out("\n.. tab:: {}\n\n".format(yaml_title))
     cog.out("    .. code-block:: yaml\n\n")
     cog.out(textwrap.indent(output_yaml, "        "))
-    cog.out(f"\n\n.. tab:: {json_title}\n\n")
+    cog.out("\n\n.. tab:: {}\n\n".format(json_title))
     cog.out("    .. code-block:: json\n\n")
     cog.out(textwrap.indent(json.dumps(data, indent=2), "        "))
     cog.out("\n")
@@ -45,10 +44,8 @@ def config_example(
 
 def internal_schema(cog):
     import asyncio
-
-    from sqlite_utils import Database
-
     from datasette.app import Datasette
+    from sqlite_utils import Database
 
     ds = Datasette()
     db = ds.get_internal_database()
diff --git a/docs/template_context_doc.py b/docs/template_context_doc.py
index 95b8a366..a5f4fb6f 100644
--- a/docs/template_context_doc.py
+++ b/docs/template_context_doc.py
@@ -21,12 +21,14 @@ def template_context(cog):
         ),
     )
     for name, doc in TEMPLATE_BASE_CONTEXT.items():
-        cog.out(f"``{name}``\n")
-        cog.out(f"    {doc}\n\n")
+        cog.out("``{}``\n".format(name))
+        cog.out("    {}\n\n".format(doc))
 
     for klass in PAGES.values():
         title = "{} page".format(klass.__name__.removesuffix("Context"))
-        intro = f"{klass.__doc__} Rendered using the ``{klass.documented_template}`` template."
+        intro = "{} Rendered using the ``{}`` template.".format(
+            klass.__doc__, klass.documented_template
+        )
         _section(cog, title, intro)
         if klass.extras_scope is not None:
             cog.out(
@@ -34,10 +36,10 @@ def template_context(cog):
                 "<json_api>` for this page.\n\n"
             )
         for f in sorted(klass.documented_fields(), key=lambda f: f.name):
-            cog.out(f"``{f.name}`` - ``{f.type_name}``\n")
-            cog.out(f"    {f.help}\n\n")
+            cog.out("``{}`` - ``{}``\n".format(f.name, f.type_name))
+            cog.out("    {}\n\n".format(f.help))
 
 
 def _section(cog, title, intro):
     cog.out("{}\n{}\n\n".format(title, "-" * len(title)))
-    cog.out(f"{intro}\n\n")
+    cog.out("{}\n\n".format(intro))
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index cf5db905..70496cdb 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ dev = [
     "trustme>=0.7",
     "cogapp>=3.3.0",
     "multipart-form-data-conformance==0.1a0",
-    "ruff>=0.16.0",
+    "ruff>=0.9",
     # docs
     "Sphinx==7.4.7",
     "furo==2025.9.25",
@@ -102,5 +102,9 @@ datasette = ["templates/*.html"]
 [tool.setuptools.dynamic]
 version = {attr = "datasette.version.__version__"}
 
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 160
+select = ["E", "F", "W"]
+
 [tool.uv]
 package = true
diff --git a/ruff.toml b/ruff.toml
index 3c4345bf..74447a8c 100644
--- a/ruff.toml
+++ b/ruff.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,2 @@
 line-length = 160
-target-version = "py310"
-
-[lint.flake8-bugbear]
-# from_extra() returns a dataclasses.field(), so it is safe as a dataclass
-# default - ruff cannot see through the wrapper (RUF009)
-extend-immutable-calls = ["datasette.views.from_extra"]
\ No newline at end of file
+target-version = "py310"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index a2e6aba2..7ec03146 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
+import httpx
 import importlib.metadata
 import os
 import pathlib
+import pytest
+import pytest_asyncio
 import re
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import time
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-
-import httpx
-import pytest
-import pytest_asyncio
-
 from datasette import Event, hookimpl
 
 try:
@@ -40,7 +38,7 @@ def wait_until_responds(url, timeout=5.0, client=httpx, **kwargs):
             return
         except httpx.ConnectError:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-    raise AssertionError(f"Timed out waiting for {url} to respond")
+    raise AssertionError("Timed out waiting for {} to respond".format(url))
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -56,12 +54,10 @@ def bare_ds():
 
 @pytest_asyncio.fixture(scope="session")
 async def ds_client():
-    import secrets
-
     from datasette.app import Datasette
     from datasette.database import Database
-
     from .fixtures import CONFIG, METADATA, PLUGINS_DIR
+    import secrets
 
     ds = Datasette(
         metadata=METADATA,
@@ -100,8 +96,8 @@ def pytest_report_header(config):
     conn.close()
     sqlite_utils_version = importlib.metadata.version("sqlite-utils")
     headers = [
-        f"SQLite: {version}",
-        f"sqlite-utils: {sqlite_utils_version}",
+        "SQLite: {}".format(version),
+        "sqlite-utils: {}".format(sqlite_utils_version),
     ]
     if config.getoption("--playwright"):
         try:
@@ -179,8 +175,8 @@ def restore_working_directory(tmpdir, request):
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session", autouse=True)
 def check_actions_are_documented():
-    from datasette.default_actions import register_actions as default_register_actions
     from datasette.plugins import pm
+    from datasette.default_actions import register_actions as default_register_actions
 
     content = (
         pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent / "docs" / "authentication.rst"
@@ -206,7 +202,7 @@ def check_actions_are_documented():
             if kwargs["action"] in core_actions:
                 assert (
                     action in documented_actions
-                ), f"Undocumented permission action: {action}"
+                ), "Undocumented permission action: {}".format(action)
 
     pm.add_hookcall_monitoring(
         before=before, after=lambda outcome, hook_name, hook_impls, kwargs: None
@@ -302,8 +298,7 @@ def ds_unix_domain_socket_server(tmp_path_factory):
 
 
 # Import fixtures from fixtures.py to make them available
-from .fixtures import (  # noqa: F401
-    TEMP_PLUGIN_SECRET_FILE,
+from .fixtures import (  # noqa: E402, F401
     app_client,
     app_client_base_url_prefix,
     app_client_conflicting_database_names,
@@ -320,4 +315,5 @@ from .fixtures import (  # noqa: F401
     app_client_with_dot,
     app_client_with_trace,
     make_app_client,
+    TEMP_PLUGIN_SECRET_FILE,
 )
diff --git a/tests/fixtures.py b/tests/fixtures.py
index 83607c1a..8ab3633f 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures.py
@@ -1,13 +1,3 @@
-import contextlib
-import json
-import os
-import pathlib
-import tempfile
-import textwrap
-
-import click
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.fixtures import (
     EXTRA_DATABASE_SQL,
@@ -15,6 +5,14 @@ from datasette.fixtures import (
     write_fixture_database,
 )
 from datasette.utils.testing import TestClient
+import click
+import contextlib
+import json
+import os
+import pathlib
+import pytest
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
 
 # This temp file is used by one of the plugin config tests
 TEMP_PLUGIN_SECRET_FILE = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), "plugin-secret")
diff --git a/tests/plugins/my_plugin.py b/tests/plugins/my_plugin.py
index baf20a77..c89ad0a3 100644
--- a/tests/plugins/my_plugin.py
+++ b/tests/plugins/my_plugin.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 import asyncio
+from datasette import hookimpl
+from datasette.facets import Facet
+from datasette.tokens import TokenHandler
+from datasette import tracer
+from datasette.permissions import Action
+from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
+from datasette.utils import path_with_added_args
+from datasette.utils.asgi import asgi_send_json, Response
 import base64
 import json
 import urllib.parse
 
-from datasette import hookimpl, tracer
-from datasette.facets import Facet
-from datasette.permissions import Action
-from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
-from datasette.tokens import TokenHandler
-from datasette.utils import path_with_added_args
-from datasette.utils.asgi import Response, asgi_send_json
-
 
 @hookimpl
 def prepare_connection(conn, database, datasette):
@@ -305,7 +305,11 @@ def startup(datasette):
     datasette._startup_hook_fired = True
 
     # And test some import shortcuts too
-    from datasette import Forbidden, NotFound, Response, actor_matches_allow, hookimpl
+    from datasette import Response
+    from datasette import Forbidden
+    from datasette import NotFound
+    from datasette import hookimpl
+    from datasette import actor_matches_allow
 
     _ = (Response, Forbidden, NotFound, hookimpl, actor_matches_allow)
 
@@ -369,7 +373,7 @@ def table_actions(datasette, database, table, actor, request):
                     "label": "Plugin button",
                     "description": "Runs JavaScript from a plugin",
                     "attrs": {
-                        "aria-label": f"Plugin button for {table}",
+                        "aria-label": "Plugin button for {}".format(table),
                         "data-plugin-action": "plugin-button",
                         "data-database": database,
                         "data-table": table,
diff --git a/tests/plugins/my_plugin_2.py b/tests/plugins/my_plugin_2.py
index 26e45a5b..864637a6 100644
--- a/tests/plugins/my_plugin_2.py
+++ b/tests/plugins/my_plugin_2.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-import json
-from functools import wraps
-
-import markupsafe
-
 from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
+from functools import wraps
+import markupsafe
+import json
 
 
 @hookimpl
@@ -35,7 +33,11 @@ def render_cell(value, database):
     if set(data.keys()) != {"href", "label"}:
         return None
     href = data["href"]
-    if not (href.startswith(("/", "http://", "https://"))):
+    if not (
+        href.startswith("/")
+        or href.startswith("http://")
+        or href.startswith("https://")
+    ):
         return None
     return markupsafe.Markup(
         '<a data-database="{database}" href="{href}">{label}</a>'.format(
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ def extra_template_vars(template, database, table, view_name, request, datasette
     datasette._last_request = request
 
     async def query_database(sql):
-        first_db = next(iter(datasette.databases.keys()))
+        first_db = list(datasette.databases.keys())[0]
         return (await datasette.execute(first_db, sql)).rows[0][0]
 
     async def inner():
@@ -170,10 +172,10 @@ def register_routes(datasette):
     path = config["path"]
 
     def new_table(request):
-        return Response.text(f"/db/table: {sorted(request.url_vars.items())}")
+        return Response.text("/db/table: {}".format(sorted(request.url_vars.items())))
 
     return [
-        (rf"/{path}/$", lambda: Response.text(path.upper())),
+        (r"/{}/$".format(path), lambda: Response.text(path.upper())),
         # Also serves to demonstrate over-ride of default paths:
         (r"/(?P<db_name>[^/]+)/(?P<table_and_format>[^/]+?$)", new_table),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/plugins/register_output_renderer.py b/tests/plugins/register_output_renderer.py
index 671f2d1e..cfe15215 100644
--- a/tests/plugins/register_output_renderer.py
+++ b/tests/plugins/register_output_renderer.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import json
-
 from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
+import json
 
 
 async def can_render(
@@ -19,7 +18,9 @@ async def can_render(
         "request": request,
         "view_name": view_name,
     }
-    return not request.args.get("_no_can_render")
+    if request.args.get("_no_can_render"):
+        return False
+    return True
 
 
 async def render_test_all_parameters(
diff --git a/tests/plugins/sleep_sql_function.py b/tests/plugins/sleep_sql_function.py
index 2fca1d66..d4b32a09 100644
--- a/tests/plugins/sleep_sql_function.py
+++ b/tests/plugins/sleep_sql_function.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-import time
-
 from datasette import hookimpl
+import time
 
 
 @hookimpl
diff --git a/tests/test_actions_sql.py b/tests/test_actions_sql.py
index 76320bd1..a1fca971 100644
--- a/tests/test_actions_sql.py
+++ b/tests/test_actions_sql.py
@@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ These tests verify:
 
 import pytest
 import pytest_asyncio
-
-from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, QueryResource, TableResource
+from datasette import hookimpl
 
 
 def test_resource_string_representations():
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ async def test_allowed_resources_global_allow(test_ds):
         assert all(isinstance(t, TableResource) for t in tables)
 
         # Check specific tables are present
-        table_set = {(t.parent, t.child) for t in tables}
+        table_set = set((t.parent, t.child) for t in tables)
         assert ("analytics", "events") in table_set
         assert ("analytics", "users") in table_set
         assert ("analytics", "sensitive") in table_set
diff --git a/tests/test_actor_restriction_bug.py b/tests/test_actor_restriction_bug.py
index 6e633ff6..0bfc9e1e 100644
--- a/tests/test_actor_restriction_bug.py
+++ b/tests/test_actor_restriction_bug.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ config allow blocks can bypass table-level restrictions.
 """
 
 import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.resources import TableResource
 
diff --git a/tests/test_allowed_many.py b/tests/test_allowed_many.py
index 2f20e8e8..08b952fb 100644
--- a/tests/test_allowed_many.py
+++ b/tests/test_allowed_many.py
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ Layer 3: table/database views precompute all registered actions before
 
 import pytest
 import pytest_asyncio
-
-from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.permissions import (
     Action,
@@ -20,6 +18,7 @@ from datasette.permissions import (
     _permission_check_cache,
 )
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, TableResource
+from datasette import hookimpl
 
 
 class CountingRulesPlugin:
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ async def test_allowed_not_memoized_without_cache(counting_ds):
 async def test_cache_keyed_on_full_actor_identity(counting_ds):
     """Interleaved checks for different actors never share cache entries."""
     # Uses drop-table because default permissions deny it to non-root actors
-    ds, _plugin = counting_ds
+    ds, plugin = counting_ds
     resource = TableResource("analytics", "users")
     token = _permission_check_cache.set({})
     try:
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ async def test_cache_keyed_on_resource(counting_ds):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_skip_permission_checks_bypasses_cache(counting_ds):
-    ds, _plugin = counting_ds
+    ds, plugin = counting_ds
     resource = TableResource("analytics", "users")
     token = _permission_check_cache.set({})
     try:
diff --git a/tests/test_allowed_resources.py b/tests/test_allowed_resources.py
index e251deab..e247aa78 100644
--- a/tests/test_allowed_resources.py
+++ b/tests/test_allowed_resources.py
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@ based on permission rules from plugins and configuration.
 
 import pytest
 import pytest_asyncio
-
-from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
+from datasette import hookimpl
 
 
 # Test plugin that provides permission rules
diff --git a/tests/test_api.py b/tests/test_api.py
index 76c30e46..191d064a 100644
--- a/tests/test_api.py
+++ b/tests/test_api.py
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-import pathlib
-import urllib
-
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.plugins import DEFAULT_PLUGINS
 from datasette.utils import UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE, escape_sqlite, tilde_encode
 from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite_version
 from datasette.version import __version__
-
-from .fixtures import EXPECTED_PLUGINS, make_app_client
+from .fixtures import make_app_client, EXPECTED_PLUGINS
+import pathlib
+import pytest
+import sys
+import urllib
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ async def test_homepage(ds_client):
     assert response.status_code == 200
     assert "application/json; charset=utf-8" == response.headers["content-type"]
     data = response.json()
-    assert sorted(data.get("metadata").keys()) == [
+    assert sorted(list(data.get("metadata").keys())) == [
         "about",
         "about_url",
         "description_html",
@@ -386,7 +384,9 @@ async def test_row_pk_arity_mismatch_returns_400(ds_client, row_path, suffix):
     # because the SQL had one bind placeholder per PK column but params were
     # only bound for the supplied components. It should be a 400 instead,
     # mirroring the existing guard in datasette/views/table.py.
-    response = await ds_client.get(f"/fixtures/compound_primary_key/{row_path}{suffix}")
+    response = await ds_client.get(
+        "/fixtures/compound_primary_key/{}{}".format(row_path, suffix)
+    )
     assert response.status_code == 400
     if suffix == ".json":
         assert response.json()["ok"] is False
@@ -600,7 +600,8 @@ async def test_threads_json(ds_client):
     finally:
         ds_client.ds.root_enabled = False
     expected_keys = {"ok", "threads", "num_threads"}
-    expected_keys.update({"tasks", "num_tasks"})
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 7, 0):
+        expected_keys.update({"tasks", "num_tasks"})
     data = response.json()
     assert set(data.keys()) == expected_keys
     # Should be at least one _execute_writes thread for __INTERNAL__
@@ -938,10 +939,12 @@ async def test_table_with_reserved_characters_in_name(table_name):
     ds = Datasette()
     db = ds.add_memory_database("test_reserved_table_names")
     await db.execute_write(
-        f"create table {escape_sqlite(table_name)} (id integer primary key, name text)"
+        "create table {} (id integer primary key, name text)".format(
+            escape_sqlite(table_name)
+        )
     )
     await db.execute_write(
-        f"insert into {escape_sqlite(table_name)} (id, name) values (1, 'one')"
+        "insert into {} (id, name) values (1, 'one')".format(escape_sqlite(table_name))
     )
     # Schema introspection (populate_schema_tables) must not crash:
     db_response = await ds.client.get("/test_reserved_table_names.json")
@@ -950,7 +953,9 @@ async def test_table_with_reserved_characters_in_name(table_name):
     assert tables[table_name]["count"] == 1
     # And the table page itself must load and return the row:
     table_response = await ds.client.get(
-        f"/test_reserved_table_names/{tilde_encode(table_name)}.json?_shape=array"
+        "/test_reserved_table_names/{}.json?_shape=array".format(
+            tilde_encode(table_name)
+        )
     )
     assert table_response.status_code == 200
     assert table_response.json() == [{"id": 1, "name": "one"}]
diff --git a/tests/test_api_write.py b/tests/test_api_write.py
index 7801d0a3..a803fbbc 100644
--- a/tests/test_api_write.py
+++ b/tests/test_api_write.py
@@ -1,24 +1,21 @@
-import time
-
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.events import RenameTableEvent
 from datasette.utils import error_body, escape_sqlite, sqlite3
-
 from .utils import last_event
+import pytest
+import time
 
 
 def assert_schema_contains(fragment, schema):
-    assert (
-        fragment in schema
-    ), f"Expected schema to contain {fragment!r}, got {schema!r}"
+    assert fragment in schema, "Expected schema to contain {!r}, got {!r}".format(
+        fragment, schema
+    )
 
 
 def assert_schema_not_contains(fragment, schema):
     assert (
         fragment not in schema
-    ), f"Expected schema not to contain {fragment!r}, got {schema!r}"
+    ), "Expected schema not to contain {!r}, got {!r}".format(fragment, schema)
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -50,7 +47,7 @@ def write_token(ds, actor_id="root", permissions=None):
 
 def _headers(token):
     return {
-        "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+        "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token),
         "Content-Type": "application/json",
     }
 
@@ -58,7 +55,9 @@ def _headers(token):
 def _insert_and_fetch_created(conn, table, insert_sql):
     cursor = conn.execute(insert_sql)
     return conn.execute(
-        f"select created, typeof(created) from {escape_sqlite(table)} where rowid = ?",
+        "select created, typeof(created) from {} where rowid = ?".format(
+            escape_sqlite(table)
+        ),
         (cursor.lastrowid,),
     ).fetchone()
 
@@ -242,7 +241,7 @@ async def test_insert_row(ds_write, content_type):
         "/data/docs/-/insert",
         json={"row": {"title": "Test", "score": 1.2, "age": 5}},
         headers={
-            "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+            "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token),
             "Content-Type": content_type,
         },
     )
@@ -287,7 +286,11 @@ async def test_insert_row_alter(ds_write):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("return_rows", (True, False))
 async def test_insert_rows(ds_write, return_rows):
     token = write_token(ds_write)
-    data = {"rows": [{"title": f"Test {i}", "score": 1.0, "age": 5} for i in range(20)]}
+    data = {
+        "rows": [
+            {"title": "Test {}".format(i), "score": 1.0, "age": 5} for i in range(20)
+        ]
+    }
     if return_rows:
         data["return"] = True
     response = await ds_write.client.post(
@@ -311,7 +314,8 @@ async def test_insert_rows(ds_write, return_rows):
     ).dicts()
     assert len(actual_rows) == 20
     assert actual_rows == [
-        {"id": i + 1, "title": f"Test {i}", "score": 1.0, "age": 5} for i in range(20)
+        {"id": i + 1, "title": "Test {}".format(i), "score": 1.0, "age": 5}
+        for i in range(20)
     ]
     assert response.json()["ok"] is True
     if return_rows:
@@ -557,13 +561,13 @@ async def test_insert_or_upsert_row_errors(
         )
     if special_case == "bad_token":
         token += "bad"
-    kwargs = {
-        "json": input,
-        "headers": {
-            "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+    kwargs = dict(
+        json=input,
+        headers={
+            "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token),
             "Content-Type": "application/json",
         },
-    }
+    )
 
     if special_case != "bad_token":
         actor_response = (
@@ -618,7 +622,7 @@ async def test_upsert_permissions_per_table(ds_write, allowed):
         "/data/docs/-/upsert",
         json={"rows": [{"id": 1, "title": "One"}]},
         headers={
-            "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+            "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token),
         },
     )
     if allowed:
@@ -855,7 +859,9 @@ async def test_delete_row(ds_write, table, row_for_create, pks, delete_path):
     # Should be a single row
     assert (
         await ds_write.client.get(
-            f"/data/-/query.json?_shape=arrayfirst&sql=select+count(*)+from+{table}"
+            "/data/-/query.json?_shape=arrayfirst&sql=select+count(*)+from+{}".format(
+                table
+            )
         )
     ).json() == [1]
     # Now delete the row
@@ -863,12 +869,14 @@ async def test_delete_row(ds_write, table, row_for_create, pks, delete_path):
         # Special case for that rowid table
         delete_path = (
             await ds_write.client.get(
-                f"/data/-/query.json?_shape=arrayfirst&sql=select+rowid+from+{table}"
+                "/data/-/query.json?_shape=arrayfirst&sql=select+rowid+from+{}".format(
+                    table
+                )
             )
         ).json()[0]
 
     delete_response = await ds_write.client.post(
-        f"/data/{table}/{delete_path}/-/delete",
+        "/data/{}/{}/-/delete".format(table, delete_path),
         headers=_headers(write_token(ds_write)),
     )
     assert delete_response.status_code == 200
@@ -881,7 +889,9 @@ async def test_delete_row(ds_write, table, row_for_create, pks, delete_path):
     assert event.pks == str(delete_path).split(",")
     assert (
         await ds_write.client.get(
-            f"/data/-/query.json?_shape=arrayfirst&sql=select+count(*)+from+{table}"
+            "/data/-/query.json?_shape=arrayfirst&sql=select+count(*)+from+{}".format(
+                table
+            )
         )
     ).json() == [0]
 
@@ -931,7 +941,7 @@ async def test_update_row_invalid_key(ds_write):
 
     pk = await _insert_row(ds_write)
 
-    path = f"/data/docs/{pk}/-/update"
+    path = "/data/docs/{}/-/update".format(pk)
     response = await ds_write.client.post(
         path,
         json={"update": {"title": "New title"}, "bad_key": 1},
@@ -950,7 +960,7 @@ async def test_update_row_invalid_key(ds_write):
 async def test_update_row_alter(ds_write):
     token = write_token(ds_write, permissions=["ur", "at"])
     pk = await _insert_row(ds_write)
-    path = f"/data/docs/{pk}/-/update"
+    path = "/data/docs/{}/-/update".format(pk)
     response = await ds_write.client.post(
         path,
         json={"update": {"title": "New title", "extra": "extra"}, "alter": True},
@@ -1106,9 +1116,9 @@ async def test_alter_table_integer_default_expr(
     assert expected_schema in data["schema"]
 
     columns = await db.execute("select * from pragma_table_info('docs')")
-    created_column = next(
+    created_column = [
         column for column in columns.dicts() if column["name"] == "created"
-    )
+    ][0]
     assert created_column["type"] == "INTEGER"
     assert expected_schema in created_column["dflt_value"]
 
@@ -1409,8 +1419,7 @@ async def test_foreign_key_targets(ds_write):
     await db.execute_write("create table no_pk (name text)")
     try:
         await db.execute_write("create virtual table search_docs using fts5(body)")
-    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
-        # FTS5 is not available in every SQLite build
+    except Exception:
         pass
 
     response = await ds_write.client.get(
@@ -1616,7 +1625,7 @@ async def test_update_row(ds_write, input, expected_errors, use_return):
     token = write_token(ds_write)
     pk = await _insert_row(ds_write)
 
-    path = f"/data/docs/{pk}/-/update"
+    path = "/data/docs/{}/-/update".format(pk)
 
     data = {"update": input}
     if use_return:
@@ -1651,7 +1660,7 @@ async def test_update_row(ds_write, input, expected_errors, use_return):
 
     # And fetch the row to check it's updated
     response = await ds_write.client.get(
-        f"/data/docs/{pk}.json?_shape=array",
+        "/data/docs/{}.json?_shape=array".format(pk),
     )
     assert response.status_code == 200
     row = response.json()[0]
@@ -2297,7 +2306,7 @@ async def test_create_table_integer_default_expr(
     ds_write, default_expr, minimum_value, expected_schema
 ):
     token = write_token(ds_write)
-    table = f"default_{default_expr}"
+    table = "default_{}".format(default_expr)
     response = await ds_write.client.post(
         "/data/-/create",
         json={
@@ -2325,7 +2334,7 @@ async def test_create_table_integer_default_expr(
 
     row = await db.execute_write_fn(
         lambda conn: _insert_and_fetch_created(
-            conn, table, f"insert into {escape_sqlite(table)} default values"
+            conn, table, "insert into {} default values".format(escape_sqlite(table))
         )
     )
     assert row[0] > minimum_value
diff --git a/tests/test_auth.py b/tests/test_auth.py
index e7a5402e..d2913ecc 100644
--- a/tests/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/test_auth.py
@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
-import time
-
-import pytest
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
+from .utils import cookie_was_deleted, last_event
 from click.testing import CliRunner
-
+from datasette.utils import baseconv
 from datasette.cli import cli
 from datasette.resources import (
     DatabaseResource,
     TableResource,
 )
-from datasette.utils import baseconv
-
-from .utils import cookie_was_deleted, last_event
+import pytest
+import time
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -207,7 +204,7 @@ def test_auth_create_token(
     assert response2.status == 200
     if errors:
         for error in errors:
-            assert f'<p class="message-error">{error}</p>' in response2.text
+            assert '<p class="message-error">{}</p>'.format(error) in response2.text
     else:
         # Check create-token event
         event = last_event(app_client.ds)
@@ -231,7 +228,7 @@ def test_auth_create_token(
         # And test that token
         response3 = app_client.get(
             "/-/actor.json",
-            headers={"Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(f"dstok_{token}")},
+            headers={"Authorization": "Bearer {}".format("dstok_{}".format(token))},
         )
         assert response3.status == 200
         assert response3.json["actor"]["id"] == "test"
@@ -244,7 +241,7 @@ async def test_auth_create_token_not_allowed_for_tokens(ds_client):
     )
     response = await ds_client.get(
         "/-/create-token",
-        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer dstok_{ds_tok}"},
+        headers={"Authorization": "Bearer dstok_{}".format(ds_tok)},
     )
     assert response.status_code == 403
 
@@ -289,12 +286,12 @@ async def test_auth_with_dstok_token(ds_client, scenario, should_work):
     elif scenario == "invalid_token":
         token = "invalid"
     if token:
-        token = f"dstok_{token}"
+        token = "dstok_{}".format(token)
     if scenario == "allow_signed_tokens_off":
         ds_client.ds._settings["allow_signed_tokens"] = False
     headers = {}
     if token:
-        headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {token}"
+        headers["Authorization"] = "Bearer {}".format(token)
     response = await ds_client.get("/-/actor.json", headers=headers)
     try:
         if should_work:
@@ -341,7 +338,7 @@ def test_cli_create_token(app_client, expires):
     assert details.keys() == expected_keys
     assert details["a"] == "test"
     response = app_client.get(
-        "/-/actor.json", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+        "/-/actor.json", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token)}
     )
     if expires is None or expires > 0:
         expected_actor = {
diff --git a/tests/test_base_view.py b/tests/test_base_view.py
index b46f7ce1..c1b0cf20 100644
--- a/tests/test_base_view.py
+++ b/tests/test_base_view.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-import json
-
-import pytest
-
+from datasette.views.base import View
 from datasette import Request, Response
 from datasette.app import Datasette
-from datasette.views.base import View
+import json
+import pytest
 
 
 class GetView(View):
diff --git a/tests/test_cli.py b/tests/test_cli.py
index fbd4a8a9..cbd8edad 100644
--- a/tests/test_cli.py
+++ b/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -1,28 +1,23 @@
+from .fixtures import (
+    make_app_client,
+    TestClient as _TestClient,
+    EXPECTED_PLUGINS,
+)
+from datasette.app import SETTINGS
+from datasette.plugins import DEFAULT_PLUGINS, pm
+from datasette.cli import cli, serve
+from datasette.version import __version__
+from datasette.utils import tilde_encode
+from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
+from click.testing import CliRunner
 import io
 import json
 import pathlib
+import pytest
 import sys
 import textwrap
 from unittest import mock
 
-import pytest
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-
-from datasette.app import SETTINGS
-from datasette.cli import cli, serve
-from datasette.plugins import DEFAULT_PLUGINS, pm
-from datasette.utils import tilde_encode
-from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
-from datasette.version import __version__
-
-from .fixtures import (
-    EXPECTED_PLUGINS,
-    make_app_client,
-)
-from .fixtures import (
-    TestClient as _TestClient,
-)
-
 
 def test_inspect_cli(app_client):
     runner = CliRunner()
@@ -465,7 +460,7 @@ def test_serve_create(tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("argument", ("-c", "--config"))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("format_", ("json", "yaml"))
 def test_serve_config(tmpdir, argument, format_):
-    config_path = tmpdir / f"datasette.{format_}"
+    config_path = tmpdir / "datasette.{}".format(format_)
     config_path.write_text(
         (
             "settings:\n  default_page_size: 5\n"
@@ -518,13 +513,13 @@ def test_weird_database_names(tmpdir, filename):
     result1 = runner.invoke(cli, [db_path, "--get", "/"])
     assert result1.exit_code == 0, result1.output
     filename_no_stem = filename.rsplit(".", 1)[0]
-    expected_link = (
-        f'<a href="/{tilde_encode(filename_no_stem)}">{filename_no_stem}</a>'
+    expected_link = '<a href="/{}">{}</a>'.format(
+        tilde_encode(filename_no_stem), filename_no_stem
     )
     assert expected_link in result1.output
     # Now try hitting that database page
     result2 = runner.invoke(
-        cli, [db_path, "--get", f"/{tilde_encode(filename_no_stem)}"]
+        cli, [db_path, "--get", "/{}".format(tilde_encode(filename_no_stem))]
     )
     assert result2.exit_code == 0, result2.output
 
diff --git a/tests/test_cli_serve_get.py b/tests/test_cli_serve_get.py
index 01b84f59..fe9416d6 100644
--- a/tests/test_cli_serve_get.py
+++ b/tests/test_cli_serve_get.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-import json
-import textwrap
-
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-
 from datasette.cli import cli
 from datasette.plugins import pm
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+import textwrap
+import json
 
 
 def test_serve_with_get(tmp_path_factory):
@@ -46,9 +44,9 @@ def test_serve_with_get(tmp_path_factory):
 
     # Annoyingly that new test plugin stays resident - we need
     # to manually unregister it to avoid conflict with other tests
-    to_unregister = next(
+    to_unregister = [
         p for p in pm.get_plugins() if p.__name__ == "init_for_serve_with_get.py"
-    )
+    ][0]
     pm.unregister(to_unregister)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_cli_serve_server.py b/tests/test_cli_serve_server.py
index b7604bb8..47f23c08 100644
--- a/tests/test_cli_serve_server.py
+++ b/tests/test_cli_serve_server.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import socket
-
 import httpx
 import pytest
+import socket
 
 
 @pytest.mark.serial
diff --git a/tests/test_column_types.py b/tests/test_column_types.py
index 50c6daed..cd308ec9 100644
--- a/tests/test_column_types.py
+++ b/tests/test_column_types.py
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 import json
 import logging
-import time
 
-import markupsafe
-import pytest
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.column_types import (
     ColumnType,
@@ -13,7 +9,11 @@ from datasette.column_types import (
 )
 from datasette.hookspecs import hookimpl
 from datasette.plugins import pm
-from datasette.utils import StartupError, error_body, sqlite3
+from datasette.utils import error_body, sqlite3
+from datasette.utils import StartupError
+import markupsafe
+import pytest
+import time
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def write_token(ds, actor_id="root", permissions=None):
 
 def _headers(token):
     return {
-        "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+        "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token),
         "Content-Type": "application/json",
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/test_config_dir.py b/tests/test_config_dir.py
index 00540464..636b17eb 100644
--- a/tests/test_config_dir.py
+++ b/tests/test_config_dir.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import json
 import pathlib
-
 import pytest
 
 from datasette.app import Datasette
-from datasette.utils import StartupError
 from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
-
+from datasette.utils import StartupError
 from .fixtures import TestClient as _TestClient
 
 PLUGIN = """
diff --git a/tests/test_crossdb.py b/tests/test_crossdb.py
index ffd0870c..11e53224 100644
--- a/tests/test_crossdb.py
+++ b/tests/test_crossdb.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import sqlite3
-import urllib
-
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-
 from datasette.cli import cli
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+import urllib
+import sqlite3
 
 
 def test_crossdb_join(app_client_two_attached_databases_crossdb_enabled):
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ def test_crossdb_warning_if_too_many_databases(tmp_path_factory):
     db_dir = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("dbs")
     dbs = []
     for i in range(11):
-        path = str(db_dir / f"db_{i}.db")
+        path = str(db_dir / "db_{}.db".format(i))
         conn = sqlite3.connect(path)
         conn.execute("vacuum")
         conn.close()
diff --git a/tests/test_csrf_middleware.py b/tests/test_csrf_middleware.py
index 6c78f69d..2fcfb216 100644
--- a/tests/test_csrf_middleware.py
+++ b/tests/test_csrf_middleware.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ async def _run_middleware(scope):
     await mw(scope, None, send)
     if inner_called:
         return ("allowed",)
-    start = next(m for m in sent if m["type"] == "http.response.start")
+    start = [m for m in sent if m["type"] == "http.response.start"][0]
     return ("blocked", start["status"])
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_csv.py b/tests/test_csv.py
index 7758a3c0..a2f03776 100644
--- a/tests/test_csv.py
+++ b/tests/test_csv.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import urllib.parse
-
-import pytest
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
+import pytest
+import urllib.parse
 
 EXPECTED_TABLE_CSV = """id,content
 1,hello
diff --git a/tests/test_custom_pages.py b/tests/test_custom_pages.py
index 32cfc43d..86cdcc6b 100644
--- a/tests/test_custom_pages.py
+++ b/tests/test_custom_pages.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 import pathlib
-
 import pytest
-
 from .fixtures import make_app_client
 
 TEST_TEMPLATE_DIRS = str(pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "test_templates")
diff --git a/tests/test_default_deny.py b/tests/test_default_deny.py
index f456a17f..f1e43064 100644
--- a/tests/test_default_deny.py
+++ b/tests/test_default_deny.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, TableResource
 
diff --git a/tests/test_docs.py b/tests/test_docs.py
index 16df6a46..0bcb5e62 100644
--- a/tests/test_docs.py
+++ b/tests/test_docs.py
@@ -2,22 +2,20 @@
 Tests to ensure certain things are documented.
 """
 
-import re
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import pytest
-
-import datasette.fixtures  # noqa: F401
 from datasette import app, utils
+import datasette.fixtures  # noqa: F401
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.filters import Filters
+from pathlib import Path
+import pytest
+import re
 
 docs_path = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "docs"
 label_re = re.compile(r"\.\. _([^\s:]+):")
 
 
 def get_headings(content, underline="-"):
-    heading_re = re.compile(rf"(\w+)(\([^)]*\))?\n\{underline}+\n")
+    heading_re = re.compile(r"(\w+)(\([^)]*\))?\n\{}+\n".format(underline))
     return {h[0] for h in heading_re.findall(content)}
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_docs_plugins.py b/tests/test_docs_plugins.py
index 4a0014b4..613160ac 100644
--- a/tests/test_docs_plugins.py
+++ b/tests/test_docs_plugins.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 # fmt: off
 # -- start datasette_with_plugin_fixture --
-import pytest
-import pytest_asyncio
-
 from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.app import Datasette
+import pytest
+import pytest_asyncio
 
 
 @pytest_asyncio.fixture
diff --git a/tests/test_error_shape.py b/tests/test_error_shape.py
index 94c9a7c9..768814fd 100644
--- a/tests/test_error_shape.py
+++ b/tests/test_error_shape.py
@@ -17,10 +17,8 @@ present and the legacy "title" key must not be.
 https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues - 1.0 API consistency
 """
 
-import time
-
 import pytest
-
+import time
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.utils import sqlite3
 
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ async def test_write_api_validation_error_shape(ds_error_shape):
         "/data/docs/-/insert",
         json={"rows": [{"nope": 1}, {"also_nope": 2}]},
         headers={
-            "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+            "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token),
             "Content-Type": "application/json",
         },
     )
@@ -412,7 +410,7 @@ async def test_expired_token_returns_401(ds_error_shape):
         )
     )
     response = await ds_error_shape.client.get(
-        "/-/actor.json", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+        "/-/actor.json", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token)}
     )
     data = assert_canonical_error(response, 401)
     assert "expired" in data["error"].lower()
@@ -448,7 +446,7 @@ async def test_valid_token_still_authenticates(ds_error_shape):
         )
     )
     response = await ds_error_shape.client.get(
-        "/-/actor.json", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+        "/-/actor.json", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token)}
     )
     assert response.status_code == 200
     assert response.json()["actor"]["id"] == "root"
@@ -479,7 +477,7 @@ async def test_token_when_signed_tokens_disabled_returns_401(tmp_path_factory):
             ds.sign({"a": "root", "t": int(time.time())}, namespace="token")
         )
         response = await ds.client.get(
-            "/-/actor.json", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+            "/-/actor.json", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token)}
         )
         data = assert_canonical_error(response, 401)
         assert "not enabled" in data["error"]
@@ -644,7 +642,7 @@ async def test_query_list_size_rejects_non_integer(ds_client):
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("endpoint", ("allowed", "rules"))
 async def test_debug_endpoints_use_size_and_page_parameters(ds_error_shape, endpoint):
-    base = f"/-/{endpoint}.json?action=view-instance"
+    base = "/-/{}.json?action=view-instance".format(endpoint)
     ok = await ds_error_shape.client.get(
         base + "&_size=1&_page=1", actor={"id": "root"}
     )
diff --git a/tests/test_extras.py b/tests/test_extras.py
index 4e008926..73b4965e 100644
--- a/tests/test_extras.py
+++ b/tests/test_extras.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import asyncio
-from typing import ClassVar
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -8,7 +7,7 @@ from datasette.extras import Extra, ExtraRegistry, ExtraScope
 
 class SlowValueExtra(Extra):
     description = "Returns context['value'], optionally slowly"
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
         if context["slow"]:
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ class SlowValueExtra(Extra):
 
 class DependentExtra(Extra):
     description = "Depends on slow_value"
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
 
     async def resolve(self, context, slow_value):
         return slow_value + 1
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class DependentExtra(Extra):
 
 class InternalOnlyExtra(Extra):
     description = "Internal extra for HTML templates only"
-    scopes: ClassVar[set[ExtraScope]] = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
+    scopes = {ExtraScope.TABLE}
     public = False
 
     async def resolve(self, context):
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ def _registered_extra_classes():
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("cls", _registered_extra_classes(), ids=lambda cls: cls.key())
 def test_registered_extras_have_descriptions(cls):
     # Every registered extra is part of the documented template/JSON contract
-    assert cls.description, f"{cls.__name__} is missing a description"
+    assert cls.description, "{} is missing a description".format(cls.__name__)
 
 
 def test_registry_is_built_once_per_scope():
diff --git a/tests/test_facets.py b/tests/test_facets.py
index b8eb6e61..8c22ffce 100644
--- a/tests/test_facets.py
+++ b/tests/test_facets.py
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-import json
-
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.database import Database
-from datasette.facets import ArrayFacet, ColumnFacet, DateFacet, Facet
-from datasette.utils import detect_json1
+from datasette.facets import Facet, ColumnFacet, ArrayFacet, DateFacet
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Request
-
+from datasette.utils import detect_json1
 from .fixtures import make_app_client
+import json
+import pytest
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -540,7 +537,7 @@ async def test_facet_size():
         for j in range(1, 4):
             await db.execute_write(
                 "insert into neighbourhoods (city, neighbourhood) values (?, ?)",
-                [f"City {i}", f"Neighbourhood {j}"],
+                ["City {}".format(i), "Neighbourhood {}".format(j)],
             )
     response = await ds.client.get(
         "/test_facet_size/neighbourhoods.json?_extra=suggested_facets"
diff --git a/tests/test_filters.py b/tests/test_filters.py
index 8d0f3512..eda9e9a1 100644
--- a/tests/test_filters.py
+++ b/tests/test_filters.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import pytest
-
-from datasette.filters import Filters, search_filters, through_filters, where_filters
+from datasette.filters import Filters, through_filters, where_filters, search_filters
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Request
+import pytest
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
diff --git a/tests/test_html.py b/tests/test_html.py
index 6a7b4907..b4c47d80 100644
--- a/tests/test_html.py
+++ b/tests/test_html.py
@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
+from datasette.app import Datasette
+from datasette.utils import allowed_pragmas
+from .fixtures import make_app_client
+from .utils import assert_footer_links, inner_html
 import copy
 import hashlib
 import json
 import pathlib
+import pytest
 import re
 import urllib.parse
 
-import pytest
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
-
-from datasette.app import Datasette
-from datasette.utils import allowed_pragmas
-
-from .fixtures import make_app_client
-from .utils import assert_footer_links, inner_html
-
 
 def test_homepage(app_client_two_attached_databases):
     response = app_client_two_attached_databases.get("/")
@@ -145,7 +142,9 @@ def test_static_mounts_hash_cache_control():
         )
 
         incorrect_hash = hashlib.sha256(b"incorrect").hexdigest()[:12]
-        response = client.get(f"/custom-static/test_html.py?_hash={incorrect_hash}")
+        response = client.get(
+            "/custom-static/test_html.py?_hash={}".format(incorrect_hash)
+        )
         assert response.status_code == 200
         assert "cache-control" not in response.headers
 
@@ -220,9 +219,11 @@ async def test_disallowed_custom_sql_pragma(ds_client):
         "/fixtures/-/query?sql=SELECT+*+FROM+pragma_not_on_allow_list('idx52')"
     )
     assert response.status_code == 400
-    pragmas = ", ".join(f"pragma_{pragma}()" for pragma in allowed_pragmas)
+    pragmas = ", ".join("pragma_{}()".format(pragma) for pragma in allowed_pragmas)
     assert (
-        f"Statement contained a disallowed PRAGMA. Allowed pragma functions are {pragmas}"
+        "Statement contained a disallowed PRAGMA. Allowed pragma functions are {}".format(
+            pragmas
+        )
         in response.text
     )
 
@@ -777,8 +778,8 @@ def test_stored_query_show_hide_metadata_option(
         },
         memory=True,
     ) as client:
-        expected_show_hide_fragment = (
-            f'(<a href="{expected_show_hide_link}">{expected_show_hide_text}</a>)'
+        expected_show_hide_fragment = '(<a href="{}">{}</a>)'.format(
+            expected_show_hide_link, expected_show_hide_text
         )
         response = client.get("/_memory/one" + querystring)
         html = response.text
@@ -787,7 +788,10 @@ def test_stored_query_show_hide_metadata_option(
         )[0]
         assert show_hide_fragment == expected_show_hide_fragment
         if expected_hidden:
-            assert f'<input type="hidden" name="{expected_hidden}" value="1">' in html
+            assert (
+                '<input type="hidden" name="{}" value="1">'.format(expected_hidden)
+                in html
+            )
         else:
             assert '<input type="hidden" ' not in html
 
@@ -1190,9 +1194,13 @@ async def test_alternate_url_json(ds_client, path, expected):
     response = await ds_client.get(path)
     assert response.status_code == 200
     link = response.headers["link"]
-    assert link == f'<{expected}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
+    assert link == '<{}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'.format(
+        expected
+    )
     assert (
-        f'<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+datasette" href="{expected}">'
+        '<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+datasette" href="{}">'.format(
+            expected
+        )
         in response.text
     )
 
@@ -1284,8 +1292,8 @@ async def test_database_color(ds_client):
     expected_color = ds_client.ds.get_database("fixtures").color
     # Should be something like #9403e5
     expected_fragments = (
-        f"10px solid #{expected_color}",
-        f"border-color: #{expected_color}",
+        "10px solid #{}".format(expected_color),
+        "border-color: #{}".format(expected_color),
     )
     assert len(expected_color) == 6
     for path in (
diff --git a/tests/test_internal_db.py b/tests/test_internal_db.py
index b4bb964d..e1ab51bb 100644
--- a/tests/test_internal_db.py
+++ b/tests/test_internal_db.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-import sqlite3
-
 import pytest
+import sqlite3
 
 from datasette.utils import escape_sqlite
 from datasette.utils.internal_db import INTERNAL_DB_SCHEMA_SQL
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ async def test_internal_foreign_key_references(ds_client):
             return {
                 row[1]
                 for row in conn.execute(
-                    f"PRAGMA table_info({escape_sqlite(table_name)})"
+                    "PRAGMA table_info({})".format(escape_sqlite(table_name))
                 ).fetchall()
             }
 
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ async def test_internal_foreign_key_references(ds_client):
                 for _, name in sorted(
                     (row[5], row[1])
                     for row in conn.execute(
-                        f"PRAGMA table_info({escape_sqlite(table_name)})"
+                        "PRAGMA table_info({})".format(escape_sqlite(table_name))
                     ).fetchall()
                     if row[5]
                 )
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ async def test_internal_foreign_key_references(ds_client):
 
         for table_name in table_names:
             foreign_key_rows = conn.execute(
-                f"PRAGMA foreign_key_list({escape_sqlite(table_name)})"
+                "PRAGMA foreign_key_list({})".format(escape_sqlite(table_name))
             ).fetchall()
             foreign_keys_by_id = {}
             for foreign_key in foreign_key_rows:
@@ -170,16 +169,25 @@ async def test_internal_foreign_key_references(ds_client):
                 foreign_key_rows.sort(key=lambda row: row[1])
                 other_table = foreign_key_rows[0][2]
                 other_columns = [row[4] for row in foreign_key_rows]
-                message = f'Column "{table_name}.{foreign_key_rows[0][3]}" references other table "{other_table}" which does not exist'
+                message = 'Column "{}.{}" references other table "{}" which does not exist'.format(
+                    table_name, foreign_key_rows[0][3], other_table
+                )
                 assert other_table in table_names, message + " (bad table)"
                 if all(other_column is None for other_column in other_columns):
                     other_columns = primary_keys_for_table(other_table)
-                length_message = f'Foreign key from "{table_name}" to "{other_table}" has {len(foreign_key_rows)} columns but references {len(other_columns)} columns'
+                length_message = 'Foreign key from "{}" to "{}" has {} columns but references {} columns'.format(
+                    table_name,
+                    other_table,
+                    len(foreign_key_rows),
+                    len(other_columns),
+                )
                 assert len(other_columns) == len(foreign_key_rows), length_message
 
                 for foreign_key, other_column in zip(foreign_key_rows, other_columns):
                     column = foreign_key[3]
-                    message = f'Column "{table_name}.{column}" references other column "{other_table}.{other_column}" which does not exist'
+                    message = 'Column "{}.{}" references other column "{}.{}" which does not exist'.format(
+                        table_name, column, other_table, other_column
+                    )
                     assert other_column in columns_by_table[other_table], (
                         message + " (bad column)"
                     )
@@ -237,10 +245,10 @@ async def test_stale_catalog_entry_database_fix(tmp_path):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_stale_catalog_child_entries_removed_for_missing_database(tmp_path):
-    import sqlite3
-
     from datasette.app import Datasette
 
+    import sqlite3
+
     internal_db_path = str(tmp_path / "internal.db")
     alpha_db_path = str(tmp_path / "alpha.db")
     bravo_db_path = str(tmp_path / "bravo.db")
@@ -285,10 +293,10 @@ async def test_stale_catalog_child_entries_removed_for_missing_database(tmp_path
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_orphan_stale_catalog_child_entries_removed(tmp_path):
-    import sqlite3
-
     from datasette.app import Datasette
 
+    import sqlite3
+
     internal_db_path = str(tmp_path / "internal.db")
     alpha_db_path = str(tmp_path / "alpha.db")
 
diff --git a/tests/test_internals_database.py b/tests/test_internals_database.py
index b1093b1c..b1a212d9 100644
--- a/tests/test_internals_database.py
+++ b/tests/test_internals_database.py
@@ -3,23 +3,17 @@ Tests for the datasette.database.Database class
 """
 
 import asyncio
-import uuid
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-
+from datasette.app import Datasette
+from datasette.database import Database, ExecuteWriteResult, Results, MultipleValues
+from datasette.database import DatasetteClosedError
+from datasette.database import _deliver_write_result
+from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3, supports_returning
+from datasette.utils import Column
 import pytest
 import sqlite_utils
-
-from datasette.app import Datasette
-from datasette.database import (
-    Database,
-    DatasetteClosedError,
-    ExecuteWriteResult,
-    MultipleValues,
-    Results,
-    _deliver_write_result,
-)
-from datasette.utils import Column
-from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3, supports_returning
+import time
+import uuid
 
 requires_sqlite_returning = pytest.mark.skipif(
     not supports_returning(), reason="SQLite does not support RETURNING"
@@ -50,7 +44,7 @@ async def test_results_first(db):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("expected", (True, False))
 async def test_results_bool(db, expected):
     where = "" if expected else "where pk = 0"
-    results = await db.execute(f"select * from facetable {where}")
+    results = await db.execute("select * from facetable {}".format(where))
     assert bool(results) is expected
 
 
@@ -622,7 +616,7 @@ async def test_execute_write_block_false(db):
         "update roadside_attractions set name = ? where pk = ?",
         ["Mystery!", 1],
     )
-    await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+    time.sleep(0.1)
     rows = await db.execute("select name from roadside_attractions where pk = 1")
     assert "Mystery!" == rows.rows[0][0]
 
@@ -640,7 +634,7 @@ async def test_execute_write_with_returning_block_false(db):
     )
 
     assert isinstance(task_id, uuid.UUID)
-    await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+    time.sleep(0.1)
     assert (
         await db.execute("select name from write_returning_block_false")
     ).single_value() == "Cleo"
@@ -766,10 +760,9 @@ async def test_execute_write_fn_accepts_any_single_param_name(db, param_name):
     # Plugins historically relied on the fact that the callback was invoked
     # positionally, so any parameter name worked. Preserve that contract.
     scope = {}
-    # exec() is how we build a function with a parameterized argument name
-    exec(  # noqa: S102
-        f"def write_fn({param_name}):\n"
-        f"    return {param_name}.execute('select 1 + 1').fetchone()[0]",
+    exec(
+        "def write_fn({0}):\n"
+        "    return {0}.execute('select 1 + 1').fetchone()[0]".format(param_name),
         scope,
     )
     write_fn = scope["write_fn"]
@@ -793,9 +786,7 @@ async def test_execute_write_fn_with_track_event(db):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-# func_only so the budget covers the write-thread call under test, not the
-# one-off app_client fixture setup this test may be first to trigger
-@pytest.mark.timeout(1, func_only=True)
+@pytest.mark.timeout(1)
 async def test_execute_write_fn_connection_exception(tmpdir, app_client):
     path = str(tmpdir / "immutable.db")
     conn = sqlite3.connect(path)
diff --git a/tests/test_internals_datasette.py b/tests/test_internals_datasette.py
index ed2aeaf0..85598c05 100644
--- a/tests/test_internals_datasette.py
+++ b/tests/test_internals_datasette.py
@@ -9,15 +9,13 @@ import importlib
 import os
 import sqlite3
 import time
-
-import pytest
-from itsdangerous import BadSignature
-
 from datasette import Context
-from datasette.app import Database, Datasette, ResourcesSQL
+from datasette.app import Datasette, Database, ResourcesSQL
 from datasette.database import DatasetteClosedError
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
 from datasette.utils import PrefixedUrlString
+from itsdangerous import BadSignature
+import pytest
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -79,7 +77,9 @@ async def test_static_template_function_hashes_core_asset(tmp_path, monkeypatch)
     template = ds.get_jinja_environment().from_string("{{ static('demo.js') }}")
     expected_hash = hashlib.sha256(b"const demo = true;").hexdigest()[:12]
 
-    assert await template.render_async() == f"/-/static/demo.js?_hash={expected_hash}"
+    assert await template.render_async() == "/-/static/demo.js?_hash={}".format(
+        expected_hash
+    )
     assert isinstance(ds.static("demo.js"), PrefixedUrlString)
 
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def test_static_hash_recalculated_when_cache_headers_disabled(tmp_path, monkeypa
     asset_path.write_bytes(b"let a = 2;")
 
     expected_hash = hashlib.sha256(b"let a = 2;").hexdigest()[:12]
-    assert ds.static("demo.js") == f"/-/static/demo.js?_hash={expected_hash}"
+    assert ds.static("demo.js") == "/-/static/demo.js?_hash={}".format(expected_hash)
     assert ds.static("demo.js") != first_url
 
 
@@ -114,12 +114,12 @@ def test_static_hashes_mounted_static_file(tmp_path):
     expected_hash = hashlib.sha256(b"body { color: black; }").hexdigest()[:12]
 
     assert ds.static("styles.css", mount="assets") == (
-        f"/assets/styles.css?_hash={expected_hash}"
+        "/assets/styles.css?_hash={}".format(expected_hash)
     )
 
     ds._settings["base_url"] = "/prefix/"
     assert ds.static("styles.css", mount="assets") == (
-        f"/prefix/assets/styles.css?_hash={expected_hash}"
+        "/prefix/assets/styles.css?_hash={}".format(expected_hash)
     )
 
 
@@ -144,7 +144,9 @@ def test_static_hashes_plugin_static_file(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     expected_hash = hashlib.sha256(b"console.log('plugin');").hexdigest()[:12]
 
     assert ds.static("plugin.js", plugin="datasette_cluster_map") == (
-        f"/-/static-plugins/datasette_cluster_map/plugin.js?_hash={expected_hash}"
+        "/-/static-plugins/datasette_cluster_map/plugin.js?_hash={}".format(
+            expected_hash
+        )
     )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_internals_datasette_client.py b/tests/test_internals_datasette_client.py
index 51b38f8d..e9aaaae8 100644
--- a/tests/test_internals_datasette_client.py
+++ b/tests/test_internals_datasette_client.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import httpx
 import pytest
 import pytest_asyncio
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 
 
@@ -239,7 +238,7 @@ async def test_in_client_returns_false_outside_request(datasette):
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_in_client_returns_true_inside_request():
     """Test that datasette.in_client() returns True inside a client request"""
-    from datasette import Response, hookimpl
+    from datasette import hookimpl, Response
 
     class TestPlugin:
         __name__ = "test_in_client_plugin"
diff --git a/tests/test_internals_request.py b/tests/test_internals_request.py
index e982628b..6d2dc70a 100644
--- a/tests/test_internals_request.py
+++ b/tests/test_internals_request.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-import json
-
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.utils.asgi import PayloadTooLarge, Request
+import json
+import pytest
 
 
 def _post_scope(headers=None):
diff --git a/tests/test_internals_response.py b/tests/test_internals_response.py
index aa3e1ae2..2366dcde 100644
--- a/tests/test_internals_response.py
+++ b/tests/test_internals_response.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-import json
-
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
+import json
+import pytest
 
 
 def test_response_html():
diff --git a/tests/test_internals_urls.py b/tests/test_internals_urls.py
index 50c61995..24fa745d 100644
--- a/tests/test_internals_urls.py
+++ b/tests/test_internals_urls.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.utils import PrefixedUrlString
+import pytest
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
diff --git a/tests/test_label_column_for_table.py b/tests/test_label_column_for_table.py
index b67b8882..7667b595 100644
--- a/tests/test_label_column_for_table.py
+++ b/tests/test_label_column_for_table.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import pytest
-
-from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.database import Database
+from datasette.app import Datasette
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
diff --git a/tests/test_load_extensions.py b/tests/test_load_extensions.py
index 61cdb3e0..cdadb091 100644
--- a/tests/test_load_extensions.py
+++ b/tests/test_load_extensions.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
+import pytest
+from pathlib import Path
 
 # not necessarily a full path - the full compiled path looks like "ext.dylib"
 # or another suffix, but sqlite will, under the hood, decide which file
diff --git a/tests/test_messages.py b/tests/test_messages.py
index 60eb7938..62d9f647 100644
--- a/tests/test_messages.py
+++ b/tests/test_messages.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-import pytest
-
 from .utils import cookie_was_deleted
+import pytest
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
diff --git a/tests/test_multipart.py b/tests/test_multipart.py
index ab38bfb7..0dc3ecd7 100644
--- a/tests/test_multipart.py
+++ b/tests/test_multipart.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Uses TDD approach - these tests are written first, then implementation follows.
 
 import base64
 import json
+import pytest
 from collections import namedtuple
 
-import pytest
 from multipart_form_data_conformance import get_tests_dir
 
-from datasette.utils.asgi import BadRequest, Request
+from datasette.utils.asgi import Request, BadRequest
 
 
 def make_receive(body: bytes):
diff --git a/tests/test_package.py b/tests/test_package.py
index 43b20589..f05f3ece 100644
--- a/tests/test_package.py
+++ b/tests/test_package.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+from datasette import cli
+from unittest import mock
 import os
 import pathlib
-from unittest import mock
-
 import pytest
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-
-from datasette import cli
 
 
 class CaptureDockerfile:
diff --git a/tests/test_permission_endpoints.py b/tests/test_permission_endpoints.py
index c54bfbfd..8726ab62 100644
--- a/tests/test_permission_endpoints.py
+++ b/tests/test_permission_endpoints.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ Tests for permission endpoints:
 
 import pytest
 import pytest_asyncio
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 
 
@@ -433,8 +432,8 @@ async def test_execute_sql_requires_view_database():
     A user who has execute-sql permission but not view-database permission should not
     be able to execute SQL on that database.
     """
-    from datasette import hookimpl
     from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
+    from datasette import hookimpl
 
     class TestPermissionPlugin:
         __name__ = "TestPermissionPlugin"
diff --git a/tests/test_permissions.py b/tests/test_permissions.py
index 73c44682..cd1050d0 100644
--- a/tests/test_permissions.py
+++ b/tests/test_permissions.py
@@ -1,23 +1,20 @@
 import collections
-import copy
-import json
-import re
-import time
-import urllib
-from pprint import pprint
-
-import pytest
-import pytest_asyncio
 from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.cli import cli
 from datasette.default_permissions import restrictions_allow_action
 from datasette.utils import UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE
-
 from .fixtures import assert_permissions_checked, make_app_client
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
+import copy
+import json
+from pprint import pprint
+import pytest_asyncio
+import pytest
+import re
+import time
+import urllib
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
@@ -605,7 +602,9 @@ def test_permissions_cascade(cascade_app_client, path, permissions, expected_sta
         )
         assert (
             response.status == expected_status
-        ), f"path: {path}, permissions: {permissions}, expected_status: {expected_status}, status: {response.status}"
+        ), "path: {}, permissions: {}, expected_status: {}, status: {}".format(
+            path, permissions, expected_status, response.status
+        )
     finally:
         cascade_app_client.ds.config = previous_config
 
@@ -2040,7 +2039,7 @@ async def test_databases_json_respects_view_database(tmp_path_factory):
 
     paths = []
     for name in ("public", "private"):
-        path = str(db_directory / f"{name}.db")
+        path = str(db_directory / "{}.db".format(name))
         conn = _sqlite3.connect(path)
         conn.execute("vacuum")
         conn.close()
diff --git a/tests/test_plugins.py b/tests/test_plugins.py
index 734f0fc2..59b1c0bf 100644
--- a/tests/test_plugins.py
+++ b/tests/test_plugins.py
@@ -1,3 +1,21 @@
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
+from .fixtures import (
+    make_app_client,
+    TEMP_PLUGIN_SECRET_FILE,
+    PLUGINS_DIR,
+    TestClient as _TestClient,
+)  # noqa
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+from datasette.app import Datasette
+from datasette import cli, hookimpl
+from datasette.fixtures import TABLES
+from datasette.filters import FilterArguments
+from datasette.plugins import get_plugins, DEFAULT_PLUGINS, pm
+from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL, Action
+from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
+from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
+from datasette.utils import StartupError, await_me_maybe
+from jinja2 import ChoiceLoader, FileSystemLoader
 import base64
 import datetime
 import importlib
@@ -6,31 +24,8 @@ import os
 import pathlib
 import re
 import textwrap
-import urllib
-
 import pytest
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-from jinja2 import ChoiceLoader, FileSystemLoader
-
-from datasette import cli, hookimpl
-from datasette.app import Datasette
-from datasette.filters import FilterArguments
-from datasette.fixtures import TABLES
-from datasette.permissions import Action, PermissionSQL
-from datasette.plugins import DEFAULT_PLUGINS, get_plugins, pm
-from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
-from datasette.utils import StartupError, await_me_maybe
-from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
-
-from .fixtures import (
-    PLUGINS_DIR,
-    TEMP_PLUGIN_SECRET_FILE,
-    make_app_client,
-)
-from .fixtures import (
-    TestClient as _TestClient,
-)
+import urllib
 
 at_memory_re = re.compile(r" at 0x\w+")
 
@@ -40,7 +35,7 @@ at_memory_re = re.compile(r" at 0x\w+")
 )
 def test_plugin_hooks_have_tests(plugin_hook):
     """Every plugin hook should be referenced in this test module"""
-    tests_in_this_module = [t for t in globals() if t.startswith("test_hook_")]
+    tests_in_this_module = [t for t in globals().keys() if t.startswith("test_hook_")]
     ok = False
     for test in tests_in_this_module:
         if plugin_hook in test:
@@ -130,11 +125,11 @@ async def test_hook_extra_css_urls(ds_client, path, expected_decoded_object):
     response = await ds_client.get(path)
     assert response.status_code == 200
     links = Soup(response.text, "html.parser").find_all("link")
-    special_href = next(
+    special_href = [
         link
         for link in links
         if link.attrs["href"].endswith("/extra-css-urls-demo.css")
-    )["href"]
+    ][0]["href"]
     # This link has a base64-encoded JSON blob in it
     encoded = special_href.split("/")[3]
     actual_decoded_object = json.loads(base64.b64decode(encoded).decode("utf8"))
@@ -157,7 +152,7 @@ async def test_hook_extra_js_urls(ds_client):
             "type": "module",
         },
     ]:
-        assert any(s == attrs for s in script_attrs), f"Expected: {attrs}"
+        assert any(s == attrs for s in script_attrs), "Expected: {}".format(attrs)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -320,8 +315,7 @@ async def test_plugin_config_env_from_list(ds_client):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_plugin_config_file(ds_client):
-    # Blocking write is fine here - it is tiny test setup, not request handling
-    with open(TEMP_PLUGIN_SECRET_FILE, "w") as fp:  # noqa: ASYNC230
+    with open(TEMP_PLUGIN_SECRET_FILE, "w") as fp:
         fp.write("FROM_FILE")
     assert {"foo": "FROM_FILE"} == ds_client.ds.plugin_config("file-plugin")
     os.remove(TEMP_PLUGIN_SECRET_FILE)
@@ -829,7 +823,7 @@ def test_hook_register_routes_with_datasette(configured_path):
         assert response.status_code == 200
         assert configured_path.upper() == response.text
         # Other one should 404
-        other_path = next(p for p in ("path1", "path2") if configured_path != p)
+        other_path = [p for p in ("path1", "path2") if configured_path != p][0]
         assert client.get(f"/{other_path}/", follow_redirects=True).status_code == 404
 
 
@@ -934,7 +928,7 @@ async def test_plugin_startup_can_add_queries():
                 await datasette.add_query(
                     "data",
                     "from_startup",
-                    f"select {result.first()[0]}",
+                    "select {}".format(result.first()[0]),
                     source="plugin",
                 )
 
@@ -1046,7 +1040,7 @@ async def test_hook_handle_exception(ds_client):
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("param", ("_custom_error", "_custom_error_async"))
 async def test_hook_handle_exception_custom_response(ds_client, param):
-    response = await ds_client.get(f"/trigger-error?{param}=1")
+    response = await ds_client.get("/trigger-error?{}=1".format(param))
     assert response.text == param
 
 
@@ -1380,7 +1374,7 @@ async def test_hook_register_actions_no_duplicates(duplicate):
     # This should error:
     with pytest.raises(StartupError) as ex:
         await ds.invoke_startup()
-        assert f"Duplicate action {duplicate}" in str(ex.value)
+        assert "Duplicate action {}".format(duplicate) in str(ex.value)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
diff --git a/tests/test_publish_cloudrun.py b/tests/test_publish_cloudrun.py
index aebcaa33..6617bc77 100644
--- a/tests/test_publish_cloudrun.py
+++ b/tests/test_publish_cloudrun.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+from datasette import cli
+from unittest import mock
 import json
 import os
-import textwrap
-from unittest import mock
-
 import pytest
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-
-from datasette import cli
+import textwrap
 
 
 @pytest.mark.serial
@@ -72,7 +70,9 @@ def test_publish_cloudrun_prompts_for_service(
             ),
             mock.call(f"gcloud builds submit --tag {tag}", shell=True),
             mock.call(
-                f"gcloud run deploy --allow-unauthenticated --platform=managed --image {tag} input-service --max-instances 1",
+                "gcloud run deploy --allow-unauthenticated --platform=managed --image {} input-service --max-instances 1".format(
+                    tag
+                ),
                 shell=True,
             ),
         ]
@@ -107,7 +107,9 @@ def test_publish_cloudrun(mock_call, mock_output, mock_which, tmp_path_factory):
             ),
             mock.call(f"gcloud builds submit --tag {tag}", shell=True),
             mock.call(
-                f"gcloud run deploy --allow-unauthenticated --platform=managed --image {tag} test --max-instances 1",
+                "gcloud run deploy --allow-unauthenticated --platform=managed --image {} test --max-instances 1".format(
+                    tag
+                ),
                 shell=True,
             ),
         ]
@@ -184,13 +186,13 @@ def test_publish_cloudrun_memory_cpu(
     tag = f"us-docker.pkg.dev/{mock_output.return_value}/datasette/datasette-test"
     expected_call = (
         "gcloud run deploy --allow-unauthenticated --platform=managed"
-        f" --image {tag} test"
+        " --image {} test".format(tag)
     )
     expected_build_call = f"gcloud builds submit --tag {tag}"
     if memory:
-        expected_call += f" --memory {memory}"
+        expected_call += " --memory {}".format(memory)
     if cpu:
-        expected_call += f" --cpu {cpu}"
+        expected_call += " --cpu {}".format(cpu)
     if timeout:
         expected_build_call += f" --timeout {timeout}"
     # max_instances defaults to 1
diff --git a/tests/test_publish_heroku.py b/tests/test_publish_heroku.py
index 4302ed94..cab83654 100644
--- a/tests/test_publish_heroku.py
+++ b/tests/test_publish_heroku.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+from datasette import cli
+from unittest import mock
 import os
 import pathlib
-from unittest import mock
-
 import pytest
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-
-from datasette import cli
 
 
 @pytest.mark.serial
diff --git a/tests/test_pytest_autoclose_plugin.py b/tests/test_pytest_autoclose_plugin.py
index 9b17d24b..3af1aace 100644
--- a/tests/test_pytest_autoclose_plugin.py
+++ b/tests/test_pytest_autoclose_plugin.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ def _run_pytest(tmp_path: Path) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:
         cwd=str(tmp_path),
         capture_output=True,
         text=True,
-        check=False,
     )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_queries.py b/tests/test_queries.py
index 15b7ad0f..ffa948a9 100644
--- a/tests/test_queries.py
+++ b/tests/test_queries.py
@@ -15,29 +15,37 @@ from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3, supports_returning
 requires_sqlite_returning = pytest.mark.skipif(
     not supports_returning(), reason="SQLite does not support RETURNING"
 )
-EXPECTED_CREATE_TABLE_TEMPLATE_SQL = "create table new_table (\n  id integer primary key,\n  name text\n  -- created text default (datetime('now'))\n)"
+EXPECTED_CREATE_TABLE_TEMPLATE_SQL = "\n".join(
+    (
+        "create table new_table (",
+        "  id integer primary key,",
+        "  name text",
+        "  -- created text default (datetime('now'))",
+        ")",
+    )
+)
 
 
 def _template_option_attributes(html, table):
-    match = re.search(rf'<option value="{table}"([^>]*)>', html)
-    assert match, f"Could not find template option for {table}"
+    match = re.search(r'<option value="{}"([^>]*)>'.format(table), html)
+    assert match, "Could not find template option for {}".format(table)
     return match.group(1)
 
 
 def _template_sql(html, table, operation):
     attrs = _template_option_attributes(html, table)
-    match = re.search(rf'data-template-{operation}-sql="([^"]*)"', attrs)
-    assert match, f"Could not find {operation} template for {table}"
+    match = re.search(r'data-template-{}-sql="([^"]*)"'.format(operation), attrs)
+    assert match, "Could not find {} template for {}".format(operation, table)
     return unescape(match.group(1))
 
 
 def _template_button_sql(html, operation):
     soup = Soup(html, "html.parser")
-    button = soup.select_one(f'button[data-sql-template="{operation}"]')
-    assert button, f"Could not find {operation} template button"
+    button = soup.select_one('button[data-sql-template="{}"]'.format(operation))
+    assert button, "Could not find {} template button".format(operation)
     assert button.get(
         "data-template-sql"
-    ), f"Could not find SQL for {operation} template button"
+    ), "Could not find SQL for {} template button".format(operation)
     return button["data-template-sql"]
 
 
@@ -45,10 +53,10 @@ async def add_numbered_queries(ds, database, count):
     for i in range(1, count + 1):
         await ds.add_query(
             database,
-            f"demo_query_{i:02d}",
-            f"select {i} as query_number",
-            title=f"Demo query {i:02d}",
-            description=f"Seeded demo query number {i:02d}",
+            "demo_query_{:02d}".format(i),
+            "select {} as query_number".format(i),
+            title="Demo query {:02d}".format(i),
+            description="Seeded demo query number {:02d}".format(i),
             source="user",
             owner_id="root",
         )
@@ -2423,7 +2431,9 @@ async def test_execute_write_json_returning_rows_can_be_truncated():
     db = ds.add_memory_database("execute_write_returning_json_truncated", name="data")
     await db.execute_write("create table dogs (id integer primary key, name text)")
     for index in range(1, 12):
-        await db.execute_write("insert into dogs (name) values (?)", [f"Dog {index}"])
+        await db.execute_write(
+            "insert into dogs (name) values (?)", ["Dog {}".format(index)]
+        )
     await ds.invoke_startup()
 
     response = await ds.client.post(
@@ -2438,7 +2448,7 @@ async def test_execute_write_json_returning_rows_can_be_truncated():
     assert data["message"] == "Query executed"
     assert data["rowcount"] == -1
     assert data["rows"] == [
-        {"id": index, "name": f"Dog {index}!"} for index in range(1, 11)
+        {"id": index, "name": "Dog {}!".format(index)} for index in range(1, 11)
     ]
     assert data["truncated"] is True
     assert (await db.execute("select count(*) from dogs where name like '%!'")).first()[
@@ -2492,7 +2502,9 @@ async def test_execute_write_html_returning_rows_can_be_truncated():
     db = ds.add_memory_database("execute_write_returning_html_truncated", name="data")
     await db.execute_write("create table dogs (id integer primary key, name text)")
     for index in range(1, 12):
-        await db.execute_write("insert into dogs (name) values (?)", [f"Dog {index}"])
+        await db.execute_write(
+            "insert into dogs (name) values (?)", ["Dog {}".format(index)]
+        )
     await ds.invoke_startup()
 
     response = await ds.client.post(
@@ -3633,12 +3645,12 @@ async def test_private_query_restricts_broad_update_delete_permissions(
     )
 
     private_response = await ds.client.post(
-        f"/data/alice_private/{path_suffix}",
+        "/data/alice_private/{}".format(path_suffix),
         actor={"id": "bob"},
         json=request_json,
     )
     public_response = await ds.client.post(
-        f"/data/alice_public/{path_suffix}",
+        "/data/alice_public/{}".format(path_suffix),
         actor={"id": "bob"},
         json=request_json,
     )
@@ -3851,6 +3863,6 @@ async def test_stored_query_json_uses_parameters_not_params():
     assert "params" not in definition["query"]
 
     listing = (await ds.client.get("/data/-/queries.json")).json()
-    query = next(q for q in listing["queries"] if q["name"] == "with_params")
+    query = [q for q in listing["queries"] if q["name"] == "with_params"][0]
     assert query["parameters"] == ["name", "age"]
     assert "params" not in query
diff --git a/tests/test_restriction_sql.py b/tests/test_restriction_sql.py
index fd33f535..df6abd29 100644
--- a/tests/test_restriction_sql.py
+++ b/tests/test_restriction_sql.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
 from datasette.resources import TableResource
diff --git a/tests/test_routes.py b/tests/test_routes.py
index 0fba1041..4965ce76 100644
--- a/tests/test_routes.py
+++ b/tests/test_routes.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+from datasette.app import Datasette, Database
+from datasette.utils import resolve_routes
 import pytest
 import pytest_asyncio
 
-from datasette.app import Database, Datasette
-from datasette.utils import resolve_routes
-
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def routes():
diff --git a/tests/test_schema_endpoints.py b/tests/test_schema_endpoints.py
index 2ef78867..c95d8614 100644
--- a/tests/test_schema_endpoints.py
+++ b/tests/test_schema_endpoints.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
 import pytest_asyncio
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_search_tables.py b/tests/test_search_tables.py
index e43e9b0c..ce774327 100644
--- a/tests/test_search_tables.py
+++ b/tests/test_search_tables.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Tests for special endpoints in datasette/views/special.py
 
 import pytest
 import pytest_asyncio
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_spatialite.py b/tests/test_spatialite.py
index 0d11737e..c07a30e8 100644
--- a/tests/test_spatialite.py
+++ b/tests/test_spatialite.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
-from datasette.utils import SPATIALITE_FUNCTIONS, SpatialiteNotFound, find_spatialite
-
+from datasette.utils import find_spatialite, SpatialiteNotFound, SPATIALITE_FUNCTIONS
 from .utils import has_load_extension
+import pytest
 
 
 def has_spatialite():
diff --git a/tests/test_stored_queries.py b/tests/test_stored_queries.py
index 4be96b30..46420749 100644
--- a/tests/test_stored_queries.py
+++ b/tests/test_stored_queries.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-import json
-import re
-
-import pytest
-from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
-
+from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
+import json
+import pytest
+import re
 from .fixtures import make_app_client
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_success_envelope.py b/tests/test_success_envelope.py
index d24a8c5d..46a78ef0 100644
--- a/tests/test_success_envelope.py
+++ b/tests/test_success_envelope.py
@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ Every JSON object returned by a Datasette endpoint on success should include
 """
 
 import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
-from datasette.utils import UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE, sqlite3
+from datasette.utils import sqlite3, UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
diff --git a/tests/test_table_api.py b/tests/test_table_api.py
index 32dd37f2..b8c6be87 100644
--- a/tests/test_table_api.py
+++ b/tests/test_table_api.py
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-import json
-import urllib
-
-import pytest
-
-from datasette.fixtures import generate_compound_rows, generate_sortable_rows
 from datasette.utils import detect_json1
 from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite_version
-
+from datasette.fixtures import generate_compound_rows, generate_sortable_rows
 from .fixtures import make_app_client
+import json
+import pytest
+import urllib
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
diff --git a/tests/test_table_html.py b/tests/test_table_html.py
index e508acb3..2cfdd9f0 100644
--- a/tests/test_table_html.py
+++ b/tests/test_table_html.py
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-import pathlib
-import urllib.parse
-
-import pytest
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.database import Database
-
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as Soup
 from .fixtures import make_app_client
+import pathlib
+import pytest
+import urllib.parse
 from .utils import inner_html
 
 
@@ -15,9 +12,9 @@ def table_data_from_soup(soup):
     import json
     import re
 
-    table_script = next(
+    table_script = [
         s for s in soup.find_all("script") if "_datasetteTableData" in (s.string or "")
-    )
+    ][0]
     match = re.search(
         r"window\._datasetteTableData\s*=\s*({.*?});",
         table_script.string,
@@ -30,11 +27,11 @@ def database_data_from_soup(soup):
     import json
     import re
 
-    database_script = next(
+    database_script = [
         s
         for s in soup.find_all("script")
         if "_datasetteDatabaseData" in (s.string or "")
-    )
+    ][0]
     match = re.search(
         r"window\._datasetteDatabaseData\s*=\s*({.*?});",
         database_script.string,
@@ -237,7 +234,7 @@ async def test_existing_filter_redirects(ds_client):
 )
 async def test_reflected_hidden_form_fields(ds_client, qs, expected_hidden):
     # https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/1527
-    response = await ds_client.get(f"/fixtures/facetable?{qs}")
+    response = await ds_client.get("/fixtures/facetable?{}".format(qs))
     # In this case we should NOT have a hidden _neighborhood__exact=Downtown field
     form = Soup(response.text, "html.parser").find("form")
     hidden_inputs = {
@@ -667,7 +664,9 @@ async def test_table_html_no_primary_key(ds_client):
     ]
     expected = [
         [
-            f'<td class="col-Link type-pk"><a href="/fixtures/no_primary_key/{i}">{i}</a></td>',
+            '<td class="col-Link type-pk"><a href="/fixtures/no_primary_key/{}">{}</a></td>'.format(
+                i, i
+            ),
             f'<td class="col-rowid type-int">{i}</td>',
             f'<td class="col-content type-str">{i}</td>',
             f'<td class="col-a type-str">a{i}</td>',
@@ -1668,7 +1667,7 @@ async def test_row_update_sets_message():
         assert response.status_code == 200
         assert response.json()["rows"][0]["name"] == long_name
         assert ds.unsign(response.cookies["ds_messages"], "messages") == [
-            [f"Updated row 1 ({truncated_name})", ds.INFO]
+            ["Updated row 1 ({})".format(truncated_name), ds.INFO]
         ]
     finally:
         ds.close()
@@ -1681,9 +1680,9 @@ def test_table_data_uses_base_url(app_client_base_url_prefix):
     import re
 
     soup = Soup(response.text, "html.parser")
-    table_script = next(
+    table_script = [
         s for s in soup.find_all("script") if "_datasetteTableData" in (s.string or "")
-    )
+    ][0]
     match = re.search(
         r"window\._datasetteTableData\s*=\s*({.*?});",
         table_script.string,
@@ -1711,9 +1710,8 @@ def test_table_fragment_custom_table_include():
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_table_fragment_uses_render_cell_hook():
-    from markupsafe import Markup
-
     from datasette import hookimpl
+    from markupsafe import Markup
 
     class TestRenderCellPlugin:
         __name__ = "TestRenderCellPlugin"
@@ -1721,7 +1719,7 @@ async def test_table_fragment_uses_render_cell_hook():
         @hookimpl
         def render_cell(self, value, column, table, database):
             if database == "data" and table == "items" and column == "name":
-                return Markup(f"<strong>{value}</strong>")
+                return Markup("<strong>{}</strong>".format(value))
             return None
 
     ds = Datasette(memory=True)
@@ -2260,16 +2258,18 @@ def test_allow_facet_off(allow_facet):
 )
 async def test_format_of_binary_links(size, title, length_bytes):
     ds = Datasette()
-    db_name = f"binary-links-{size}"
+    db_name = "binary-links-{}".format(size)
     db = ds.add_memory_database(db_name)
-    sql = f"select zeroblob({size}) as blob"
-    await db.execute_write(f"create table blobs as {sql}")
-    response = await ds.client.get(f"/{db_name}/blobs")
+    sql = "select zeroblob({}) as blob".format(size)
+    await db.execute_write("create table blobs as {}".format(sql))
+    response = await ds.client.get("/{}/blobs".format(db_name))
     assert response.status_code == 200
-    expected = f"{title}>&lt;Binary:&nbsp;{length_bytes}&nbsp;bytes&gt;</a>"
+    expected = "{}>&lt;Binary:&nbsp;{}&nbsp;bytes&gt;</a>".format(title, length_bytes)
     assert expected in response.text
     # And test with arbitrary SQL query too
-    sql_response = await ds.client.get(f"{db_name}/-/query", params={"sql": sql})
+    sql_response = await ds.client.get(
+        "{}/-/query".format(db_name), params={"sql": sql}
+    )
     assert sql_response.status_code == 200
     assert expected in sql_response.text
 
diff --git a/tests/test_template_context.py b/tests/test_template_context.py
index 691c2d64..7923d0e7 100644
--- a/tests/test_template_context.py
+++ b/tests/test_template_context.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 
 import pytest
 
-from datasette.app import TEMPLATE_BASE_CONTEXT, Datasette
+from datasette.app import Datasette, TEMPLATE_BASE_CONTEXT
 from datasette.extras import ExtraScope
 from datasette.fixtures import write_fixture_database
 from datasette.template_contexts import PAGES, documented_context_keys
@@ -40,17 +40,17 @@ def test_documented_fields():
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("klass", PAGES.values(), ids=lambda klass: klass.__name__)
 def test_context_class_fields_all_have_help(klass):
     for context_field in klass.documented_fields():
-        assert (
-            context_field.help
-        ), f"{klass.__name__}.{context_field.name} is missing documentation"
+        assert context_field.help, "{}.{} is missing documentation".format(
+            klass.__name__, context_field.name
+        )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("klass", PAGES.values(), ids=lambda klass: klass.__name__)
 def test_context_class_has_docstring_and_documented_template(klass):
-    assert klass.__doc__, f"{klass.__name__} is missing a docstring"
-    assert (
-        klass.documented_template
-    ), f"{klass.__name__} is missing a documented_template"
+    assert klass.__doc__, "{} is missing a docstring".format(klass.__name__)
+    assert klass.documented_template, "{} is missing a documented_template".format(
+        klass.__name__
+    )
 
 
 def test_from_extra_documentation_comes_from_the_extra_class():
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def isolate_extra_template_vars_plugins():
     # for the rest of the process. The contract documents plugin-free
     # Datasette core, so unregister any non-default plugin that adds
     # template variables via the extra_template_vars hook
-    from datasette.plugins import DEFAULT_PLUGINS, pm
+    from datasette.plugins import pm, DEFAULT_PLUGINS
 
     hook_plugins = {impl.plugin for impl in pm.hook.extra_template_vars.get_hookimpls()}
     removed = []
@@ -182,18 +182,18 @@ async def test_template_context_matches_documented_contract(
     undocumented = actual - documented
     no_longer_present = documented - actual
     assert not undocumented, (
-        f"Undocumented keys in {page_name} template context: {sorted(undocumented)} - add them to the "
-        "page's Context class"
+        "Undocumented keys in {} template context: {} - add them to the "
+        "page's Context class".format(page_name, sorted(undocumented))
     )
     assert not no_longer_present, (
-        f"Documented keys missing from {page_name} template context: {sorted(no_longer_present)} - this would "
-        "break custom templates"
+        "Documented keys missing from {} template context: {} - this would "
+        "break custom templates".format(page_name, sorted(no_longer_present))
     )
 
 
 def test_base_context_keys_all_have_docs():
     for name, doc in TEMPLATE_BASE_CONTEXT.items():
-        assert doc, f"Base context key {name} is missing docs"
+        assert doc, "Base context key {} is missing docs".format(name)
 
 
 def test_template_context_docs_cover_every_documented_key():
@@ -201,14 +201,15 @@ def test_template_context_docs_cover_every_documented_key():
     assert docs_path.exists(), "docs/template_context.rst is missing"
     docs = docs_path.read_text()
     for name in TEMPLATE_BASE_CONTEXT:
-        assert f"``{name}``" in docs, name
+        assert "``{}``".format(name) in docs, name
     for page_name, klass in PAGES.items():
         title = "{} page".format(klass.__name__.removesuffix("Context"))
         assert title in docs, title
         for context_field in klass.documented_fields():
+            assert "``{}``".format(context_field.name) in docs, "{} ({} page)".format(
+                context_field.name, page_name
+            )
             assert (
-                f"``{context_field.name}``" in docs
-            ), f"{context_field.name} ({page_name} page)"
-            assert (
-                f"``{context_field.name}`` - ``{context_field.type_name}``" in docs
-            ), f"{context_field.name} type ({page_name} page)"
+                "``{}`` - ``{}``".format(context_field.name, context_field.type_name)
+                in docs
+            ), "{} type ({} page)".format(context_field.name, page_name)
diff --git a/tests/test_token_handler.py b/tests/test_token_handler.py
index 10021ddf..f5bbfead 100644
--- a/tests/test_token_handler.py
+++ b/tests/test_token_handler.py
@@ -2,17 +2,16 @@
 Tests for the register_token_handler plugin hook.
 """
 
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.hookspecs import hookimpl
 from datasette.plugins import pm
 from datasette.tokens import (
-    SignedTokenHandler,
     TokenHandler,
     TokenInvalid,
     TokenRestrictions,
+    SignedTokenHandler,
 )
+import pytest
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
diff --git a/tests/test_tracer.py b/tests/test_tracer.py
index 21cfa952..9db211d3 100644
--- a/tests/test_tracer.py
+++ b/tests/test_tracer.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import pytest
-
 from .fixtures import make_app_client
 
 
@@ -76,9 +75,10 @@ async def test_trace_child_tasks_resets_contextvar_on_exception():
     from datasette import tracer
 
     before = tracer.trace_task_id.get()
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError), tracer.trace_child_tasks():
-        assert tracer.trace_task_id.get() is not None
-        raise ValueError("simulated error")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        with tracer.trace_child_tasks():
+            assert tracer.trace_task_id.get() is not None
+            raise ValueError("simulated error")
     # The contextvar must be reset even though the block raised
     assert tracer.trace_task_id.get() == before
 
diff --git a/tests/test_utils.py b/tests/test_utils.py
index 1808b3cf..a535ca93 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -2,17 +2,8 @@
 Tests for various datasette helper functions.
 """
 
-import hashlib
-import json
-import os
-import pathlib
-import tempfile
-from unittest.mock import patch
-
-import pytest
-
-from datasette import utils
 from datasette.app import Datasette
+from datasette import utils
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Request
 from datasette.utils.sqlite import (
     sqlite3,
@@ -20,6 +11,13 @@ from datasette.utils.sqlite import (
     sqlite_table_type,
     supports_returning,
 )
+import hashlib
+import json
+import os
+import pathlib
+import pytest
+import tempfile
+from unittest.mock import patch
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -196,7 +194,7 @@ def test_validate_sql_select_good(good_sql):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("open_quote,close_quote", [('"', '"'), ("[", "]")])
 def test_detect_fts(open_quote, close_quote):
-    sql = f"""
+    sql = """
     CREATE TABLE "Dumb_Table" (
       "TreeID" INTEGER,
       "qSpecies" TEXT
@@ -211,9 +209,9 @@ def test_detect_fts(open_quote, close_quote):
       "qCaretaker" TEXT
     );
     CREATE VIEW Test_View AS SELECT * FROM Dumb_Table;
-    CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE {open_quote}Street_Tree_List_fts{close_quote} USING FTS4 ("qAddress", "qCaretaker", "qSpecies", content={open_quote}Street_Tree_List{close_quote});
+    CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE {open}Street_Tree_List_fts{close} USING FTS4 ("qAddress", "qCaretaker", "qSpecies", content={open}Street_Tree_List{close});
     CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE r USING rtree(a, b, c);
-    """
+    """.format(open=open_quote, close=close_quote)
     conn = utils.sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
     conn.executescript(sql)
     assert None is utils.detect_fts(conn, "Dumb_Table")
@@ -264,8 +262,8 @@ def test_escape_sqlite_prevents_injection():
     conn.execute("CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER, password TEXT)")
     conn.execute("INSERT INTO users VALUES (1, 'super_secret_password')")
     malicious = "users] UNION SELECT password FROM users--"
-    conn.execute(f'CREATE TABLE "{malicious}" (id INTEGER)')
-    sql = f"select count(*) from {utils.escape_sqlite(malicious)}"
+    conn.execute('CREATE TABLE "{}" (id INTEGER)'.format(malicious))
+    sql = "select count(*) from {}".format(utils.escape_sqlite(malicious))
     results = conn.execute(sql).fetchall()
     conn.close()
     # The injected UNION must not execute - only the empty malicious table
@@ -275,16 +273,16 @@ def test_escape_sqlite_prevents_injection():
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("table", ("regular", "has'single quote"))
 def test_detect_fts_different_table_names(table):
-    sql = f"""
+    sql = """
     CREATE TABLE [{table}] (
       "TreeID" INTEGER,
       "qSpecies" TEXT
     );
     CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE [{table}_fts] USING FTS4 ("qSpecies", content="{table}");
-    """
+    """.format(table=table)
     conn = utils.sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
     conn.executescript(sql)
-    assert f"{table}_fts" == utils.detect_fts(conn, table)
+    assert "{table}_fts".format(table=table) == utils.detect_fts(conn, table)
     conn.close()
 
 
@@ -692,6 +690,7 @@ def test_resolve_env_secrets(config, expected):
     [
         ({"id": "blah"}, "blah"),
         ({"id": "blah", "login": "l"}, "l"),
+        ({"id": "blah", "login": "l"}, "l"),
         ({"id": "blah", "login": "l", "username": "u"}, "u"),
         ({"login": "l", "name": "n"}, "n"),
         (
diff --git a/tests/test_utils_check_callable.py b/tests/test_utils_check_callable.py
index 857b73cd..4f72f9ff 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils_check_callable.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils_check_callable.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.utils.check_callable import check_callable
+import pytest
 
 
 class AsyncClass:
diff --git a/tests/test_utils_permissions.py b/tests/test_utils_permissions.py
index 918dab95..bc3599c2 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils_permissions.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils_permissions.py
@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
-from collections.abc import Callable
-
 import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
 from datasette.utils.permissions import resolve_permissions_from_catalog
+from typing import Callable, List
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def db():
     ds = Datasette()
     import tempfile
-
     from datasette.database import Database
 
     path = tempfile.mktemp(suffix="demo.db")
@@ -130,7 +127,7 @@ def plugin_root_deny_for_all() -> Callable[[str], PermissionSQL]:
 
 def plugin_conflicting_same_child_rules(
     user: str, parent: str, child: str
-) -> list[Callable[[str], PermissionSQL]]:
+) -> List[Callable[[str], PermissionSQL]]:
     def allow_provider(action: str) -> PermissionSQL:
         return PermissionSQL(
             """
@@ -280,7 +277,9 @@ async def test_alice_global_allow_with_specific_denies_catalog(db):
     # Alice can see everything except accounting/sales and hr/*
     assert "/accounting/sales" in res_denied(rows)
     for r in rows:
-        if r["parent"] == "hr" or r["resource"] == "/accounting/sales":
+        if r["parent"] == "hr":
+            assert r["allow"] == 0
+        elif r["resource"] == "/accounting/sales":
             assert r["allow"] == 0
         else:
             assert r["allow"] == 1
diff --git a/tests/test_utils_sql_analysis.py b/tests/test_utils_sql_analysis.py
index a6f95e5b..979ff9e1 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils_sql_analysis.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils_sql_analysis.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import pytest
 
-from datasette.utils.sql_analysis import analyze_sql_tables
 from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
+from datasette.utils.sql_analysis import analyze_sql_tables
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
diff --git a/tests/test_write_wrapper.py b/tests/test_write_wrapper.py
index 66599c54..88ce5520 100644
--- a/tests/test_write_wrapper.py
+++ b/tests/test_write_wrapper.py
@@ -3,16 +3,14 @@ Tests for the write_wrapper plugin hook.
 """
 
 import asyncio
-import sqlite3
-import time
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-
-import pytest
-
 from datasette.app import Datasette
 from datasette.events import Event
 from datasette.hookspecs import hookimpl
 from datasette.plugins import pm
+import pytest
+import sqlite3
+import time
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -115,8 +113,7 @@ async def test_write_wrapper_exception_thrown_into_generator(datasette):
             def wrapper(conn):
                 try:
                     yield
-                except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-                    # Test helper deliberately captures whatever the wrapped write raised
+                except Exception as e:
                     caught["error"] = e
 
             return wrapper
@@ -235,6 +232,7 @@ async def test_write_wrapper_return_none_skips(datasette):
         @hookimpl
         def write_wrapper(datasette, database, request, transaction):
             log.append("hook-called")
+            return None
 
     pm.register(Plugin(), name="test_skip")
     try:
@@ -341,7 +339,7 @@ async def test_write_wrapper_via_api(tmp_path):
             "/test/api_test/-/insert",
             json={"row": {"name": "test"}, "return": True},
             headers={
-                "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+                "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(token),
                 "Content-Type": "application/json",
             },
         )
@@ -468,7 +466,7 @@ async def test_write_wrapper_set_authorizer(datasette, actor, table, should_deny
     try:
         request = FakeRequest(actor)
         if should_deny:
-            with pytest.raises(sqlite3.DatabaseError, match="not authorized"):
+            with pytest.raises(Exception):
                 await db.execute_write_fn(
                     lambda conn: conn.execute(
                         f"insert into {table} (value) values ('test')"