diff --git a/sqlite_utils/db.py b/sqlite_utils/db.py
index e9d5298..cbd657d 100644
--- a/sqlite_utils/db.py
+++ b/sqlite_utils/db.py
@@ -741,20 +741,21 @@ class Table(Queryable):
             defaults=defaults,
             drop_foreign_keys=drop_foreign_keys,
         )
-        initial_pragma_foreign_keys = self.db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys").fetchone()[
-            0
-        ]
+        pragma_foreign_keys_was_on = self.db.execute(
+            "PRAGMA foreign_keys"
+        ).fetchone()[0]
         try:
+            if pragma_foreign_keys_was_on:
+                self.db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=0;")
             with self.db.conn:
                 for sql in sqls:
                     self.db.execute(sql)
+                # Run the foreign_key_check before we commit
+                if pragma_foreign_keys_was_on:
+                    self.db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_key_check;")
         finally:
-            # Make sure we reset PRAGMA foreign_keys correctly
-            if (
-                initial_pragma_foreign_keys
-                and not self.db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys").fetchone()[0]
-            ):
-                self.db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=1")
+            if pragma_foreign_keys_was_on:
+                self.db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=1;")
         return self
 
     def transform_sql(
@@ -787,15 +788,7 @@ class Table(Queryable):
             new_column_pairs.append((new_name, type_))
             copy_from_to[name] = new_name
 
-        should_flip_foreign_keys_pragma = self.db.execute(
-            "PRAGMA foreign_keys"
-        ).fetchone()[0]
-
         sqls = []
-
-        if should_flip_foreign_keys_pragma:
-            sqls.append("PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF;")
-
         if pk is DEFAULT:
             pks_renamed = tuple(rename.get(p) or p for p in self.pks)
             if len(pks_renamed) == 1:
@@ -876,11 +869,6 @@ class Table(Queryable):
         sqls.append(
             "ALTER TABLE [{}] RENAME TO [{}];".format(new_table_name, self.name)
         )
-
-        if should_flip_foreign_keys_pragma:
-            sqls.append("PRAGMA foreign_key_check;")
-            sqls.append("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON;")
-
         return sqls
 
     def extract(self, columns, table=None, fk_column=None, rename=None, progress=None):
diff --git a/tests/test_transform.py b/tests/test_transform.py
index 352efe4..7075fcf 100644
--- a/tests/test_transform.py
+++ b/tests/test_transform.py
@@ -90,17 +90,25 @@ import pytest
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("use_pragma_foreign_keys", [False, True])
 def test_transform_sql(fresh_db, params, expected_sql, use_pragma_foreign_keys):
+    captured = []
+    tracer = lambda sql, params: captured.append((sql, params))
     dogs = fresh_db["dogs"]
     if use_pragma_foreign_keys:
         fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
-        expected_sql.insert(0, "PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF;")
-        expected_sql.append("PRAGMA foreign_key_check;")
-        expected_sql.append("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON;")
     dogs.insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo", "age": "5"}, pk="id")
     sql = dogs.transform_sql(**{**params, **{"tmp_suffix": "suffix"}})
     assert sql == expected_sql
     # Check that .transform() runs without exceptions:
-    dogs.transform(**params)
+    with fresh_db.tracer(tracer):
+        dogs.transform(**params)
+    # If use_pragma_foreign_keys, check that we did the right thing
+    if use_pragma_foreign_keys:
+        assert ('PRAGMA foreign_keys=0;', None) in captured
+        assert captured[-2] == ('PRAGMA foreign_key_check;', None)
+        assert captured[-1] == ('PRAGMA foreign_keys=1;', None)
+    else:
+        assert ('PRAGMA foreign_keys=0;', None) not in captured
+        assert ('PRAGMA foreign_keys=1;', None) not in captured
 
 
 def test_transform_sql_rowid_to_id(fresh_db):