Add update_incoming_fks parameter to transform()

When renaming columns that are referenced by foreign keys in other
tables, the transform() method now accepts update_incoming_fks=True
to automatically update those FK constraints.

Implementation:
- Added _get_incoming_fks_needing_update() helper to find tables
  with FKs pointing to renamed columns
- Modified transform() to collect SQL for updating incoming FKs
- Execute main transform first (so new column exists), then update
  incoming FKs, all within the same transaction
- Added _skip_fk_validation flag to allow generating SQL for FKs
  that reference columns that don't exist yet (will exist after
  main transform completes)

Includes test for basic column rename case with FK enforcement ON.

sqlite_utils/db.py

@@ -974,15 +974,17 @@ class Database:
             column_items.insert(0, (hash_id, str))
             pk = hash_id
         # Soundness check foreign_keys point to existing tables
-        for fk in foreign_keys:
-            if fk.other_table == name and columns.get(fk.other_column):
-                continue
-            if fk.other_column != "rowid" and not any(
-                c for c in self[fk.other_table].columns if c.name == fk.other_column
-            ):
-                raise AlterError(
-                    "No such column: {}.{}".format(fk.other_table, fk.other_column)
-                )
+        # (can be skipped for internal operations like update_incoming_fks)
+        if not getattr(self, "_skip_fk_validation", False):
+            for fk in foreign_keys:
+                if fk.other_table == name and columns.get(fk.other_column):
+                    continue
+                if fk.other_column != "rowid" and not any(
+                    c for c in self[fk.other_table].columns if c.name == fk.other_column
+                ):
+                    raise AlterError(
+                        "No such column: {}.{}".format(fk.other_table, fk.other_column)
+                    )
 
         column_defs = []
         # ensure pk is a tuple
@@ -1850,6 +1852,42 @@ class Table(Queryable):
             self.db.execute(sql)
         return self.db.table(new_name)
 
+    def _get_incoming_fks_needing_update(self, rename: dict) -> list:
+        """
+        Find all tables with FK constraints pointing to columns being renamed.
+
+        Returns a list of (table_name, new_fks) tuples where new_fks is the
+        updated list of foreign keys for that table.
+
+        :param rename: Dictionary mapping old column names to new column names
+        """
+        tables_needing_update = []
+
+        for other_table_name in self.db.table_names():
+            if other_table_name == self.name:
+                continue
+
+            other_table = self.db[other_table_name]
+            other_fks = other_table.foreign_keys
+
+            # Check if any FK references a column being renamed
+            needs_update = False
+            new_fks = []
+            for fk in other_fks:
+                if fk.other_table == self.name and fk.other_column in rename:
+                    # This FK needs updating
+                    needs_update = True
+                    new_fks.append(
+                        (fk.column, fk.other_table, rename[fk.other_column])
+                    )
+                else:
+                    new_fks.append((fk.column, fk.other_table, fk.other_column))
+
+            if needs_update:
+                tables_needing_update.append((other_table_name, new_fks))
+
+        return tables_needing_update
+
     def transform(
         self,
         *,
@@ -1864,6 +1902,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
         foreign_keys: Optional[ForeignKeysType] = None,
         column_order: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         keep_table: Optional[str] = None,
+        update_incoming_fks: bool = False,
     ) -> "Table":
         """
         Apply an advanced alter table, including operations that are not supported by
@@ -1884,8 +1923,27 @@ class Table(Queryable):
           to use when creating the table
         :param keep_table: If specified, the existing table will be renamed to this and will not be
           dropped
+        :param update_incoming_fks: If True, automatically update foreign key constraints in other
+          tables that reference columns being renamed in this table
         """
         assert self.exists(), "Cannot transform a table that doesn't exist yet"
+
+        # Collect SQL for updating incoming FKs if needed
+        incoming_fk_sqls = []
+        if update_incoming_fks and rename:
+            tables_needing_update = self._get_incoming_fks_needing_update(rename)
+            for other_table_name, new_fks in tables_needing_update:
+                other_table = self.db[other_table_name]
+                # Generate transform SQL for the other table with updated FKs
+                # Skip FK validation since the new column doesn't exist yet
+                try:
+                    self.db._skip_fk_validation = True
+                    incoming_fk_sqls.extend(
+                        other_table.transform_sql(foreign_keys=new_fks)
+                    )
+                finally:
+                    self.db._skip_fk_validation = False
+
         sqls = self.transform_sql(
             types=types,
             rename=rename,
@@ -1906,8 +1964,12 @@ class Table(Queryable):
             if pragma_foreign_keys_was_on:
                 self.db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=0;")
             with self.db.conn:
+                # First: transform the main table (so renamed columns exist)
                 for sql in sqls:
                     self.db.execute(sql)
+                # Then: update incoming FKs in other tables
+                for sql in incoming_fk_sqls:
+                    self.db.execute(sql)
                 # Run the foreign_key_check before we commit
                 if pragma_foreign_keys_was_on:
                     self.db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_key_check;")

tests/test_transform.py

@@ -661,3 +661,50 @@ def test_transform_with_unique_constraint_implicit_index(fresh_db):
         "You must manually drop this index prior to running this transformation and manually recreate the new index after running this transformation."
         in str(excinfo.value)
     )
+
+
+def test_transform_update_incoming_fks_on_column_rename(fresh_db):
+    """
+    Test that update_incoming_fks=True updates FK constraints in other tables
+    when a referenced column is renamed.
+    """
+    fresh_db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+
+    # Create authors table with id as PK
+    fresh_db["authors"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}, pk="id")
+
+    # Create books table with FK to authors.id
+    fresh_db["books"].insert(
+        {"id": 1, "title": "Book A", "author_id": 1},
+        pk="id",
+        foreign_keys=[("author_id", "authors", "id")],
+    )
+
+    # Verify initial FK
+    assert fresh_db["books"].foreign_keys == [
+        ForeignKey(table="books", column="author_id", other_table="authors", other_column="id")
+    ]
+
+    # Rename authors.id to authors.author_pk with update_incoming_fks=True
+    fresh_db["authors"].transform(
+        rename={"id": "author_pk"},
+        update_incoming_fks=True,
+    )
+
+    # Verify authors column was renamed
+    assert "author_pk" in fresh_db["authors"].columns_dict
+    assert "id" not in fresh_db["authors"].columns_dict
+
+    # Verify books FK was updated to point to new column name
+    assert fresh_db["books"].foreign_keys == [
+        ForeignKey(table="books", column="author_id", other_table="authors", other_column="author_pk")
+    ]
+
+    # Verify data integrity
+    assert list(fresh_db["authors"].rows) == [{"author_pk": 1, "name": "Alice"}]
+    assert list(fresh_db["books"].rows) == [{"id": 1, "title": "Book A", "author_id": 1}]
+
+    # Verify FK enforcement still works
+    assert fresh_db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys").fetchone()[0] == 1
+    violations = list(fresh_db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_key_check").fetchall())
+    assert violations == []