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60
docs/python-api.rst
View file

@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ You can directly create a new table without inserting any data into it using the
The first argument here is a dictionary specifying the columns you would like to create. Each column is paired with a Python type indicating the type of column. See :ref:`python_api_add_column` for full details on how these types work.
This method takes optional arguments ``pk=``, ``column_order=``, ``foreign_keys=``, ``not_null=set()`` and ``defaults=dict()`` - explained below.
This method takes optional arguments ``pk=``, ``column_order=``, ``foreign_keys=``, ``not_null=set()``, ``unique=[]`` and ``defaults=dict()`` - explained below.
A ``sqlite_utils.utils.sqlite3.OperationalError`` will be raised if a table of that name already exists.
@ -816,6 +816,7 @@ The ``transform=True`` option will update the table schema if any of the followi
- The specified primary key
- The order of the columns, defined using ``column_order=``
- The ``not_null=`` or ``defaults=`` arguments
- The ``unique=`` argument
Changes to ``foreign_keys=`` are not currently detected and applied by ``transform=True``.
@ -844,6 +845,61 @@ An ``ANY`` column can store integers, floating point values, text, binary data o
.. note::
In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-table <cli_create_table>`
.. _python_api_unique_constraints:
Unique constraints
------------------
Pass ``unique=`` to add ``UNIQUE`` constraints to a table created with ``.create()``. Each item in the list describes one constraint. A string names a single column, while a tuple of strings names a compound constraint spanning several columns:
.. code-block:: python
db.table("users").create({
"id": int,
"email": str,
"username": str,
}, pk="id", unique=["email"])
This produces:
.. code-block:: sql
CREATE TABLE "users" (
"id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
"email" TEXT,
"username" TEXT,
UNIQUE ("email")
)
Pass multiple strings to add a separate constraint for each column, or a tuple for a compound constraint. These can be combined:
.. code-block:: python
db.table("memberships").create({
"account_id": int,
"email": str,
"role": str,
}, unique=["role", ("account_id", "email")])
The ``unique=`` argument is also accepted by ``.transform()``, so you can add a unique constraint to an existing table. Repeating a constraint that is already present is a no-op:
.. code-block:: python
db.table("users").transform(unique=["email"])
The methods that create a table on demand - ``.insert()``, ``.insert_all()``, ``.upsert()`` and ``.upsert_all()`` - accept ``unique=`` as well, applied when they create the table:
.. code-block:: python
db["users"].insert({"id": 1, "email": "one@example.com"}, pk="id", unique=["email"])
The ``.uniques`` property returns the ``UNIQUE`` constraints on a table:
.. code-block:: python
for constraint in db.table("users").uniques:
print([column.name for column in constraint.columns])
.. _python_api_compound_primary_keys:
Compound primary keys
@ -979,7 +1035,7 @@ You can set default values for these methods by accessing the table through the
# Now you can call .insert() like so:
table.insert({"id": 1, "name": "Tracy", "score": 5})
The configuration options that can be specified in this way are ``pk``, ``foreign_keys``, ``column_order``, ``not_null``, ``defaults``, ``batch_size``, ``hash_id``, ``hash_id_columns``, ``alter``, ``ignore``, ``replace``, ``extracts``, ``conversions``, ``columns``, ``strict``. These are all documented below.
The configuration options that can be specified in this way are ``pk``, ``foreign_keys``, ``column_order``, ``not_null``, ``unique``, ``defaults``, ``batch_size``, ``hash_id``, ``hash_id_columns``, ``alter``, ``ignore``, ``replace``, ``extracts``, ``conversions``, ``columns``, ``strict``. These are all documented below.
.. _python_api_defaults_not_null:

129
sqlite_utils/db.py
View file

@ -1434,6 +1434,7 @@ class Database:
foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | None = None,
column_order: list[str] | None = None,
not_null: Iterable[str] | None = None,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | None = None,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
hash_id: str | None = None,
hash_id_columns: Iterable[str] | None = None,
@ -1454,6 +1455,7 @@ class Database:
:param foreign_keys: List of foreign key definitions for this table
:param column_order: List specifying which columns should come first
:param not_null: List of columns that should be created as ``NOT NULL``
:param unique: Columns to constrain as ``UNIQUE``. Use a string for a single column or a tuple for a compound constraint
:param defaults: Dictionary specifying default values for columns
:param hash_id: Name of column to be used as a primary key containing a hash of the other columns
:param hash_id_columns: List of columns to be used when calculating the hash ID for a row
@ -1508,7 +1510,12 @@ class Database:
table_checks.append(check)
uniques_by_column: dict[str, list[Unique]] = {}
table_uniques: list[Unique] = []
for unique in _uniques or ():
all_uniques: list[Unique] = list(_uniques or ())
all_uniques.extend(
Unique(tuple(UniqueColumn(column) for column in columns_tuple))
for columns_tuple in resolve_uniques(unique)
)
for unique_constraint in all_uniques:
resolved_unique = Unique(
tuple(
UniqueColumn(
@ -1516,13 +1523,15 @@ class Database:
collation=column.collation,
order=column.order,
)
for column in unique.columns
for column in unique_constraint.columns
),
name=unique.name,
name=unique_constraint.name,
column=(
resolve_casing(unique.column, columns) if unique.column else ""
resolve_casing(unique_constraint.column, columns)
if unique_constraint.column
else ""
),
conflict=unique.conflict,
conflict=unique_constraint.conflict,
)
missing = [
column.name
@ -1705,6 +1714,7 @@ class Database:
foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | None = None,
column_order: list[str] | None = None,
not_null: Iterable[str] | None = None,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | None = None,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
hash_id: str | None = None,
hash_id_columns: Iterable[str] | None = None,
@ -1726,6 +1736,7 @@ class Database:
:param foreign_keys: List of foreign key definitions for this table
:param column_order: List specifying which columns should come first
:param not_null: List of columns that should be created as ``NOT NULL``
:param unique: Columns to constrain as ``UNIQUE``. Use a string for a single column or a tuple for a compound constraint
:param defaults: Dictionary specifying default values for columns
:param hash_id: Name of column to be used as a primary key containing a hash of the other columns
:param hash_id_columns: List of columns to be used when calculating the hash ID for a row
@ -1789,6 +1800,24 @@ class Database:
)
if current_not_null != desired_not_null:
should_transform = True
# Any unique changes?
if unique:
existing_unique_columns = {
tuple(
resolve_casing(column.name, existing_columns)
for column in unique_constraint.columns
)
for unique_constraint in table.uniques
}
for columns_tuple in resolve_uniques(unique):
if (
tuple(
resolve_casing(c, existing_columns) for c in columns_tuple
)
not in existing_unique_columns
):
should_transform = True
break
# How about defaults?
if (
defaults
@ -1805,6 +1834,7 @@ class Database:
drop=columns_to_drop,
column_order=column_order,
not_null=not_null,
unique=unique,
defaults=defaults,
pk=pk,
)
@ -1816,6 +1846,7 @@ class Database:
foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
column_order=column_order,
not_null=not_null,
unique=unique,
defaults=defaults,
hash_id=hash_id,
hash_id_columns=hash_id_columns,
@ -1830,6 +1861,7 @@ class Database:
foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
column_order=column_order,
not_null=not_null,
unique=unique,
defaults=defaults,
hash_id=hash_id,
hash_id_columns=hash_id_columns,
@ -2290,6 +2322,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | None = None,
column_order: list[str] | None = None,
not_null: Iterable[str] | None = None,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | None = None,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
batch_size: int = 100,
hash_id: str | None = None,
@ -2308,6 +2341,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
"foreign_keys": foreign_keys,
"column_order": column_order,
"not_null": not_null,
"unique": unique,
"defaults": defaults,
"batch_size": batch_size,
"hash_id": hash_id,
@ -2387,6 +2421,13 @@ class Table(Queryable):
"Table-level CHECK constraints on this table."
return [check for check in self.checks if not check.column]
@property
def uniques(self) -> list[Unique]:
"List of column-level and table-level UNIQUE constraints on this table."
if not self.exists() or self.virtual_table_using is not None:
return []
return parse_uniques(self.schema)
def get(self, pk_values: list | tuple | str | int) -> dict:
"""
Return row (as dictionary) for the specified primary key.
@ -2544,6 +2585,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | None | Default = DEFAULT,
column_order: list[str] | None | Default = DEFAULT,
not_null: Iterable[str] | None | Default = DEFAULT,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | None | Default = DEFAULT,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | None | Default = DEFAULT,
hash_id: str | None | Default = DEFAULT,
hash_id_columns: Iterable[str] | None | Default = DEFAULT,
@ -2564,6 +2606,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
:param foreign_keys: List of foreign key definitions for this table
:param column_order: List specifying which columns should come first
:param not_null: List of columns that should be created as ``NOT NULL``
:param unique: Columns to constrain as ``UNIQUE``. Use a string for a single column or a tuple for a compound constraint
:param defaults: Dictionary specifying default values for columns
:param hash_id: Name of column to be used as a primary key containing a hash of the other columns
:param hash_id_columns: List of columns to be used when calculating the hash ID for a row
@ -2579,6 +2622,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys = self.value_or_default("foreign_keys", foreign_keys)
column_order = self.value_or_default("column_order", column_order)
not_null = self.value_or_default("not_null", not_null)
unique = self.value_or_default("unique", unique)
defaults = self.value_or_default("defaults", defaults)
hash_id = self.value_or_default("hash_id", hash_id)
hash_id_columns = self.value_or_default("hash_id_columns", hash_id_columns)
@ -2595,6 +2639,8 @@ class Table(Queryable):
self._defaults["column_order"] = column_order
if not_null is not None:
self._defaults["not_null"] = not_null
if unique is not None:
self._defaults["unique"] = unique
if defaults is not None:
self._defaults["defaults"] = defaults
if hash_id is not None:
@ -2615,6 +2661,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys=foreign_keys, # type: ignore[arg-type]
column_order=column_order, # type: ignore[arg-type]
not_null=not_null, # type: ignore[arg-type]
unique=unique, # type: ignore[arg-type]
defaults=defaults, # type: ignore[arg-type]
hash_id=hash_id, # type: ignore[arg-type]
hash_id_columns=hash_id_columns, # type: ignore[arg-type]
@ -2648,6 +2695,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
drop: Iterable | None = None,
pk: Any | None = DEFAULT,
not_null: Iterable[str] | None = None,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | None = None,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
drop_foreign_keys: Iterable[str] | None = None,
add_foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | None = None,
@ -2672,6 +2720,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
:param drop: Columns to drop
:param pk: New primary key for the table
:param not_null: Columns to set as ``NOT NULL``
:param unique: Columns to constrain as ``UNIQUE``. Use a string for a single column or a tuple for a compound constraint
:param defaults: Default values for columns
:param drop_foreign_keys: Foreign key constraints to remove - a column name
drops any foreign key that column participates in, a tuple of column names
@ -2693,6 +2742,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
drop=drop,
pk=pk,
not_null=not_null,
unique=unique,
defaults=defaults,
drop_foreign_keys=drop_foreign_keys,
add_foreign_keys=add_foreign_keys,
@ -2778,6 +2828,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
drop: Iterable | None = None,
pk: Any | None = DEFAULT,
not_null: Iterable[str] | None = None,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | None = None,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
drop_foreign_keys: Iterable | None = None,
add_foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | None = None,
@ -2795,6 +2846,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
:param drop: Columns to drop
:param pk: New primary key for the table
:param not_null: Columns to set as ``NOT NULL``
:param unique: Columns to constrain as ``UNIQUE``. Use a string for a single column or a tuple for a compound constraint
:param defaults: Default values for columns
:param drop_foreign_keys: Foreign key constraints to remove - a column name
drops any foreign key that column participates in, a tuple of column names
@ -2833,6 +2885,11 @@ class Table(Queryable):
}
elif isinstance(not_null, set):
not_null = {resolve_casing(c, existing_columns) for c in not_null}
if unique is not None:
unique = [
tuple(resolve_casing(c, existing_columns) for c in columns_tuple)
for columns_tuple in resolve_uniques(unique)
]
if defaults is not None:
defaults = {
resolve_casing(c, existing_columns): v for c, v in defaults.items()
@ -2872,19 +2929,21 @@ class Table(Queryable):
)
create_table_uniques: list[Unique] = []
for unique in existing_uniques:
for unique_constraint in existing_uniques:
columns = tuple(
UniqueColumn(
resolve_casing(column.name, existing_columns),
collation=column.collation,
order=column.order,
)
for column in unique.columns
for column in unique_constraint.columns
)
if any(column.name in drop for column in columns):
continue
owner = (
resolve_casing(unique.column, existing_columns) if unique.column else ""
resolve_casing(unique_constraint.column, existing_columns)
if unique_constraint.column
else ""
)
create_table_uniques.append(
Unique(
@ -2896,11 +2955,26 @@ class Table(Queryable):
)
for column in columns
),
name=unique.name,
name=unique_constraint.name,
column=rename.get(owner) or owner,
conflict=unique.conflict,
conflict=unique_constraint.conflict,
)
)
if unique is not None:
existing_unique_columns = {
tuple(column.name for column in unique_constraint.columns)
for unique_constraint in create_table_uniques
}
for columns_tuple in unique:
renamed_columns = tuple(
rename.get(column) or column for column in columns_tuple
)
if renamed_columns in existing_unique_columns:
continue
create_table_uniques.append(
Unique(tuple(UniqueColumn(column) for column in renamed_columns))
)
existing_unique_columns.add(renamed_columns)
create_table_column_comments: dict[str, ColumnComments] = {}
for column, comments in existing_column_comments.items():
@ -4608,6 +4682,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | Default | None = DEFAULT,
column_order: list[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
not_null: Iterable[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
hash_id: str | Default | None = DEFAULT,
hash_id_columns: Iterable[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
@ -4637,6 +4712,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
:param column_order: List of strings specifying a full or partial column order
to use when creating the table.
:param not_null: Set of strings specifying columns that should be ``NOT NULL``.
:param unique: Columns to constrain as ``UNIQUE``. Use a string for a single column or a tuple for a compound constraint
:param defaults: Dictionary specifying default values for specific columns.
:param hash_id: Name of a column to create and use as a primary key, where the
value of that primary key will be derived as a SHA1 hash of the other column values
@ -4658,6 +4734,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
column_order=column_order,
not_null=not_null,
unique=unique,
defaults=defaults,
hash_id=hash_id,
hash_id_columns=hash_id_columns,
@ -4677,6 +4754,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | Default | None = DEFAULT,
column_order: list[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
not_null: Iterable[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
batch_size: int | Default = DEFAULT,
hash_id: str | Default | None = DEFAULT,
@ -4702,6 +4780,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys = self.value_or_default("foreign_keys", foreign_keys)
column_order = self.value_or_default("column_order", column_order)
not_null = self.value_or_default("not_null", not_null)
unique = self.value_or_default("unique", unique)
defaults = self.value_or_default("defaults", defaults)
batch_size = self.value_or_default("batch_size", batch_size)
hash_id = self.value_or_default("hash_id", hash_id)
@ -4850,6 +4929,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys,
column_order=column_order,
not_null=not_null,
unique=unique,
defaults=defaults,
hash_id=hash_id,
hash_id_columns=hash_id_columns,
@ -5035,6 +5115,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | Default | None = DEFAULT,
column_order: list[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
not_null: Iterable[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
hash_id: str | Default | None = DEFAULT,
hash_id_columns: Iterable[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
@ -5056,6 +5137,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
column_order=column_order,
not_null=not_null,
unique=unique,
defaults=defaults,
hash_id=hash_id,
hash_id_columns=hash_id_columns,
@ -5073,6 +5155,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys: ForeignKeysType | Default | None = DEFAULT,
column_order: list[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
not_null: Iterable[str] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
unique: Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
defaults: dict[str, Any] | Default | None = DEFAULT,
batch_size: int | Default = DEFAULT,
hash_id: str | Default | None = DEFAULT,
@ -5093,6 +5176,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
column_order=column_order,
not_null=not_null,
unique=unique,
defaults=defaults,
batch_size=batch_size,
hash_id=hash_id,
@ -5521,6 +5605,31 @@ def resolve_extracts(
return extracts
def resolve_uniques(
unique: "Iterable[str] | Iterable[Iterable[str]] | None",
) -> list[tuple[str, ...]]:
"""Normalize a ``unique=`` argument into a list of column tuples.
Each item describes one ``UNIQUE`` constraint. A plain string names a
single column, while a list or tuple names a compound constraint across
several columns::
unique=["email"] # one single-column constraint
unique=["email", "username"] # two single-column constraints
unique=[("a", "b")] # one compound constraint
unique=["email", ("a", "b")] # one of each
"""
if unique is None:
return []
resolved: list[tuple[str, ...]] = []
for item in unique:
if isinstance(item, str):
resolved.append((item,))
else:
resolved.append(tuple(item))
return resolved
def _decode_default_value(value: str) -> object:
if value.startswith("'") and value.endswith("'"):
# It's a string; unescape doubled single quotes

143
tests/test_create.py
View file

@ -1739,3 +1739,146 @@ def test_chained_create_sets_pks(fresh_db):
{"id": int, "name": str, "color": str}
)
assert table.pks == ["id"]
def test_create_table_with_unique(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.create_table(
"users", {"id": int, "email": str}, pk="id", unique=["email"]
)
assert (
'CREATE TABLE "users" (\n "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n "email" TEXT,\n UNIQUE ("email")\n)'
== table.schema
)
assert [("email",)] == [tuple(c.name for c in u.columns) for u in table.uniques]
def test_create_table_with_multiple_unique_columns(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.create_table(
"users",
{"id": int, "email": str, "username": str},
pk="id",
unique=["email", "username"],
)
assert (
'CREATE TABLE "users" (\n "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n "email" TEXT,\n'
' "username" TEXT,\n UNIQUE ("email"),\n UNIQUE ("username")\n)'
== table.schema
)
def test_create_table_with_compound_unique(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.create_table(
"memberships",
{"account_id": int, "email": str},
unique=[("account_id", "email")],
)
assert (
'CREATE TABLE "memberships" (\n "account_id" INTEGER,\n "email" TEXT,\n'
' UNIQUE ("account_id", "email")\n)' == table.schema
)
assert [("account_id", "email")] == [
tuple(c.name for c in u.columns) for u in table.uniques
]
def test_create_table_with_mixed_unique(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.create_table(
"t", {"a": str, "b": str, "c": int}, unique=["a", ("b", "c")]
)
assert (
'CREATE TABLE "t" (\n "a" TEXT,\n "b" TEXT,\n "c" INTEGER,\n'
' UNIQUE ("a"),\n UNIQUE ("b", "c")\n)' == table.schema
)
def test_create_table_with_unique_bad_column(fresh_db):
with pytest.raises(AlterError):
fresh_db.create_table("users", {"id": int}, pk="id", unique=["nope"])
def test_create_table_with_unique_enforced(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.create_table(
"users", {"id": int, "email": str}, pk="id", unique=["email"]
)
table.insert({"id": 1, "email": "one@example.com"})
with pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError):
table.insert({"id": 2, "email": "one@example.com"})
def test_create_table_with_compound_unique_enforced(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.create_table(
"memberships",
{"account_id": int, "email": str},
unique=[("account_id", "email")],
)
table.insert({"account_id": 1, "email": "one@example.com"})
# Different account_id, same email: allowed for a compound constraint
table.insert({"account_id": 2, "email": "one@example.com"})
with pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError):
table.insert({"account_id": 1, "email": "one@example.com"})
def test_unique_persists_after_create_655(fresh_db):
"""When unique is passed to create(), it should be stored in _defaults."""
table = fresh_db.table("users")
table.create({"id": int, "email": str}, pk="id", unique=["email"])
assert table._defaults["unique"] == ["email"]
def test_transform_add_unique(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.create_table("users", {"id": int, "email": str}, pk="id")
assert "UNIQUE" not in table.schema
table.transform(unique=["email"])
assert 'UNIQUE ("email")' in table.schema
# Applying the same constraint again should not duplicate it
table.transform(unique=["email"])
assert table.schema.count("UNIQUE") == 1
def test_transform_add_compound_unique(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.create_table("t", {"a": str, "b": str, "c": int})
table.transform(unique=[("a", "b")])
assert 'UNIQUE ("a", "b")' in table.schema
def test_transform_add_unique_renamed_column(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.create_table("t", {"a": str, "b": str})
table.transform(rename={"a": "x"}, unique=["x"])
assert 'UNIQUE ("x")' in table.schema
def test_create_transform_true_applies_unique(fresh_db):
fresh_db.create_table("users", {"id": int, "email": str}, pk="id")
table = fresh_db.create_table(
"users", {"id": int, "email": str}, pk="id", unique=["email"], transform=True
)
assert 'UNIQUE ("email")' in table.schema
def test_insert_with_unique(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db["users"].insert(
{"id": 1, "email": "one@example.com"}, pk="id", unique=["email"]
)
assert 'UNIQUE ("email")' in table.schema
def test_insert_all_with_unique(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db["users"].insert_all(
[{"id": 1, "email": "one@example.com"}], pk="id", unique=["email"]
)
assert 'UNIQUE ("email")' in table.schema
with pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError):
table.insert({"id": 2, "email": "one@example.com"})
def test_upsert_with_unique(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db["users"].upsert(
{"id": 1, "email": "one@example.com"}, pk="id", unique=["email"]
)
assert 'UNIQUE ("email")' in table.schema
def test_unique_via_table_defaults(fresh_db):
table = fresh_db.table("users", unique=["email"])
table.insert({"id": 1, "email": "one@example.com"}, pk="id")
assert 'UNIQUE ("email")' in table.schema