codespell should check sqlite_utils as well

It did in CI but did not in the Justfile

.gitignore

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ venv
 .schema
 .vscode
 .hypothesis
+.claude/
 Pipfile
 Pipfile.lock
 uv.lock

Justfile

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
   uv run ty check sqlite_utils
   uv run cog --check README.md docs/*.rst
   uv run --group docs codespell docs/*.rst --ignore-words docs/codespell-ignore-words.txt
+  uv run --group docs codespell sqlite_utils --ignore-words docs/codespell-ignore-words.txt
 
 # Rebuild docs with cog
 @cog:

docs/changelog.rst

@@ -4,15 +4,25 @@
  Changelog
 ===========
 
-.. _v_unreleased:
+.. _v4_1_1:
 
-Unreleased
-----------
+4.1.1 (2026-07-12)
+------------------
+
+- ``table.transform()`` now raises a ``TransactionError`` if called while a transaction is open with ``PRAGMA foreign_keys`` enabled and the table is referenced by foreign keys with destructive ``ON DELETE`` actions - ``CASCADE``, ``SET NULL`` or ``SET DEFAULT``. The pragma cannot be changed inside a transaction, so previously dropping the old table as part of the transform could fire those actions and silently delete or modify referencing rows. See :ref:`python_api_transform_foreign_keys_transactions` for details and workarounds. (:issue:`794`)
+- The :ref:`CLI <cli>` and :ref:`Python API <python_api>` documentation now cross-reference each other: CLI sections link to the equivalent Python API functionality and Python API sections link back to the corresponding CLI command. (:issue:`791`)
+.. _v4_1:
+
+4.1 (2026-07-11)
+----------------
 
-- ``sqlite-utils query`` can now read the SQL query from standard input by passing ``-`` in place of the query, for example ``echo "select * from dogs" | sqlite-utils query dogs.db -``. (:issue:`765`)
 - ``sqlite-utils insert`` and ``sqlite-utils upsert`` now accept a ``--code`` option for :ref:`providing a block of Python code <cli_insert_code>` (or a path to a ``.py`` file) that defines a ``rows()`` function or ``rows`` iterable of rows to insert, as an alternative to importing from a file. (:issue:`684`)
 - ``sqlite-utils insert`` and ``sqlite-utils upsert`` now accept ``--type column-name type`` to :ref:`override the type automatically chosen when the table is created <cli_insert_csv_tsv_column_types>`. This is useful for CSV or TSV columns such as ZIP codes that look like integers but should be stored as ``TEXT`` to preserve leading zeros. (:issue:`131`)
 - New ``table.drop_index(name)`` method and ``sqlite-utils drop-index`` command for dropping an index by name. Both accept ``ignore=True``/``--ignore`` to ignore a missing index. (:issue:`626`)
+- ``sqlite-utils query`` can now read the SQL query from standard input by passing ``-`` in place of the query, for example ``echo "select * from dogs" | sqlite-utils query dogs.db -``. (:issue:`765`)
+- ``sqlite-utils upsert`` can now infer the primary key of an existing table, so ``--pk`` can be omitted when upserting into a table that already has a primary key.
+- ``table.transform()`` and ``table.transform_sql()`` now accept ``strict=True`` or ``strict=False`` to change a table's `SQLite strict mode <https://www.sqlite.org/stricttables.html>`__. Omitting the option preserves the existing mode. (:issue:`787`)
+- The ``sqlite-utils transform`` command now accepts ``--strict`` and ``--no-strict`` to change a table's strict mode. (:issue:`787`)
 
 .. _v4_0:
 

docs/cli-reference.rst

@@ -508,6 +508,8 @@ See :ref:`cli_transform_table`.
                                       Add a foreign key constraint from a column to
                                       another table with another column
       --drop-foreign-key TEXT         Drop foreign key constraint for this column
+      --strict / --no-strict          Enable or disable STRICT mode (default:
+                                      preserve current mode)
       --sql                           Output SQL without executing it
       --load-extension TEXT           Path to SQLite extension, with optional
                                       :entrypoint
@@ -660,7 +662,7 @@ See :ref:`cli_convert`.
       Convert a string like a,b,c into a JSON array ["a", "b", "c"]
 
       r.parsedate(value: 'str', dayfirst: 'bool' = False, yearfirst: 'bool' = False,
-      errors: 'Optional[object]' = None) -> 'Optional[str]'
+      errors: 'object | None' = None) -> 'str | None'
 
       Parse a date and convert it to ISO date format: yyyy-mm-dd
       - dayfirst=True: treat xx as the day in xx/yy/zz
@@ -669,7 +671,7 @@ See :ref:`cli_convert`.
       - errors=r.SET_NULL to set values that cannot be parsed to null
 
       r.parsedatetime(value: 'str', dayfirst: 'bool' = False, yearfirst: 'bool' =
-      False, errors: 'Optional[object]' = None) -> 'Optional[str]'
+      False, errors: 'object | None' = None) -> 'str | None'
 
       Parse a datetime and convert it to ISO datetime format: yyyy-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS
       - dayfirst=True: treat xx as the day in xx/yy/zz

docs/cli.rst

@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ To return the first column of each result as raw data, separated by newlines, us
 Using named parameters
 ----------------------
 
-You can pass named parameters to the query using ``-p``:
+You can pass named parameters to the query using ``-p name value``:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
@@ -424,6 +424,9 @@ The ``--functions`` option can be used multiple times to load functions from mul
         from urllib.parse import urlparse
         return urlparse(url).path'
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`db.register_function() <python_api_register_function>`
+
 .. _cli_query_extensions:
 
 SQLite extensions
@@ -1024,6 +1027,9 @@ To show more than 10 common values, use ``--common-limit 20``.  To skip the most
 
     sqlite-utils analyze-tables github.db tags --common-limit 20 --no-least
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.analyze_column() <python_api_analyze_column>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils analyze-tables <cli_ref_analyze_tables>`
+
 .. _cli_analyze_tables_save:
 
 Saving the analyzed table details
@@ -1191,6 +1197,9 @@ You can delete all the existing rows in the table before inserting the new recor
 
 You can add the ``--analyze`` option to run ``ANALYZE`` against the table after the rows have been inserted.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.insert_all() <python_api_bulk_inserts>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils insert <cli_ref_insert>`
+
 .. _cli_inserting_data_binary:
 
 Inserting binary data
@@ -1615,6 +1624,9 @@ To replace a dog with in ID of 2 with a new record, run the following:
     echo '{"id": 2, "name": "Pancakes", "age": 3}' | \
         sqlite-utils insert dogs.db dogs - --pk=id --replace
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.insert(..., replace=True) <python_api_insert_replace>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils insert <cli_ref_insert>`
+
 .. _cli_upsert:
 
 Upserting data
@@ -1641,6 +1653,9 @@ The command will fail if you reference columns that do not exist on the table. T
     ``upsert`` in sqlite-utils 1.x worked like ``insert ... --replace`` does in 2.x. See `issue #66 <https://github.com/simonw/sqlite-utils/issues/66>`__ for details of this change.
 
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.upsert() <python_api_upsert>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils upsert <cli_ref_upsert>`
+
 .. _cli_bulk:
 
 Executing SQL in bulk
@@ -1842,6 +1857,9 @@ You can include named parameters in your where clause and populate them using on
 
 The ``--dry-run`` option will output a preview of the conversion against the first ten rows, without modifying the database.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.convert() <python_api_convert>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils convert <cli_ref_convert>`
+
 .. _cli_convert_import:
 
 Importing additional modules
@@ -2140,6 +2158,9 @@ If a table with the same name already exists, you will get an error. You can cho
 
 You can also pass ``--transform`` to transform the existing table to match the new schema. See :ref:`python_api_explicit_create` in the Python library documentation for details of how this option works.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.create() <python_api_explicit_create>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-table <cli_ref_create_table>`
+
 .. _cli_renaming_tables:
 
 Renaming a table
@@ -2153,6 +2174,9 @@ Yo ucan rename a table using the ``rename-table`` command:
 
 Pass ``--ignore`` to ignore any errors caused by the table not existing, or the new name already being in use.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`db.rename_table() <python_api_rename_table>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils rename-table <cli_ref_rename_table>`
+
 .. _cli_duplicate_table:
 
 Duplicating tables
@@ -2164,6 +2188,9 @@ The ``duplicate`` command duplicates a table - creating a new table with the sam
 
     sqlite-utils duplicate books.db authors authors_copy
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.duplicate() <python_api_duplicate>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils duplicate <cli_ref_duplicate>`
+
 .. _cli_drop_table:
 
 Dropping tables
@@ -2177,12 +2204,15 @@ You can drop a table using the ``drop-table`` command:
 
 Use ``--ignore`` to ignore the error if the table does not exist.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.drop() <python_api_drop>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils drop-table <cli_ref_drop_table>`
+
 .. _cli_transform_table:
 
 Transforming tables
 ===================
 
-The ``transform`` command allows you to apply complex transformations to a table that cannot be implemented using a regular SQLite ``ALTER TABLE`` command. See :ref:`python_api_transform` for details of how this works. The ``transform`` command preserves a table's ``STRICT`` mode.
+The ``transform`` command allows you to apply complex transformations to a table that cannot be implemented using a regular SQLite ``ALTER TABLE`` command. See :ref:`python_api_transform` for details of how this works. By default, the ``transform`` command preserves a table's ``STRICT`` mode.
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
@@ -2228,6 +2258,12 @@ Every option for this table (with the exception of ``--pk-none``) can be specifi
 ``--add-foreign-key column other_table other_column``
     Add a foreign key constraint to ``column`` pointing to ``other_table.other_column``.
 
+``--strict``
+    Convert the table to a `SQLite STRICT table <https://www.sqlite.org/stricttables.html>`__. The command fails if the available SQLite version does not support strict tables. If existing rows contain values that are incompatible with their declared column types the transformation fails and the original table is left unchanged.
+
+``--no-strict``
+    Convert a strict table back to a regular non-strict table.
+
 If you want to see the SQL that will be executed to make the change without actually executing it, add the ``--sql`` flag. For example:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
@@ -2254,6 +2290,9 @@ If you want to see the SQL that will be executed to make the change without actu
     DROP TABLE "roadside_attractions";
     ALTER TABLE "roadside_attractions_new_4033a60276b9" RENAME TO "roadside_attractions";
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.transform() <python_api_transform>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils transform <cli_ref_transform>`
+
 .. _cli_transform_table_add_primary_key_to_rowid:
 
 Adding a primary key to a rowid table
@@ -2431,6 +2470,9 @@ After running the above, the command ``sqlite-utils schema global.db`` reveals t
     CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "idx_countries_country_name"
         ON "countries" ("country", "name");
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.extract() <python_api_extract>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils extract <cli_ref_extract>`
+
 .. _cli_create_view:
 
 Creating views
@@ -2452,6 +2494,9 @@ You can create a view using the ``create-view`` command:
 
 Use ``--replace`` to replace an existing view of the same name, and ``--ignore`` to do nothing if a view already exists.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`db.create_view() <python_api_create_view>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-view <cli_ref_create_view>`
+
 .. _cli_drop_view:
 
 Dropping views
@@ -2465,6 +2510,9 @@ You can drop a view using the ``drop-view`` command:
 
 Use ``--ignore`` to ignore the error if the view does not exist.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`view.drop() <python_api_drop>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils drop-view <cli_ref_drop_view>`
+
 .. _cli_add_column:
 
 Adding columns
@@ -2505,6 +2553,9 @@ You can set a ``NOT NULL DEFAULT 'x'`` constraint on the new column using ``--no
 
     sqlite-utils add-column mydb.db dogs friends_count integer --not-null-default 0
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.add_column() <python_api_add_column>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils add-column <cli_ref_add_column>`
+
 .. _cli_add_column_alter:
 
 Adding columns automatically on insert/update
@@ -2516,6 +2567,9 @@ You can use the ``--alter`` option to automatically add new columns if the data
 
     sqlite-utils insert dogs.db dogs new-dogs.json --pk=id --alter
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.insert(..., alter=True) <python_api_add_column_alter>`
+
 .. _cli_add_foreign_key:
 
 Adding foreign key constraints
@@ -2543,6 +2597,9 @@ Add ``--ignore`` to ignore an existing foreign key (as opposed to returning an e
 
 See :ref:`python_api_add_foreign_key` in the Python API documentation for further details, including how the automatic table guessing mechanism works.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.add_foreign_key() <python_api_add_foreign_key>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils add-foreign-key <cli_ref_add_foreign_key>`
+
 .. _cli_add_foreign_keys:
 
 Adding multiple foreign keys at once
@@ -2558,6 +2615,9 @@ Adding a foreign key requires a ``VACUUM``. On large databases this can be an ex
 
 When you are using this command each foreign key needs to be defined in full, as four arguments - the table, column, other table and other column.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`db.add_foreign_keys() <python_api_add_foreign_keys>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils add-foreign-keys <cli_ref_add_foreign_keys>`
+
 .. _cli_index_foreign_keys:
 
 Adding indexes for all foreign keys
@@ -2569,6 +2629,9 @@ If you want to ensure that every foreign key column in your database has a corre
 
     sqlite-utils index-foreign-keys books.db
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`db.index_foreign_keys() <python_api_index_foreign_keys>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils index-foreign-keys <cli_ref_index_foreign_keys>`
+
 .. _cli_defaults_not_null:
 
 Setting defaults and not null constraints
@@ -2584,6 +2647,9 @@ You can use the ``--not-null`` and ``--default`` options (to both ``insert`` and
         --default age 2 \
         --default score 5
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`not_null= and defaults= arguments <python_api_defaults_not_null>`
+
 .. _cli_create_index:
 
 Creating indexes
@@ -2615,6 +2681,9 @@ If your column names are already prefixed with a hyphen you'll need to manually
 
 Add the ``--analyze`` option to run ``ANALYZE`` against the index after it has been created.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.create_index() <python_api_create_index>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-index <cli_ref_create_index>`
+
 .. _cli_drop_index:
 
 Dropping indexes
@@ -2628,6 +2697,9 @@ You can drop an index from an existing table using the ``drop-index`` command:
 
 Use ``--ignore`` to ignore the error if the index does not exist on that table.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.drop_index() <python_api_create_index>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils drop-index <cli_ref_drop_index>`
+
 .. _cli_fts:
 
 Configuring full-text search
@@ -2681,6 +2753,9 @@ You can rebuild every FTS table by running ``rebuild-fts`` without passing any t
 
     sqlite-utils rebuild-fts mydb.db
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.enable_fts() <python_api_fts_enable>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils enable-fts <cli_ref_enable_fts>`
+
 .. _cli_search:
 
 Executing searches
@@ -2737,6 +2812,9 @@ Use the ``--sql`` option to output the SQL that would be executed, rather than r
     order by
         "documents_fts".rank
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.search() <python_api_fts_search>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils search <cli_ref_search>`
+
 .. _cli_enable_counts:
 
 Enabling cached counts
@@ -2760,6 +2838,9 @@ If the ``_counts`` table ever becomes out-of-sync with the actual table counts y
 
     sqlite-utils reset-counts mydb.db
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.enable_counts() <python_api_cached_table_counts>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils enable-counts <cli_ref_enable_counts>`
+
 .. _cli_analyze:
 
 Optimizing index usage with ANALYZE
@@ -2783,6 +2864,9 @@ You can run it against specific tables, or against specific named indexes, by pa
 
 You can also run ``ANALYZE`` as part of another command using the ``--analyze`` option. This is supported by the ``create-index``, ``insert`` and ``upsert`` commands.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`db.analyze() <python_api_analyze>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils analyze <cli_ref_analyze>`
+
 .. _cli_vacuum:
 
 Vacuum
@@ -2794,6 +2878,9 @@ You can run VACUUM to optimize your database like so:
 
     sqlite-utils vacuum mydb.db
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`db.vacuum() <python_api_vacuum>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils vacuum <cli_ref_vacuum>`
+
 .. _cli_optimize:
 
 Optimize
@@ -2817,6 +2904,9 @@ To optimize specific tables rather than every FTS table, pass those tables as ex
 
     sqlite-utils optimize mydb.db table_1 table_2
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.optimize() <python_api_fts_optimize>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils optimize <cli_ref_optimize>`
+
 .. _cli_wal:
 
 WAL mode
@@ -2836,6 +2926,9 @@ You can disable WAL mode using ``disable-wal``:
 
 Both of these commands accept one or more database files as arguments.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`db.enable_wal() and db.disable_wal() <python_api_wal>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils enable-wal <cli_ref_enable_wal>`
+
 .. _cli_dump:
 
 Dumping the database to SQL
@@ -2851,6 +2944,9 @@ The ``dump`` command outputs a SQL dump of the schema and full contents of the s
     ...
     COMMIT;
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`db.iterdump() <python_api_itedump>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils dump <cli_ref_dump>`
+
 .. _cli_load_extension:
 
 Loading SQLite extensions
@@ -2898,6 +2994,9 @@ Eight (case-insensitive) types are allowed:
 * GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
 * GEOMETRY
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.add_geometry_column() <python_api_gis_add_geometry_column>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils add-geometry-column <cli_ref_add_geometry_column>`
+
 .. _cli_spatialite_indexes:
 
 Adding spatial indexes
@@ -2911,6 +3010,9 @@ Once you have a geometry column, you can speed up bounding box queries by adding
 
 See this `SpatiaLite Cookbook recipe <http://www.gaia-gis.it/gaia-sins/spatialite-cookbook-5/cookbook_topics.03.html#topic_Wonderful_RTree_Spatial_Index>`__ for examples of how to use a spatial index.
 
+.. note::
+    In Python: :ref:`table.create_spatial_index() <python_api_gis_create_spatial_index>`  CLI reference: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-spatial-index <cli_ref_create_spatial_index>`
+
 .. _cli_install:
 
 Installing packages

docs/conf.py

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import inspect
-from pathlib import Path
-from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, check_output
 import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import PIPE, CalledProcessError, Popen, check_output
 
 # This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its
 # containing dir.
@@ -50,7 +47,7 @@ extlinks = {
 def _linkcode_git_ref():
     try:
         return check_output(["git", "rev-parse", "HEAD"]).decode("utf8").strip()
-    except Exception:
+    except (CalledProcessError, OSError):
         return "main"
 
 
@@ -79,7 +76,7 @@ def linkcode_resolve(domain, info):
         obj = inspect.unwrap(obj)
         source_file = inspect.getsourcefile(obj)
         _, line_number = inspect.getsourcelines(obj)
-    except Exception:
+    except (OSError, TypeError, ValueError):
         return None
 
     if source_file is None:

docs/python-api.rst

@@ -184,6 +184,9 @@ You can attach an additional database using the ``.attach()`` method, providing
 
 You can reference tables in the attached database using the alias value you passed to ``db.attach(alias, filepath)`` as a prefix, for example the ``second.table_in_second`` reference in the SQL query above.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils --attach <cli_query_attach>`
+
 .. _python_api_tracing:
 
 Tracing queries
@@ -254,6 +257,9 @@ If a query returns more than one column with the same name - a join between two
 
 A suffix that would collide with another column in the query is skipped - ``select 1 as id, 2 as id, 3 as id_2`` returns ``{'id': 1, 'id_3': 2, 'id_2': 3}``. The same renaming is applied by ``table.rows_where()`` and ``table.search()``.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils query <cli_query>`
+
 .. _python_api_execute:
 
 db.execute(sql, params)
@@ -320,11 +326,15 @@ Every method in this library that writes to the database - ``insert()``, ``upser
 
 The same applies to raw SQL executed with :ref:`db.execute() <python_api_transactions_execute>` - a write statement is committed as soon as it has run.
 
+Another way to think about this is that each sqlite-utils method call is its own unit of work. If several method calls must either all succeed or all fail, use ``db.atomic()`` to turn them into a single unit of work.
+
 You never need to call ``commit()``, and you do not need to close the database to persist your changes. There are exactly two situations where you need to think about transactions:
 
 1. You want to group several write operations together, so they either all succeed or all fail - use :ref:`db.atomic() <python_api_atomic>`.
 2. You are :ref:`managing a transaction yourself <python_api_transactions_manual>` with ``db.begin()``, in which case nothing is committed until you commit - the library will never commit a transaction you opened.
 
+``with Database(...) as db:`` is not a transaction block. It manages the lifetime of the database connection and closes it on exit. Use ``with db.atomic():`` for a transaction.
+
 .. _python_api_atomic:
 
 Grouping changes with db.atomic()
@@ -340,6 +350,27 @@ Use ``db.atomic()`` to group multiple operations in a single transaction:
 
 The transaction commits when the block exits. If an exception is raised, changes made inside the block will be rolled back.
 
+This matters when several operations represent a single logical change. Without ``db.atomic()``, an earlier method call remains committed if a later one fails:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # These are two separate transactions
+    db.table("accounts").update(1, {"balance": 90})
+    db.table("accounts").update(2, {"balance": 110})
+
+    # These updates either both succeed or both fail
+    with db.atomic():
+        db.table("accounts").update(1, {"balance": 90})
+        db.table("accounts").update(2, {"balance": 110})
+
+Transactions can also improve performance. Calling ``insert()`` repeatedly outside ``db.atomic()`` creates and commits a separate transaction for every call. For bulk inserts, prefer :ref:`insert_all() <python_api_bulk_inserts>`. If you need to call several different methods in a loop, wrap the loop in ``db.atomic()``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    with db.atomic():
+        for row in rows:
+            db.table("events").insert(row)
+
 ``db.atomic()`` can be nested. Nested blocks use SQLite savepoints, so an exception in an inner block can roll back to that savepoint without rolling back the entire outer transaction:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -368,6 +399,8 @@ Write statements executed with :ref:`db.execute() <python_api_execute>` follow t
     db.execute("insert into news (headline) values (?)", ["Dog wins award"])
     # Already committed
 
+``db.execute()`` participates in sqlite-utils transaction handling. Calling ``db.conn.execute()`` directly bypasses that policy and leaves transaction handling to Python's underlying ``sqlite3.Connection``. Prefer ``db.execute()`` unless you deliberately need the lower-level API.
+
 If a transaction is open - because the call happens inside a ``db.atomic()`` block, or after ``db.begin()`` - the statement becomes part of that transaction instead, and commits when the transaction commits:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -399,9 +432,12 @@ You can take full manual control using the ``db.begin()``, ``db.commit()`` and `
 
 The library will never commit a transaction you opened. If you call write methods such as ``insert()`` - or use ``db.atomic()`` - while your transaction is open, they participate in it using SQLite savepoints instead of committing: exiting an ``atomic()`` block releases its savepoint, but nothing is saved to disk until you commit the outer transaction yourself. If you roll back, their changes are rolled back too.
 
-Two related safeguards to be aware of:
+Prefer ``db.atomic()`` or ``db.begin()``, ``db.commit()`` and ``db.rollback()`` over mixing sqlite-utils transaction methods with calls to ``db.conn.commit()``, ``db.conn.rollback()`` or raw transaction-control SQL. Mixing the two layers makes it much harder to tell which layer owns the current transaction.
+
+Some related safeguards to be aware of:
 
 - ``db.enable_wal()`` and ``db.disable_wal()`` raise a ``sqlite_utils.db.TransactionError`` if called while a transaction is open, because changing the journal mode would commit it as a side effect.
+- ``table.transform()`` raises a ``sqlite_utils.db.TransactionError`` if called while a transaction is open with ``PRAGMA foreign_keys`` enabled and the table is referenced by foreign keys with destructive ``ON DELETE`` actions, because the pragma cannot be turned off mid-transaction to protect those referencing rows - see :ref:`python_api_transform_foreign_keys_transactions`.
 - Closing the database - explicitly with ``db.close()``, or by exiting a ``with Database(...) as db:`` block - rolls back any transaction that is still open, see :ref:`python_api_close`.
 
 .. _python_api_transactions_modes:
@@ -409,9 +445,11 @@ Two related safeguards to be aware of:
 Supported connection modes
 --------------------------
 
-``db.atomic()`` and the automatic per-method transactions require a connection in Python's default transaction handling mode. Passing a connection created with the Python 3.12+ ``sqlite3.connect(..., autocommit=True)`` or ``autocommit=False`` options to ``Database()`` raises a ``sqlite_utils.db.TransactionError``.
+``db.atomic()`` and the automatic per-method transactions currently require a connection using Python's legacy transaction control mode (``sqlite3.LEGACY_TRANSACTION_CONTROL`` on Python 3.12 and later). Passing a connection created with the Python 3.12+ ``sqlite3.connect(..., autocommit=True)`` or ``autocommit=False`` options to ``Database()`` raises a ``sqlite_utils.db.TransactionError``.
 
-This is because ``commit()`` and ``rollback()`` behave differently on those connections - under ``autocommit=True`` they are documented no-ops - which would cause every write made by this library to be silently discarded when the connection closed, rather than failing loudly.
+Connections using ``autocommit=False`` are not supported because Python keeps a transaction open continuously. sqlite-utils uses ``Connection.in_transaction`` to distinguish its own transactions from transactions opened by its caller, and that distinction is not available in this mode.
+
+Connections using ``autocommit=True`` are also currently rejected because sqlite-utils has not formally exposed that as a supported configuration.
 
 .. _python_api_table:
 
@@ -466,6 +504,9 @@ You can also iterate through the table objects themselves using the ``.tables``
     >>> db.tables
     [<Table dogs>]
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils tables <cli_tables>`
+
 .. _python_api_views:
 
 Listing views
@@ -491,6 +532,9 @@ View objects are similar to Table objects, except that any attempts to insert or
 * ``rows_where(where, where_args, order_by, select)``
 * ``drop()``
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils views <cli_views>`
+
 .. _python_api_rows:
 
 Listing rows
@@ -546,6 +590,9 @@ This method also accepts ``offset=`` and ``limit=`` arguments, for specifying an
     ...     print(row)
     {'id': 1, 'age': 4, 'name': 'Cleo'}
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils rows <cli_rows>`
+
 .. _python_api_rows_count_where:
 
 Counting rows
@@ -630,6 +677,9 @@ The ``db.schema`` property returns the full SQL schema for the database as a str
         "name" TEXT
     );
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils schema <cli_schema>`
+
 .. _python_api_creating_tables:
 
 Creating tables
@@ -778,6 +828,9 @@ You can pass ``strict=True`` to create a table in ``STRICT`` mode:
         "name": str,
     }, strict=True)
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-table <cli_create_table>`
+
 .. _python_api_compound_primary_keys:
 
 Compound primary keys
@@ -958,6 +1011,9 @@ Here's an example that uses these features:
     # )
 
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils insert --not-null and --default <cli_defaults_not_null>`
+
 .. _python_api_rename_table:
 
 Renaming a table
@@ -975,6 +1031,9 @@ This executes the following SQL:
 
     ALTER TABLE [my_table] RENAME TO [new_name_for_my_table]
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils rename-table <cli_renaming_tables>`
+
 .. _python_api_duplicate:
 
 Duplicating tables
@@ -990,6 +1049,9 @@ The new ``authors_copy`` table will now contain a duplicate copy of the data fro
 
 This method raises ``sqlite_utils.db.NoTable`` if the table does not exist.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils duplicate <cli_duplicate_table>`
+
 .. _python_api_bulk_inserts:
 
 Bulk inserts
@@ -1032,6 +1094,9 @@ You can delete all the existing rows in the table before inserting the new recor
 
 Pass ``analyze=True`` to run ``ANALYZE`` against the table after inserting the new records.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils insert <cli_inserting_data>`
+
 .. _python_api_insert_lists:
 
 Inserting data from a list or tuple iterator
@@ -1109,6 +1174,9 @@ To replace any existing records that have a matching primary key, use the ``repl
 .. note::
     Prior to sqlite-utils 2.0 the ``.upsert()`` and ``.upsert_all()`` methods worked the same way as ``.insert(replace=True)`` does today. See :ref:`python_api_upsert` for the new behaviour of those methods introduced in 2.0.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils insert --replace <cli_insert_replace>`
+
 .. _python_api_update:
 
 Updating a specific record
@@ -1194,6 +1262,9 @@ Every record passed to ``upsert()`` or ``upsert_all()`` must include a value for
 .. note::
     ``.upsert()`` and ``.upsert_all()`` in sqlite-utils 1.x worked like ``.insert(..., replace=True)`` and ``.insert_all(..., replace=True)`` do in 2.x. See `issue #66 <https://github.com/simonw/sqlite-utils/issues/66>`__ for details of this change.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils upsert <cli_upsert>`
+
 .. _python_api_old_upsert:
 
 Alternative upserts using INSERT OR IGNORE
@@ -1545,6 +1616,9 @@ You can set a ``NOT NULL DEFAULT 'x'`` constraint on the new column using ``not_
 
     db.table("dogs").add_column("friends_count", int, not_null_default=0)
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils add-column <cli_add_column>`
+
 .. _python_api_add_column_alter:
 
 Adding columns automatically on insert/update
@@ -1568,6 +1642,9 @@ You can insert or update data that includes new columns and have the table autom
     new_table = db.table("new_table", alter=True)
     new_table.insert({"name": "Gareth", "age": 32, "shoe_size": 11})
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils insert --alter <cli_add_column_alter>`
+
 .. _python_api_add_foreign_key:
 
 Adding foreign key constraints
@@ -1626,6 +1703,9 @@ Use ``on_delete=`` and ``on_update=`` to specify ``ON DELETE`` and ``ON UPDATE``
 
 This creates a foreign key with an ``ON DELETE CASCADE`` clause, so deleting an author will also delete their books (provided foreign key enforcement is enabled with ``PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON``). Valid actions are ``"SET NULL"``, ``"SET DEFAULT"``, ``"CASCADE"``, ``"RESTRICT"`` and the default ``"NO ACTION"``.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils add-foreign-key <cli_add_foreign_key>`
+
 .. _python_api_add_foreign_keys:
 
 Adding multiple foreign key constraints at once
@@ -1646,6 +1726,9 @@ This method runs the same checks as ``.add_foreign_keys()`` and will raise ``sql
 
 Foreign keys that already exist are silently skipped, so repeated calls are idempotent - but only if they match exactly. Requesting a foreign key that exists with different ``ON DELETE``/``ON UPDATE`` actions raises ``AlterError``: use ``table.transform()`` to change the actions of an existing foreign key.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils add-foreign-keys <cli_add_foreign_keys>`
+
 .. _python_api_index_foreign_keys:
 
 Adding indexes for all foreign keys
@@ -1659,6 +1742,9 @@ If you want to ensure that every foreign key column in your database has a corre
 
 Compound foreign keys get a single composite index across their columns.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils index-foreign-keys <cli_index_foreign_keys>`
+
 .. _python_api_drop:
 
 Dropping a table or view
@@ -1680,6 +1766,9 @@ Pass ``ignore=True`` if you want to ignore the error caused by the table or view
 
     db.table("my_table").drop(ignore=True)
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils drop-table <cli_drop_table>` and :ref:`sqlite-utils drop-view <cli_drop_view>`
+
 .. _python_api_transform:
 
 Transforming a table
@@ -1708,6 +1797,9 @@ To keep the original table around instead of dropping it, pass the ``keep_table=
 
 This method raises a ``sqlite_utils.db.TransformError`` exception if the table cannot be transformed, usually because there are existing constraints or indexes that are incompatible with modifications to the columns.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils transform <cli_transform_table>`
+
 .. _python_api_transform_alter_column_types:
 
 Altering column types
@@ -1722,6 +1814,29 @@ To alter the type of a column, use the ``types=`` argument:
 
 See :ref:`python_api_add_column` for a list of available types.
 
+.. _python_api_transform_strict:
+
+Changing strict mode
+--------------------
+
+The optional ``strict=`` parameter can change whether a table uses `SQLite STRICT mode <https://www.sqlite.org/stricttables.html>`__. Pass ``strict=True`` to convert a regular table to a strict table:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    table.transform(strict=True)
+
+Pass ``strict=False`` to convert a strict table back to a regular non-strict table:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    table.transform(strict=False)
+
+The default is ``strict=None``, which preserves the table's existing strict mode.
+
+Passing ``strict=True`` raises ``sqlite_utils.db.TransformError`` if the available SQLite version does not support strict tables.
+
+Converting to a strict table validates all existing rows as they are copied into the replacement table. If a value is incompatible with its declared column type, SQLite raises ``sqlite3.IntegrityError`` and the transformation is rolled back, leaving the original table and its data unchanged.
+
 .. _python_api_transform_rename_columns:
 
 Renaming columns
@@ -1882,6 +1997,36 @@ If you want to do something more advanced, you can call the ``table.transform_sq
 
 This method will return a list of SQL statements that should be executed to implement the change. You can then make modifications to that SQL - or add additional SQL statements - before executing it yourself.
 
+.. _python_api_transform_foreign_keys_transactions:
+
+Foreign keys and transactions
+-----------------------------
+
+Because ``.transform()`` drops the old table, running it with ``PRAGMA foreign_keys`` enabled could fire ``ON DELETE`` actions on any tables that reference it - an inbound ``ON DELETE CASCADE`` foreign key would silently delete those referencing rows. To prevent this, ``.transform()`` turns ``PRAGMA foreign_keys`` off for the duration of the operation and restores it afterwards, running ``PRAGMA foreign_key_check`` before committing.
+
+``PRAGMA foreign_keys`` cannot be changed inside a transaction, so this protection is impossible if you call ``.transform()`` while a transaction is already open - for example inside a ``with db.atomic():`` block or after ``db.begin()``. If ``PRAGMA foreign_keys`` is on and another table references the table being transformed with a destructive ``ON DELETE`` action - ``CASCADE``, ``SET NULL`` or ``SET DEFAULT`` - the method will refuse to run and raise a ``sqlite_utils.db.TransactionError``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from sqlite_utils.db import TransactionError
+
+    try:
+        with db.atomic():
+            db["authors"].transform(types={"id": str})
+    except TransactionError as ex:
+        print("Could not transform in transaction:", ex)
+
+To transform such a table either call ``.transform()`` outside of the transaction, or execute ``PRAGMA foreign_keys = off`` before opening it:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = off")
+    with db.atomic():
+        db["authors"].transform(types={"id": str})
+    db.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = on")
+
+Tables referenced by foreign keys without a destructive action (the default ``NO ACTION``, or ``RESTRICT``) can still be transformed inside a transaction - sqlite-utils uses ``PRAGMA defer_foreign_keys`` to postpone the foreign key checks until the transaction commits.
+
 .. _python_api_extract:
 
 Extracting columns into a separate table
@@ -2040,6 +2185,9 @@ This produces a lookup table like so:
 
 Rows where every extracted column is ``null`` are not extracted: no record is created for them in the lookup table and their foreign key column is left as ``null``. When extracting multiple columns, rows where at least one of the extracted columns has a value will be extracted as usual.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils extract <cli_extract>`
+
 .. _python_api_hash:
 
 Setting an ID based on the hash of the row contents
@@ -2101,6 +2249,9 @@ You can pass ``ignore=True`` to silently ignore an existing view and do nothing,
         select * from dogs where is_good_dog = 1
     """, replace=True)
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-view <cli_create_view>`
+
 Storing JSON
 ============
 
@@ -2219,6 +2370,9 @@ If you are using ``pysqlite3`` the underlying method may be missing. If you inst
 
     pip install sqlite-dump
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils dump <cli_dump>`
+
 .. _python_api_introspection:
 
 Introspecting tables and views
@@ -2418,6 +2572,9 @@ The ``.indexes`` property returns all indexes created for a table, as a list of
      Index(seq=4, name='"Street_Tree_List_qCaretaker"', unique=0, origin='c', partial=0, columns=['qCaretaker']),
      Index(seq=5, name='"Street_Tree_List_PlantType"', unique=0, origin='c', partial=0, columns=['PlantType'])]
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils indexes <cli_indexes>`
+
 .. _python_api_introspection_xindexes:
 
 .xindexes
@@ -2461,6 +2618,9 @@ The ``.triggers`` property lists database triggers. It can be used on both datab
     >>> db.triggers
     ... similar output to db.table("authors").triggers
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils triggers <cli_triggers>`
+
 .. _python_api_introspection_triggers_dict:
 
 .triggers_dict
@@ -2609,6 +2769,9 @@ To remove the FTS tables and triggers you created, use the ``disable_fts()`` tab
 
     db.table("dogs").disable_fts()
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils enable-fts <cli_fts>`
+
 .. _python_api_quote_fts:
 
 Quoting characters for use in search
@@ -2673,6 +2836,9 @@ To return just the title and published columns for three matches for ``"dog"`` w
     ):
         print(article)
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils search <cli_search>`
+
 .. _python_api_fts_search_sql:
 
 Building SQL queries with table.search_sql()
@@ -2757,6 +2923,9 @@ This runs the following SQL::
 
     INSERT INTO dogs_fts (dogs_fts) VALUES ("rebuild");
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils rebuild-fts <cli_fts>`
+
 .. _python_api_fts_optimize:
 
 Optimizing a full-text search table
@@ -2772,6 +2941,9 @@ This runs the following SQL::
 
     INSERT INTO dogs_fts (dogs_fts) VALUES ("optimize");
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils optimize <cli_optimize>`
+
 .. _python_api_cached_table_counts:
 
 Cached table counts using triggers
@@ -2834,6 +3006,9 @@ If the ``_counts`` table ever becomes out-of-sync with the actual table counts y
 
     db.reset_counts()
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils enable-counts <cli_enable_counts>`
+
 .. _python_api_create_index:
 
 Creating indexes
@@ -2885,6 +3060,9 @@ You can drop an index from a table using ``.drop_index(index_name)``:
 
 Use ``ignore=True`` to ignore the error if the index does not exist.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-index <cli_create_index>` and :ref:`sqlite-utils drop-index <cli_drop_index>`
+
 .. _python_api_analyze:
 
 Optimizing index usage with ANALYZE
@@ -2912,6 +3090,9 @@ To run against all indexes attached to a specific table, you can either pass the
 
     db.table("dogs").analyze()
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils analyze <cli_analyze>`
+
 .. _python_api_vacuum:
 
 Vacuum
@@ -2923,6 +3104,9 @@ You can optimize your database by running VACUUM against it like so:
 
     Database("my_database.db").vacuum()
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils vacuum <cli_vacuum>`
+
 .. _python_api_wal:
 
 WAL mode
@@ -2950,6 +3134,9 @@ You can check the current journal mode for a database using the ``journal_mode``
 
 This will usually be ``wal`` or ``delete`` (meaning WAL is disabled), but can have other values - see the `PRAGMA journal_mode <https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode>`__ documentation.
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils enable-wal and disable-wal <cli_wal>`
+
 .. _python_api_suggest_column_types:
 
 Suggesting column types
@@ -3090,6 +3277,9 @@ You can cause ``sqlite3`` to return more useful errors, including the traceback
 
     sqlite3.enable_callback_tracebacks(True)
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils query --functions <cli_query_functions>`
+
 .. _python_api_quote:
 
 Quoting strings for use in SQL
@@ -3222,6 +3412,9 @@ Initialize SpatiaLite
 .. automethod:: sqlite_utils.db.Database.init_spatialite
    :noindex:
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-database --init-spatialite <cli_create_database>`
+
 .. _python_api_gis_find_spatialite:
 
 Finding SpatiaLite
@@ -3237,6 +3430,9 @@ Adding geometry columns
 .. automethod:: sqlite_utils.db.Table.add_geometry_column
    :noindex:
 
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils add-geometry-column <cli_spatialite>`
+
 .. _python_api_gis_create_spatial_index:
 
 Creating a spatial index
@@ -3244,3 +3440,6 @@ Creating a spatial index
 
 .. automethod:: sqlite_utils.db.Table.create_spatial_index
    :noindex:
+
+.. note::
+    In the CLI: :ref:`sqlite-utils create-spatial-index <cli_spatialite_indexes>`

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "sqlite-utils"
-version = "4.0"
+version = "4.1.1"
 description = "CLI tool and Python library for manipulating SQLite databases"
 readme = { file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown" }
 authors = [
@@ -79,7 +79,14 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 max-line-length = 160
 # Black compatibility, E203 whitespace before ':':
 extend-ignore = ["E203"]
-extend-exclude = [".venv", "build", "dist", "docs", "sqlite_utils.egg-info"]
+extend-exclude = [
+    ".venv",
+    ".claude",
+    "build",
+    "dist",
+    "docs",
+    "sqlite_utils.egg-info",
+]
 
 [tool.setuptools.package-data]
 sqlite_utils = ["py.typed"]

sqlite_utils/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from .utils import suggest_column_types
-from .hookspecs import hookimpl
-from .hookspecs import hookspec
 from .db import Database
+from .hookspecs import hookimpl, hookspec
 from .migrations import Migrations
+from .utils import suggest_column_types
 
-__all__ = ["Database", "Migrations", "suggest_column_types", "hookimpl", "hookspec"]
+__all__ = ["Database", "Migrations", "hookimpl", "hookspec", "suggest_column_types"]

sqlite_utils/cli.py

@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
 import base64
+import csv as csv_std
 import difflib
-from typing import Any
-import click
-from click_default_group import DefaultGroup
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
 import hashlib
+import inspect
+import io
+import itertools
+import json
+import os
 import pathlib
+import pdb  # noqa: T100
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from runpy import run_module
+from typing import Any
+
+import click
+import tabulate
+from click_default_group import DefaultGroup
+
 import sqlite_utils
+from sqlite_utils import recipes
 from sqlite_utils.db import (
+    DEFAULT,
     AlterError,
     BadMultiValues,
-    DEFAULT,
     DescIndex,
     InvalidColumns,
     NoTable,
@@ -19,36 +32,28 @@ from sqlite_utils.db import (
     PrimaryKeyRequired,
     quote_identifier,
 )
-from sqlite_utils.plugins import ensure_plugins_loaded, pm, get_plugins
+from sqlite_utils.plugins import ensure_plugins_loaded, get_plugins, pm
 from sqlite_utils.utils import maximize_csv_field_size_limit
-from sqlite_utils import recipes
-import textwrap
-import inspect
-import io
-import itertools
-import json
-import os
-import pdb
-import sys
-import csv as csv_std
-import tabulate
+
 from .utils import (
+    Format,
     OperationalError,
+    TypeTracker,
     _compile_code,
     chunks,
+    decode_base64_values,
     dedupe_keys,
     file_progress,
     find_spatialite,
-    flatten as _flatten,
-    sqlite3,
-    decode_base64_values,
     progressbar,
     rows_from_file,
-    Format,
-    TypeTracker,
+    sqlite3,
+)
+from .utils import (
+    flatten as _flatten,
 )
 
-CONTEXT_SETTINGS = dict(help_option_names=["-h", "--help"])
+CONTEXT_SETTINGS = {"help_option_names": ["-h", "--help"]}
 
 
 def _register_db_for_cleanup(db):
@@ -67,7 +72,7 @@ def _close_databases(ctx):
     for db in ctx.meta.get("_databases_to_close", []):
         try:
             db.close()
-        except Exception:
+        except sqlite3.Error:
             pass
 
 
@@ -174,7 +179,6 @@ def functions_option(fn):
 @click.version_option()
 def cli():
     "Commands for interacting with a SQLite database"
-    pass
 
 
 @cli.command()
@@ -891,7 +895,7 @@ def enable_counts(path, tables, load_extension):
         # Check all tables exist
         bad_tables = [table for table in tables if not db[table].exists()]
         if bad_tables:
-            raise click.ClickException("Invalid tables: {}".format(bad_tables))
+            raise click.ClickException(f"Invalid tables: {bad_tables}")
         for table in tables:
             db.table(table).enable_counts()
 
@@ -1140,9 +1144,7 @@ def insert_upsert_implementation(
                 )
             ):
                 raise click.ClickException(
-                    "{}\n\nTry using --alter to add additional columns".format(
-                        e.args[0]
-                    )
+                    f"{e.args[0]}\n\nTry using --alter to add additional columns"
                 )
             # If we can find sql= and parameters= arguments, show those
             variables = _find_variables(e.__traceback__, ["sql", "parameters"])
@@ -1240,7 +1242,7 @@ def insert_upsert_implementation(
             reader = csv_std.reader(decoded, **csv_reader_args)  # type: ignore
             first_row = next(reader)
             if no_headers:
-                headers = ["untitled_{}".format(i + 1) for i in range(len(first_row))]
+                headers = [f"untitled_{i + 1}" for i in range(len(first_row))]
                 reader = itertools.chain([first_row], reader)
             else:
                 headers = first_row
@@ -1269,9 +1271,7 @@ def insert_upsert_implementation(
                         docs = [docs]
             except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError as ex:
                 raise click.ClickException(
-                    "Invalid JSON - use --csv for CSV or --tsv for TSV files\n\nJSON error: {}".format(
-                        ex
-                    )
+                    f"Invalid JSON - use --csv for CSV or --tsv for TSV files\n\nJSON error: {ex}"
                 )
             if flatten:
                 docs = (_flatten(doc) for doc in docs)
@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ def insert_upsert_implementation(
                 docs = (fn(doc["line"]) for doc in docs)
             elif text:
                 # Special case: this is allowed to be an iterable
-                text_value = list(docs)[0]["text"]
+                text_value = next(iter(docs))["text"]
                 fn_return = fn(text_value)
                 if isinstance(fn_return, dict):
                     docs = [fn_return]
@@ -1774,17 +1774,14 @@ def create_table(
         ctype = columns.pop(0)
         if ctype.upper() not in VALID_COLUMN_TYPES:
             raise click.ClickException(
-                "column types must be one of {}".format(VALID_COLUMN_TYPES)
+                f"column types must be one of {VALID_COLUMN_TYPES}"
             )
         coltypes[name] = ctype.upper()
     # Does table already exist?
-    if table in db.table_names():
-        if not ignore and not replace and not transform:
-            raise click.ClickException(
-                'Table "{}" already exists. Use --replace to delete and replace it.'.format(
-                    table
-                )
-            )
+    if table in db.table_names() and not ignore and not replace and not transform:
+        raise click.ClickException(
+            f'Table "{table}" already exists. Use --replace to delete and replace it.'
+        )
     db.table(table).create(
         coltypes,
         pk=pks[0] if len(pks) == 1 else pks,
@@ -1819,7 +1816,7 @@ def duplicate(path, table, new_table, ignore, load_extension):
         db.table(table).duplicate(new_table)
     except NoTable:
         if not ignore:
-            raise click.ClickException('Table "{}" does not exist'.format(table))
+            raise click.ClickException(f'Table "{table}" does not exist')
 
 
 @cli.command(name="rename-table")
@@ -1843,9 +1840,7 @@ def rename_table(path, table, new_name, ignore, load_extension):
         db.rename_table(table, new_name)
     except sqlite3.OperationalError as ex:
         if not ignore:
-            raise click.ClickException(
-                'Table "{}" could not be renamed. {}'.format(table, str(ex))
-            )
+            raise click.ClickException(f'Table "{table}" could not be renamed. {ex!s}')
 
 
 @cli.command(name="drop-table")
@@ -1874,10 +1869,10 @@ def drop_table(path, table, ignore, load_extension):
         # A view exists with this name
         if not ignore:
             raise click.ClickException(
-                '"{}" is a view, not a table - use drop-view to drop it'.format(table)
+                f'"{table}" is a view, not a table - use drop-view to drop it'
             )
     except OperationalError:
-        raise click.ClickException('Table "{}" does not exist'.format(table))
+        raise click.ClickException(f'Table "{table}" does not exist')
 
 
 @cli.command(name="create-view")
@@ -1919,9 +1914,7 @@ def create_view(path, view, select, ignore, replace, load_extension):
             db.view(view).drop()
         else:
             raise click.ClickException(
-                'View "{}" already exists. Use --replace to delete and replace it.'.format(
-                    view
-                )
+                f'View "{view}" already exists. Use --replace to delete and replace it.'
             )
     db.create_view(view, select)
 
@@ -1953,9 +1946,9 @@ def drop_view(path, view, ignore, load_extension):
             return
         if view in db.table_names():
             raise click.ClickException(
-                '"{}" is a table, not a view - use drop-table to drop it'.format(view)
+                f'"{view}" is a table, not a view - use drop-table to drop it'
             )
-        raise click.ClickException('View "{}" does not exist'.format(view))
+        raise click.ClickException(f'View "{view}" does not exist')
 
 
 @cli.command()
@@ -2177,7 +2170,7 @@ def memory(
             file_path = pathlib.Path(path)
             stem = file_path.stem
             if stem_counts.get(stem):
-                file_table = "{}_{}".format(stem, stem_counts[stem])
+                file_table = f"{stem}_{stem_counts[stem]}"
             else:
                 file_table = stem
             stem_counts[stem] = stem_counts.get(stem, 1) + 1
@@ -2196,14 +2189,14 @@ def memory(
             if tracker is not None and db.table(file_table).exists():
                 db.table(file_table).transform(types=tracker.types)
             # Add convenient t / t1 / t2 views
-            view_names = ["t{}".format(i + 1)]
+            view_names = [f"t{i + 1}"]
             if i == 0:
                 view_names.append("t")
             for view_name in view_names:
                 if not db[view_name].exists():
                     db.create_view(
                         view_name,
-                        "select * from {}".format(quote_identifier(file_table)),
+                        f"select * from {quote_identifier(file_table)}",
                     )
         finally:
             if should_close_fp and fp:
@@ -2373,19 +2366,17 @@ def search(
     # Check table exists
     table_obj = db.table(dbtable)
     if not table_obj.exists():
-        raise click.ClickException("Table '{}' does not exist".format(dbtable))
+        raise click.ClickException(f"Table '{dbtable}' does not exist")
     if not table_obj.detect_fts():
         raise click.ClickException(
-            "Table '{}' is not configured for full-text search".format(dbtable)
+            f"Table '{dbtable}' is not configured for full-text search"
         )
     if column:
         # Check they all exist
         table_columns = table_obj.columns_dict
         for c in column:
             if c not in table_columns:
-                raise click.ClickException(
-                    "Table '{}' has no column '{}".format(dbtable, c)
-                )
+                raise click.ClickException(f"Table '{dbtable}' has no column '{c}")
     sql = table_obj.search_sql(columns=column, order_by=order, limit=limit)
     if show_sql:
         click.echo(sql)
@@ -2412,7 +2403,7 @@ def search(
     except click.ClickException as e:
         if "malformed MATCH expression" in str(e) or "unterminated string" in str(e):
             raise click.ClickException(
-                "{}\n\nTry running this again with the --quote option".format(str(e))
+                f"{e!s}\n\nTry running this again with the --quote option"
             )
         else:
             raise
@@ -2479,15 +2470,15 @@ def rows(
     columns = "*"
     if column:
         columns = ", ".join(quote_identifier(c) for c in column)
-    sql = "select {} from {}".format(columns, quote_identifier(dbtable))
+    sql = f"select {columns} from {quote_identifier(dbtable)}"
     if where:
         sql += " where " + where
     if order:
         sql += " order by " + order
     if limit:
-        sql += " limit {}".format(limit)
+        sql += f" limit {limit}"
     if offset:
-        sql += " offset {}".format(offset)
+        sql += f" offset {offset}"
     ctx.invoke(
         query,
         path=path,
@@ -2718,6 +2709,11 @@ def schema(
     multiple=True,
     help="Drop foreign key constraint for this column",
 )
+@click.option(
+    "--strict/--no-strict",
+    default=None,
+    help="Enable or disable STRICT mode (default: preserve current mode)",
+)
 @click.option("--sql", is_flag=True, help="Output SQL without executing it")
 @load_extension_option
 def transform(
@@ -2735,6 +2731,7 @@ def transform(
     default_none,
     add_foreign_keys,
     drop_foreign_keys,
+    strict,
     sql,
     load_extension,
 ):
@@ -2754,7 +2751,7 @@ def transform(
     for column, ctype in type:
         if ctype.upper() not in VALID_COLUMN_TYPES:
             raise click.ClickException(
-                "column types must be one of {}".format(VALID_COLUMN_TYPES)
+                f"column types must be one of {VALID_COLUMN_TYPES}"
             )
         types[column] = ctype.upper()
 
@@ -2796,6 +2793,7 @@ def transform(
             defaults=default_dict,
             drop_foreign_keys=drop_foreign_keys_value,
             add_foreign_keys=add_foreign_keys_value,
+            strict=strict,
         ):
             click.echo(line)
     else:
@@ -2809,6 +2807,7 @@ def transform(
             defaults=default_dict,
             drop_foreign_keys=drop_foreign_keys_value,
             add_foreign_keys=add_foreign_keys_value,
+            strict=strict,
         )
 
 
@@ -2850,12 +2849,12 @@ def extract(
     db = sqlite_utils.Database(path)
     _register_db_for_cleanup(db)
     _load_extensions(db, load_extension)
-    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = dict(
-        columns=columns,
-        table=other_table,
-        fk_column=fk_column,
-        rename=dict(rename),
-    )
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
+        "columns": columns,
+        "table": other_table,
+        "fk_column": fk_column,
+        "rename": dict(rename),
+    }
     try:
         db.table(table).extract(**kwargs)
     except (NoTable, InvalidColumns) as e:
@@ -2950,7 +2949,7 @@ def insert_files(
     with progressbar(paths_and_relative_paths, silent=silent) as bar:
 
         def to_insert():
-            for path, relative_path in bar:
+            for file_path, relative_path in bar:
                 row = {}
                 # content_text is special case as it considers 'encoding'
 
@@ -2962,19 +2961,21 @@ def insert_files(
                         raise UnicodeDecodeErrorForPath(e, resolved)
 
                 lookups = dict(FILE_COLUMNS, content_text=_content_text)
-                if path == "-":
+                if file_path == "-":
                     stdin_data = sys.stdin.buffer.read()
                     # We only support a subset of columns for this case
                     lookups = {
                         "name": lambda p: name or "-",
                         "path": lambda p: name or "-",
-                        "content": lambda p: stdin_data,
-                        "content_text": lambda p: stdin_data.decode(
+                        "content": lambda p, data=stdin_data: data,
+                        "content_text": lambda p, data=stdin_data: data.decode(
                             encoding or "utf-8"
                         ),
-                        "sha256": lambda p: hashlib.sha256(stdin_data).hexdigest(),
-                        "md5": lambda p: hashlib.md5(stdin_data).hexdigest(),
-                        "size": lambda p: len(stdin_data),
+                        "sha256": lambda p, data=stdin_data: hashlib.sha256(
+                            data
+                        ).hexdigest(),
+                        "md5": lambda p, data=stdin_data: hashlib.md5(data).hexdigest(),
+                        "size": lambda p, data=stdin_data: len(data),
                     }
                 for coldef in column:
                     if ":" in coldef:
@@ -2982,7 +2983,7 @@ def insert_files(
                     else:
                         colname, coltype = coldef, coldef
                     try:
-                        value = lookups[coltype](path)
+                        value = lookups[coltype](file_path)
                         row[colname] = value
                     except KeyError:
                         raise click.ClickException(
@@ -3010,7 +3011,7 @@ def insert_files(
         except UnicodeDecodeErrorForPath as e:
             raise click.ClickException(
                 UNICODE_ERROR.format(
-                    "Could not read file '{}' as text\n\n{}".format(e.path, e.exception)
+                    f"Could not read file '{e.path}' as text\n\n{e.exception}"
                 )
             )
 
@@ -3188,7 +3189,7 @@ def _generate_convert_help():
     for name in recipe_names:
         fn = getattr(recipes, name)
         doc = textwrap.dedent(fn.__doc__.rstrip()).replace("\b\n", "")
-        help += "\n\nr.{}{}\n\n\b{}".format(name, str(inspect.signature(fn)), doc)
+        help += f"\n\nr.{name}{inspect.signature(fn)!s}\n\n\b{doc}"
     help += "\n\n"
     help += textwrap.dedent("""
     You can use these recipes like so:
@@ -3291,7 +3292,7 @@ def convert(
         """.format(
             column=columns[0],
             table=table,
-            where=" where {}".format(where) if where is not None else "",
+            where=f" where {where}" if where is not None else "",
         )
         for row in db.conn.execute(sql, where_args).fetchall():
             click.echo(str(row[0]))
@@ -3311,7 +3312,7 @@ def convert(
             def wrapped_fn(value):
                 try:
                     return fn_(value)
-                except Exception as ex:
+                except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
                     print("\nException raised, dropping into pdb...:", ex)
                     pdb.post_mortem(ex.__traceback__)
                     sys.exit(1)
@@ -3331,9 +3332,7 @@ def convert(
             )
         except BadMultiValues as e:
             raise click.ClickException(
-                "When using --multi code must return a Python dictionary - returned: {}".format(
-                    repr(e.values)
-                )
+                f"When using --multi code must return a Python dictionary - returned: {e.values!r}"
             )
 
 
@@ -3451,7 +3450,7 @@ def create_spatial_index(db_path, table, column_name, load_extension):
 
 def _find_migration_files(migrations):
     if not migrations:
-        migrations = [pathlib.Path(".").resolve()]
+        migrations = [pathlib.Path.cwd()]
     files = set()
     for path_str in migrations:
         path = pathlib.Path(path_str)
@@ -3476,7 +3475,7 @@ def _load_migration_sets(files):
             "__file__": str(filepath),
             "__name__": "__sqlite_utils_migration__",
         }
-        exec(code, namespace)
+        exec(code, namespace)  # noqa: S102
         migration_sets.extend(
             obj for obj in namespace.values() if _compatible_migration_set(obj)
         )
@@ -3485,17 +3484,17 @@ def _load_migration_sets(files):
 
 def _display_migration_list(db, migration_sets):
     for migration_set in migration_sets:
-        click.echo("Migrations for: {}".format(migration_set.name))
+        click.echo(f"Migrations for: {migration_set.name}")
         click.echo()
         click.echo("  Applied:")
         for migration in migration_set.applied(db):
-            click.echo("    {} - {}".format(migration.name, migration.applied_at))
+            click.echo(f"    {migration.name} - {migration.applied_at}")
         click.echo()
         click.echo("  Pending:")
         output = False
         for migration in migration_set.pending(db):
             output = True
-            click.echo("    {}".format(migration.name))
+            click.echo(f"    {migration.name}")
         if not output:
             click.echo("    (none)")
         click.echo()
@@ -3575,7 +3574,7 @@ def migrate(db_path, migrations, stop_before, list_, verbose):
 
     prev_schema = db.schema
     if verbose:
-        click.echo("Migrating {}".format(db_path))
+        click.echo(f"Migrating {db_path}")
         click.echo("\nSchema before:\n")
         click.echo(textwrap.indent(prev_schema, "  ") or "  (empty)")
         click.echo()
@@ -3586,9 +3585,7 @@ def migrate(db_path, migrations, stop_before, list_, verbose):
             names = {m.name for m in migration_set.pending(db)}
             names.update(m.name for m in migration_set.applied(db))
             known_names.update(names)
-            known_names.update(
-                "{}:{}".format(migration_set.name, name) for name in names
-            )
+            known_names.update(f"{migration_set.name}:{name}" for name in names)
         unknown = [value for value in stop_before if value not in known_names]
         if unknown:
             raise click.ClickException(
@@ -3644,7 +3641,7 @@ def _render_common(title, values):
         return ""
     lines = [title]
     for value, count in values:
-        lines.append("    {}: {}".format(count, value))
+        lines.append(f"    {count}: {value}")
     return "\n".join(lines)
 
 
@@ -3714,7 +3711,7 @@ def maybe_json(value):
     if not isinstance(value, str):
         return value
     stripped = value.strip()
-    if not (stripped.startswith("{") or stripped.startswith("[")):
+    if not (stripped.startswith(("{", "["))):
         return value
     try:
         return json.loads(stripped)
@@ -3732,7 +3729,7 @@ def json_binary(value):
 def verify_is_dict(doc):
     if not isinstance(doc, dict):
         raise click.ClickException(
-            "Rows must all be dictionaries, got: {}".format(repr(doc)[:1000])
+            f"Rows must all be dictionaries, got: {repr(doc)[:1000]}"
         )
     return doc
 
@@ -3760,14 +3757,14 @@ def _register_functions(db, functions):
         try:
             functions = pathlib.Path(functions).read_text()
         except FileNotFoundError:
-            raise click.ClickException("File not found: {}".format(functions))
+            raise click.ClickException(f"File not found: {functions}")
 
     sqlite3.enable_callback_tracebacks(True)
     globals = {}
     try:
-        exec(functions, globals)
+        exec(functions, globals)  # noqa: S102
     except SyntaxError as ex:
-        raise click.ClickException("Error in functions definition: {}".format(ex))
+        raise click.ClickException(f"Error in functions definition: {ex}")
     # Register all callables in the locals dict:
     for name, value in globals.items():
         if callable(value) and not name.startswith("_"):
@@ -3788,12 +3785,12 @@ def _rows_from_code(code):
         try:
             code = pathlib.Path(code).read_text()
         except FileNotFoundError:
-            raise click.ClickException("File not found: {}".format(code))
+            raise click.ClickException(f"File not found: {code}")
     namespace = {}
     try:
-        exec(code, namespace)
+        exec(code, namespace)  # noqa: S102
     except SyntaxError as ex:
-        raise click.ClickException("Error in --code: {}".format(ex))
+        raise click.ClickException(f"Error in --code: {ex}")
     rows = namespace.get("rows")
     if callable(rows):
         rows = rows()

sqlite_utils/hookspecs.py

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import sqlite3
 
 import click
-from pluggy import HookimplMarker
-from pluggy import HookspecMarker
+from pluggy import HookimplMarker, HookspecMarker
 
 hookspec = HookspecMarker("sqlite_utils")
 hookimpl = HookimplMarker("sqlite_utils")

sqlite_utils/migrations.py

@@ -1,19 +1,28 @@
-from collections.abc import Iterable
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 import datetime
-from typing import Callable, cast, TYPE_CHECKING
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Protocol, TypeVar, cast
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sqlite_utils.db import Database, Table
 
 
+class _MigrationFunction(Protocol):
+    __name__: str
+
+    def __call__(self, db: "Database", /) -> None: ...
+
+
+_MigrationFunctionT = TypeVar("_MigrationFunctionT", bound=_MigrationFunction)
+
+
 class Migrations:
     migrations_table = "_sqlite_migrations"
 
     @dataclass
     class _Migration:
         name: str
-        fn: Callable
+        fn: _MigrationFunction
         transactional: bool = True
 
     @dataclass
@@ -32,7 +41,7 @@ class Migrations:
 
     def __call__(
         self, *, name: str | None = None, transactional: bool = True
-    ) -> Callable:
+    ) -> Callable[[_MigrationFunctionT], _MigrationFunctionT]:
         """
         :param name: The name to use for this migration - if not provided,
           the name of the function will be used.
@@ -43,13 +52,11 @@ class Migrations:
           example those that execute ``VACUUM``.
         """
 
-        def inner(func: Callable) -> Callable:
-            migration_name = name or getattr(func, "__name__")
+        def inner(func: _MigrationFunctionT) -> _MigrationFunctionT:
+            migration_name = name or func.__name__
             if any(m.name == migration_name for m in self._migrations):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Migration '{}' is already registered in set '{}'".format(
-                        migration_name, self.name
-                    )
+                    f"Migration '{migration_name}' is already registered in set '{self.name}'"
                 )
             self._migrations.append(
                 self._Migration(migration_name, func, transactional)

sqlite_utils/plugins.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-from typing import Dict, List, Union
+import sys
 
 import pluggy
-import sys
+
 from . import hookspecs
 
 pm: pluggy.PluginManager = pluggy.PluginManager("sqlite_utils")
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ def ensure_plugins_loaded() -> None:
     _plugins_loaded = True
 
 
-def get_plugins() -> List[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]]:
+def get_plugins() -> list[dict[str, str | list[str]]]:
     ensure_plugins_loaded()
-    plugins: List[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = []
+    plugins: list[dict[str, str | list[str]]] = []
     plugin_to_distinfo = dict(pm.list_plugin_distinfo())
     for plugin in pm.get_plugins():
         hookcallers = pm.get_hookcallers(plugin) or []
-        plugin_info: Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]] = {
+        plugin_info: dict[str, str | list[str]] = {
             "name": plugin.__name__,
             "hooks": [h.name for h in hookcallers],
         }

sqlite_utils/recipes.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Callable, Optional
+import json
+from collections.abc import Callable
 
 from dateutil import parser
-import json
 
 IGNORE: object = object()
 SET_NULL: object = object()
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ def parsedate(
     value: str,
     dayfirst: bool = False,
     yearfirst: bool = False,
-    errors: Optional[object] = None,
-) -> Optional[str]:
+    errors: object | None = None,
+) -> str | None:
     """
     Parse a date and convert it to ISO date format: yyyy-mm-dd
     \b
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ def parsedatetime(
     value: str,
     dayfirst: bool = False,
     yearfirst: bool = False,
-    errors: Optional[object] = None,
-) -> Optional[str]:
+    errors: object | None = None,
+) -> str | None:
     """
     Parse a datetime and convert it to ISO datetime format: yyyy-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS
     \b

sqlite_utils/utils.py

@@ -9,20 +9,11 @@ import itertools
 import json
 import os
 import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Iterator
 from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     BinaryIO,
-    Callable,
-    Dict,
-    Generator,
-    Iterable,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    Type,
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
     TypeVar,
     Union,
     cast,
@@ -33,8 +24,8 @@ import click
 from . import recipes
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    import sqlite3  # noqa: F401
-    from sqlite3 import dbapi2  # noqa: F401
+    import sqlite3
+    from sqlite3 import dbapi2
 
     OperationalError = dbapi2.OperationalError
 else:
@@ -44,7 +35,7 @@ else:
         OperationalError = dbapi2.OperationalError
     except ImportError:
         import sqlite3  # noqa: F401
-        from sqlite3 import dbapi2  # noqa: F401
+        from sqlite3 import dbapi2
 
         OperationalError = dbapi2.OperationalError
 
@@ -61,8 +52,8 @@ SPATIALITE_PATHS = (
 ORIGINAL_CSV_FIELD_SIZE_LIMIT = csv.field_size_limit()
 
 # Type alias for row dictionaries - values can be various SQLite-compatible types
-RowValue = Union[None, int, float, str, bytes, bool, List[str]]
-Row = Dict[str, RowValue]
+RowValue = None | int | float | str | bytes | bool | list[str]
+Row = dict[str, RowValue]
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
@@ -103,7 +94,7 @@ def maximize_csv_field_size_limit() -> None:
             field_size_limit = int(field_size_limit / 10)
 
 
-def find_spatialite() -> Optional[str]:
+def find_spatialite() -> str | None:
     """
     The ``find_spatialite()`` function searches for the `SpatiaLite <https://www.gaia-gis.it/fossil/libspatialite/index>`__
     SQLite extension in some common places. It returns a string path to the location, or ``None`` if SpatiaLite was not found.
@@ -132,9 +123,9 @@ def find_spatialite() -> Optional[str]:
 
 
 def suggest_column_types(
-    records: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]],
-) -> Dict[str, type]:
-    all_column_types: Dict[str, Set[type]] = {}
+    records: Iterable[dict[str, Any]],
+) -> dict[str, type]:
+    all_column_types: dict[str, set[type]] = {}
     for record in records:
         for key, value in record.items():
             all_column_types.setdefault(key, set()).add(type(value))
@@ -142,9 +133,9 @@ def suggest_column_types(
 
 
 def types_for_column_types(
-    all_column_types: Dict[str, Set[type]],
-) -> Dict[str, type]:
-    column_types: Dict[str, type] = {}
+    all_column_types: dict[str, set[type]],
+) -> dict[str, type]:
+    column_types: dict[str, type] = {}
     for key, types in all_column_types.items():
         # Ignore null values if at least one other type present:
         if len(types) > 1:
@@ -153,7 +144,7 @@ def types_for_column_types(
         if {None.__class__} == types:
             t = str
         elif len(types) == 1:
-            t = list(types)[0]
+            t = next(iter(types))
             # But if it's a subclass of list / tuple / dict, use str
             # instead as we will be storing it as JSON in the table
             for superclass in (list, tuple, dict):
@@ -190,7 +181,7 @@ def column_affinity(column_type: str) -> type:
     return float
 
 
-def decode_base64_values(doc: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def decode_base64_values(doc: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
     # Looks for '{"$base64": true..., "encoded": ...}' values and decodes them
     to_fix = [
         k
@@ -263,9 +254,9 @@ class RowError(Exception):
 
 
 def _extra_key_strategy(
-    reader: Iterable[Dict[Optional[str], object]],
-    ignore_extras: Optional[bool] = False,
-    extras_key: Optional[str] = None,
+    reader: Iterable[dict[str | None, object]],
+    ignore_extras: bool | None = False,
+    extras_key: str | None = None,
 ) -> Iterable[Row]:
     # Logic for handling CSV rows with more values than there are headings
     for row in reader:
@@ -279,9 +270,7 @@ def _extra_key_strategy(
             yield cast(Row, row)
         elif not extras_key:
             extras = row.pop(None)
-            raise RowError(
-                "Row {} contained these extra values: {}".format(row, extras)
-            )
+            raise RowError(f"Row {row} contained these extra values: {extras}")
         else:
             extras_value = row.pop(None)
             row_out = cast(Row, row)
@@ -291,12 +280,12 @@ def _extra_key_strategy(
 
 def rows_from_file(
     fp: BinaryIO,
-    format: Optional[Format] = None,
-    dialect: Optional[Type[csv.Dialect]] = None,
-    encoding: Optional[str] = None,
-    ignore_extras: Optional[bool] = False,
-    extras_key: Optional[str] = None,
-) -> Tuple[Iterable[Row], Format]:
+    format: Format | None = None,
+    dialect: type[csv.Dialect] | None = None,
+    encoding: str | None = None,
+    ignore_extras: bool | None = False,
+    extras_key: str | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Iterable[Row], Format]:
     """
     Load a sequence of dictionaries from a file-like object containing one of four different formats.
 
@@ -363,7 +352,7 @@ def rows_from_file(
         )
         return (
             _extra_key_strategy(
-                cast(Iterable[Dict[Optional[str], object]], rows),
+                cast(Iterable[dict[str | None, object]], rows),
                 ignore_extras,
                 extras_key,
             ),
@@ -379,7 +368,7 @@ def rows_from_file(
             raise TypeError(
                 "rows_from_file() requires a file-like object that supports peek(), such as io.BytesIO"
             )
-        if first_bytes.startswith(b"[") or first_bytes.startswith(b"{"):
+        if first_bytes.startswith((b"[", b"{")):
             # TODO: Detect newline-JSON
             return rows_from_file(buffered, format=Format.JSON)
         else:
@@ -393,7 +382,7 @@ def rows_from_file(
             detected_format = Format.TSV if dialect.delimiter == "\t" else Format.CSV
             return (
                 _extra_key_strategy(
-                    cast(Iterable[Dict[Optional[str], object]], rows),
+                    cast(Iterable[dict[str | None, object]], rows),
                     ignore_extras,
                     extras_key,
                 ),
@@ -425,9 +414,9 @@ class TypeTracker:
     """
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.trackers: Dict[str, "ValueTracker"] = {}
+        self.trackers: dict[str, ValueTracker] = {}
 
-    def wrap(self, iterator: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    def wrap(self, iterator: Iterable[dict[str, Any]]) -> Iterable[dict[str, Any]]:
         """
         Use this to loop through an existing iterator, tracking the column types
         as part of the iteration.
@@ -441,7 +430,7 @@ class TypeTracker:
             yield row
 
     @property
-    def types(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    def types(self) -> dict[str, str]:
         """
         A dictionary mapping column names to their detected types. This can be passed
         to the ``db[table_name].transform(types=tracker.types)`` method.
@@ -450,17 +439,15 @@ class TypeTracker:
 
 
 class ValueTracker:
-    couldbe: Dict[str, Callable[[object], bool]]
+    couldbe: dict[str, Callable[[object], bool]]
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.couldbe = {key: getattr(self, "test_" + key) for key in self.get_tests()}
 
     @classmethod
-    def get_tests(cls) -> List[str]:
+    def get_tests(cls) -> list[str]:
         return [
-            key.split("test_")[-1]
-            for key in cls.__dict__.keys()
-            if key.startswith("test_")
+            key.split("test_")[-1] for key in cls.__dict__ if key.startswith("test_")
         ]
 
     def test_integer(self, value: object) -> bool:
@@ -492,7 +479,7 @@ class ValueTracker:
     def evaluate(self, value: object) -> None:
         if not value or not self.couldbe:
             return
-        not_these: List[str] = []
+        not_these: list[str] = []
         for name, test in self.couldbe.items():
             if not test(value):
                 not_these.append(name)
@@ -524,14 +511,14 @@ def progressbar(*args: Iterable[T], **kwargs: Any) -> Generator[Any, None, None]
 def _compile_code(
     code: str, imports: Iterable[str], variable: str = "value"
 ) -> Callable[..., Any]:
-    globals_dict: Dict[str, Any] = {"r": recipes, "recipes": recipes}
+    globals_dict: dict[str, Any] = {"r": recipes, "recipes": recipes}
     # Handle imports first so they're available for all approaches
     for import_ in imports:
         globals_dict[import_.split(".")[0]] = __import__(import_)
 
     # If user defined a convert() function, return that
     try:
-        exec(code, globals_dict)
+        exec(code, globals_dict)  # noqa: S102
         return cast(Callable[..., object], globals_dict["convert"])
     except (AttributeError, SyntaxError, NameError, KeyError, TypeError):
         pass
@@ -542,20 +529,20 @@ def _compile_code(
         fn = eval(code, globals_dict)
         if callable(fn):
             return cast(Callable[..., object], fn)
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
         pass
 
     # Try compiling their code as a function instead
     body_variants = [code]
     # If single line and no 'return', try adding the return
     if "\n" not in code and not code.strip().startswith("return "):
-        body_variants.insert(0, "return {}".format(code))
+        body_variants.insert(0, f"return {code}")
 
     code_o = None
     for variant in body_variants:
-        new_code = ["def fn({}):".format(variable)]
+        new_code = [f"def fn({variable}):"]
         for line in variant.split("\n"):
-            new_code.append("    {}".format(line))
+            new_code.append(f"    {line}")
         try:
             code_o = compile("\n".join(new_code), "<string>", "exec")
             break
@@ -566,7 +553,7 @@ def _compile_code(
     if code_o is None:
         raise SyntaxError("Could not compile code")
 
-    exec(code_o, globals_dict)
+    exec(code_o, globals_dict)  # noqa: S102
     return cast(Callable[..., object], globals_dict["fn"])
 
 
@@ -582,7 +569,7 @@ def chunks(sequence: Iterable[T], size: int) -> Iterable[Iterable[T]]:
         yield itertools.chain([item], itertools.islice(iterator, size - 1))
 
 
-def hash_record(record: Dict[str, Any], keys: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None) -> str:
+def hash_record(record: dict[str, Any], keys: Iterable[str] | None = None) -> str:
     """
     ``record`` should be a Python dictionary. Returns a sha1 hash of the
     keys and values in that record.
@@ -603,7 +590,7 @@ def hash_record(record: Dict[str, Any], keys: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None) ->
     :param record: Record to generate a hash for
     :param keys: Subset of keys to use for that hash
     """
-    to_hash: Dict[str, Any] = record
+    to_hash: dict[str, Any] = record
     if keys is not None:
         to_hash = {key: record[key] for key in keys}
     return hashlib.sha1(
@@ -613,7 +600,7 @@ def hash_record(record: Dict[str, Any], keys: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None) ->
     ).hexdigest()
 
 
-def dedupe_keys(keys: Iterable[str]) -> List[str]:
+def dedupe_keys(keys: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
     """
     Rename duplicates in a list of column names so every name is unique,
     by appending ``_2``, ``_3``... to later occurrences - skipping any
@@ -636,7 +623,7 @@ def dedupe_keys(keys: Iterable[str]) -> List[str]:
             new_key = key
             suffix = 2
             while new_key in seen or new_key in taken:
-                new_key = "{}_{}".format(key, suffix)
+                new_key = f"{key}_{suffix}"
                 suffix += 1
             key = new_key
         seen.add(key)
@@ -644,7 +631,7 @@ def dedupe_keys(keys: Iterable[str]) -> List[str]:
     return result
 
 
-def _flatten(d: Dict[str, Any]) -> Generator[Tuple[str, Any], None, None]:
+def _flatten(d: dict[str, Any]) -> Generator[tuple[str, Any], None, None]:
     for key, value in d.items():
         if isinstance(value, dict):
             for key2, value2 in _flatten(value):
@@ -653,7 +640,7 @@ def _flatten(d: Dict[str, Any]) -> Generator[Tuple[str, Any], None, None]:
             yield key, value
 
 
-def flatten(row: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def flatten(row: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """
     Turn a nested dict e.g. ``{"a": {"b": 1}}`` into a flat dict: ``{"a_b": 1}``
 

tests/conftest.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils import Database
 from sqlite_utils.utils import sqlite3
-import pytest
 
 CREATE_TABLES = """
 create table Gosh (c1 text, c2 text, c3 text);
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ def close_all_databases():
     for db in databases:
         try:
             db.close()
-        except Exception:
+        except sqlite3.Error:
             pass
 
 

tests/test_analyze_tables.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import Database, ColumnDetails
-from sqlite_utils import cli
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-import pytest
 import sqlite3
 
+import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from sqlite_utils import cli
+from sqlite_utils.db import ColumnDetails, Database
+
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def db_to_analyze(fresh_db):

tests/test_atomic.py

@@ -28,11 +28,13 @@ from sqlite_utils.utils import sqlite3
             END;
             """,
             [
-                "CREATE TRIGGER t_ai AFTER INSERT ON t\n"
-                "            BEGIN\n"
-                "                UPDATE t SET value = 'a;b' WHERE id = new.id;\n"
-                "                INSERT INTO log VALUES ('x;y');\n"
-                "            END;"
+                (
+                    "CREATE TRIGGER t_ai AFTER INSERT ON t\n"
+                    "            BEGIN\n"
+                    "                UPDATE t SET value = 'a;b' WHERE id = new.id;\n"
+                    "                INSERT INTO log VALUES ('x;y');\n"
+                    "            END;"
+                )
             ],
         ),
     ),
@@ -49,10 +51,9 @@ def test_atomic_commits(fresh_db):
 
 
 def test_atomic_rolls_back(fresh_db):
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
-        with fresh_db.atomic():
-            fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo"}, pk="id")
-            raise RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError), fresh_db.atomic():
+        fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo"}, pk="id")
+        raise RuntimeError("boom")
 
     assert not fresh_db["dogs"].exists()
 
@@ -62,10 +63,9 @@ def test_nested_atomic_rolls_back_to_savepoint(fresh_db):
 
     with fresh_db.atomic():
         fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo"})
-        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
-            with fresh_db.atomic():
-                fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 2, "name": "Pancakes"})
-                raise RuntimeError("boom")
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError), fresh_db.atomic():
+            fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 2, "name": "Pancakes"})
+            raise RuntimeError("boom")
         fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 3, "name": "Marnie"})
 
     assert list(fresh_db["dogs"].rows) == [
@@ -75,20 +75,18 @@ def test_nested_atomic_rolls_back_to_savepoint(fresh_db):
 
 
 def test_outer_atomic_rolls_back_released_savepoint(fresh_db):
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError), fresh_db.atomic():
+        fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo"}, pk="id")
         with fresh_db.atomic():
-            fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo"}, pk="id")
-            with fresh_db.atomic():
-                fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 2, "name": "Pancakes"})
-            raise RuntimeError("boom")
+            fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 2, "name": "Pancakes"})
+        raise RuntimeError("boom")
 
     assert not fresh_db["dogs"].exists()
 
 
 def test_executescript_does_not_commit_open_atomic_block(fresh_db):
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
-        with fresh_db.atomic():
-            fresh_db.executescript("""
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError), fresh_db.atomic():
+        fresh_db.executescript("""
                 CREATE TABLE dogs(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);
                 CREATE TRIGGER dogs_ai AFTER INSERT ON dogs
                 BEGIN
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ def test_executescript_does_not_commit_open_atomic_block(fresh_db):
                 -- This comment has a semicolon;
                 INSERT INTO dogs VALUES (1, 'Cleo; the first');
             """)
-            raise RuntimeError("boom")
+        raise RuntimeError("boom")
 
     assert not fresh_db["dogs"].exists()
 
@@ -105,11 +103,10 @@ def test_executescript_does_not_commit_open_atomic_block(fresh_db):
 def test_transform_does_not_commit_open_atomic_block(fresh_db):
     fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo", "age": "5"}, pk="id")
 
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
-        with fresh_db.atomic():
-            fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 2, "name": "Pancakes", "age": "6"})
-            fresh_db["dogs"].transform(rename={"age": "dog_age"})
-            raise RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError), fresh_db.atomic():
+        fresh_db["dogs"].insert({"id": 2, "name": "Pancakes", "age": "6"})
+        fresh_db["dogs"].transform(rename={"age": "dog_age"})
+        raise RuntimeError("boom")
 
     assert (
         fresh_db["dogs"].schema
@@ -149,10 +146,9 @@ def test_transform_parent_table_with_foreign_keys_rolls_back(fresh_db):
         foreign_keys={"author_id"},
     )
 
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
-        with fresh_db.atomic():
-            fresh_db["authors"].transform(rename={"name": "full_name"})
-            raise RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError), fresh_db.atomic():
+        fresh_db["authors"].transform(rename={"name": "full_name"})
+        raise RuntimeError("boom")
 
     assert (
         fresh_db["authors"].schema
@@ -354,9 +350,11 @@ def test_atomic_preserves_error_from_transaction_destroying_trigger(fresh_db):
     # with "cannot rollback - no transaction is active"
     fresh_db.execute("create table t (id integer primary key, v text)")
     fresh_db.execute(TRIGGER_SQL)
-    with pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError, match="trigger says no"):
-        with fresh_db.atomic():
-            fresh_db.execute("insert into t (v) values ('bad')")
+    with (
+        pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError, match="trigger says no"),
+        fresh_db.atomic(),
+    ):
+        fresh_db.execute("insert into t (v) values ('bad')")
     assert not fresh_db.conn.in_transaction
 
 
@@ -367,16 +365,17 @@ def test_nested_atomic_preserves_error_from_transaction_destroying_trigger(
     # "no such savepoint" from ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
     fresh_db.execute("create table t (id integer primary key, v text)")
     fresh_db.execute(TRIGGER_SQL)
-    with pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError, match="trigger says no"):
-        with fresh_db.atomic():
-            with fresh_db.atomic():
-                fresh_db.execute("insert into t (v) values ('bad')")
+    with (
+        pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError, match="trigger says no"),
+        fresh_db.atomic(),
+        fresh_db.atomic(),
+    ):
+        fresh_db.execute("insert into t (v) values ('bad')")
     assert not fresh_db.conn.in_transaction
 
 
 def test_atomic_preserves_error_from_insert_or_rollback(fresh_db):
     fresh_db["t"].insert({"id": 1}, pk="id")
-    with pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError):
-        with fresh_db.atomic():
-            fresh_db.execute("insert or rollback into t (id) values (1)")
+    with pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError), fresh_db.atomic():
+        fresh_db.execute("insert or rollback into t (id) values (1)")
     assert not fresh_db.conn.in_transaction

tests/test_cli.py

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
-from sqlite_utils import cli, Database
-from sqlite_utils.db import Index, ForeignKey
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-from pathlib import Path
-import subprocess
-import sys
 import json
 import os
-import pytest
+import sqlite3
+import subprocess
+import sys
 import textwrap
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from sqlite_utils import Database, cli
+from sqlite_utils.db import ForeignKey, Index
 
 
 def write_json(file_path, data):
@@ -20,7 +23,7 @@ def _supports_pragma_function_list():
     try:
         db.execute("select * from pragma_function_list()")
         return True
-    except Exception:
+    except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
         return False
     finally:
         db.close()
@@ -183,9 +186,9 @@ def test_output_table(db_path, options, expected):
         db["rows"].insert_all(
             [
                 {
-                    "c1": "verb{}".format(i),
-                    "c2": "noun{}".format(i),
-                    "c3": "adjective{}".format(i),
+                    "c1": f"verb{i}",
+                    "c2": f"noun{i}",
+                    "c3": f"adjective{i}",
                 }
                 for i in range(4)
             ]
@@ -677,9 +680,9 @@ def test_optimize(db_path, tables):
             db[table].insert_all(
                 [
                     {
-                        "c1": "verb{}".format(i),
-                        "c2": "noun{}".format(i),
-                        "c3": "adjective{}".format(i),
+                        "c1": f"verb{i}",
+                        "c2": f"noun{i}",
+                        "c3": f"adjective{i}",
                     }
                     for i in range(10000)
                 ]
@@ -703,9 +706,9 @@ def test_rebuild_fts_fixes_docsize_error(db_path):
     db = Database(db_path, recursive_triggers=False)
     records = [
         {
-            "c1": "verb{}".format(i),
-            "c2": "noun{}".format(i),
-            "c3": "adjective{}".format(i),
+            "c1": f"verb{i}",
+            "c2": f"noun{i}",
+            "c3": f"adjective{i}",
         }
         for i in range(10000)
     ]
@@ -1018,16 +1021,14 @@ def test_query_json_binary(db_path):
             "data": {
                 "$base64": True,
                 "encoded": (
-                    (
-                        "eJzt0c1xAyEMBeC7q1ABHleR3HxNAQrIjmb4M0gelx+RTY7p4N2WBYT0vmufUknH"
-                        "8kq5lz5pqRFXsTOl3pYkE/NJnHXoStruJEVjc0mOCyTqq/ZMJnXEZW1Js2ZvRm5U+"
-                        "DPKk9hRWqjyvTFx0YfzhT6MpGmN2lR1fzxjyfVMD9dFrS+bnkleMpMam/ZGXgrX1I"
-                        "/K+5Au3S/9lNQRh0k4Gq/RUz8GiKfsQm+7JLsJ6fTo5JhVG00ZU76kZZkxePx49uI"
-                        "jnpNoJyYlWUsoaSl/CcVATje/Kxu13RANnrHweaH3V5Jh4jvGyKCnxJLiXPKhmW3f"
-                        "iCnG7Jql7RR3UvFo8jJ4z039dtOkTFmWzL1be9lt8A5II471m6vXy+l0BR/4wAc+8"
-                        "IEPfOADH/jABz7wgQ984AMf+MAHPvCBD3zgAx/4wAc+8IEPfOADH/jABz7wgQ984A"
-                        "Mf+MAHPvCBD3zgAx/4wAc+8IEPfOADH/jABz7wgQ984PuP7xubBoN9"
-                    )
+                    "eJzt0c1xAyEMBeC7q1ABHleR3HxNAQrIjmb4M0gelx+RTY7p4N2WBYT0vmufUknH"
+                    "8kq5lz5pqRFXsTOl3pYkE/NJnHXoStruJEVjc0mOCyTqq/ZMJnXEZW1Js2ZvRm5U+"
+                    "DPKk9hRWqjyvTFx0YfzhT6MpGmN2lR1fzxjyfVMD9dFrS+bnkleMpMam/ZGXgrX1I"
+                    "/K+5Au3S/9lNQRh0k4Gq/RUz8GiKfsQm+7JLsJ6fTo5JhVG00ZU76kZZkxePx49uI"
+                    "jnpNoJyYlWUsoaSl/CcVATje/Kxu13RANnrHweaH3V5Jh4jvGyKCnxJLiXPKhmW3f"
+                    "iCnG7Jql7RR3UvFo8jJ4z039dtOkTFmWzL1be9lt8A5II471m6vXy+l0BR/4wAc+8"
+                    "IEPfOADH/jABz7wgQ984AMf+MAHPvCBD3zgAx/4wAc+8IEPfOADH/jABz7wgQ984A"
+                    "Mf+MAHPvCBD3zgAx/4wAc+8IEPfOADH/jABz7wgQ984PuP7xubBoN9"
                 ),
             },
         }
@@ -1939,6 +1940,64 @@ def test_transform_sql(db_path):
     assert db["dogs"].schema == original_schema
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "initial_strict,args,expected_strict",
+    (
+        (False, [], False),
+        (True, [], True),
+        (False, ["--strict"], True),
+        (True, ["--no-strict"], False),
+    ),
+)
+def test_transform_strict_option(db_path, initial_strict, args, expected_strict):
+    db = Database(db_path)
+    if not db.supports_strict:
+        pytest.skip("SQLite version does not support strict tables")
+    db["dogs"].create({"id": int}, strict=initial_strict)
+
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(cli.cli, ["transform", db_path, "dogs"] + args)
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert db["dogs"].strict is expected_strict
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "initial_strict,flag,sql_is_strict",
+    (
+        (False, "--strict", True),
+        (True, "--no-strict", False),
+    ),
+)
+def test_transform_strict_option_sql(db_path, initial_strict, flag, sql_is_strict):
+    db = Database(db_path)
+    if not db.supports_strict:
+        pytest.skip("SQLite version does not support strict tables")
+    db["dogs"].create({"id": int}, strict=initial_strict)
+
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(cli.cli, ["transform", db_path, "dogs", flag, "--sql"])
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert (") STRICT;" in result.output) is sql_is_strict
+    assert db["dogs"].strict is initial_strict
+
+
+def test_transform_strict_option_with_invalid_data(db_path):
+    db = Database(db_path)
+    if not db.supports_strict:
+        pytest.skip("SQLite version does not support strict tables")
+    dogs = db["dogs"]
+    dogs.create({"id": int})
+    dogs.insert({"id": "not-an-integer"})
+
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(cli.cli, ["transform", db_path, "dogs", "--strict"])
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 1
+    assert isinstance(result.exception, sqlite3.IntegrityError)
+    assert dogs.strict is False
+    assert list(dogs.rows) == [{"id": "not-an-integer"}]
+    assert not any(name.startswith("dogs_new_") for name in db.table_names())
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "extra_args,expected_schema",
     (
@@ -2055,11 +2114,13 @@ _common_other_schema = (
         ),
         (
             ["--rename", "name", "name2"],
-            'CREATE TABLE "trees" (\n'
-            '   "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n'
-            '   "address" TEXT,\n'
-            '   "species_id" INTEGER REFERENCES "species"("id")\n'
-            ")",
+            (
+                'CREATE TABLE "trees" (\n'
+                '   "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n'
+                '   "address" TEXT,\n'
+                '   "species_id" INTEGER REFERENCES "species"("id")\n'
+                ")"
+            ),
             'CREATE TABLE "species" (\n   "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n   "species" TEXT\n)',
         ),
     ],
@@ -2078,9 +2139,9 @@ def test_extract(db_path, args, expected_table_schema, expected_other_schema):
     assert result.exit_code == 0
     schema = db["trees"].schema
     assert schema == expected_table_schema
-    other_schema = [t for t in db.tables if t.name not in ("trees", "Gosh", "Gosh2")][
-        0
-    ].schema
+    other_schema = next(
+        t for t in db.tables if t.name not in ("trees", "Gosh", "Gosh2")
+    ).schema
     assert other_schema == expected_other_schema
 
 
@@ -2372,7 +2433,7 @@ def test_long_csv_column_value(tmpdir):
     with open(csv_path, "w") as csv_file:
         long_string = "a" * 131073
         csv_file.write("id,text\n")
-        csv_file.write("1,{}\n".format(long_string))
+        csv_file.write(f"1,{long_string}\n")
     result = CliRunner().invoke(
         cli.cli,
         ["insert", db_path, "bigtable", csv_path, "--csv"],
@@ -2398,8 +2459,8 @@ def test_import_no_headers(tmpdir, args, tsv):
     csv_path = str(tmpdir / "test.csv")
     with open(csv_path, "w") as csv_file:
         sep = "\t" if tsv else ","
-        csv_file.write("Cleo{sep}Dog{sep}5\n".format(sep=sep))
-        csv_file.write("Tracy{sep}Spider{sep}7\n".format(sep=sep))
+        csv_file.write(f"Cleo{sep}Dog{sep}5\n")
+        csv_file.write(f"Tracy{sep}Spider{sep}7\n")
     result = CliRunner().invoke(
         cli.cli,
         ["insert", db_path, "creatures", csv_path] + args + ["--no-detect-types"],
@@ -2631,7 +2692,9 @@ def test_integer_overflow_error(tmpdir):
 def test_python_dash_m():
     "Tool can be run using python -m sqlite_utils"
     result = subprocess.run(
-        [sys.executable, "-m", "sqlite_utils", "--help"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+        [sys.executable, "-m", "sqlite_utils", "--help"],
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        check=False,
     )
     assert result.returncode == 0
     assert b"Commands for interacting with a SQLite database" in result.stdout
@@ -2771,14 +2834,14 @@ def test_load_extension(entrypoint, should_pass, should_fail):
     for func in should_pass:
         result = CliRunner().invoke(
             cli.cli,
-            ["memory", "select {}()".format(func), "--load-extension", ext],
+            ["memory", f"select {func}()", "--load-extension", ext],
             catch_exceptions=False,
         )
         assert result.exit_code == 0
     for func in should_fail:
         result = CliRunner().invoke(
             cli.cli,
-            ["memory", "select {}()".format(func), "--load-extension", ext],
+            ["memory", f"select {func}()", "--load-extension", ext],
             catch_exceptions=False,
         )
         assert result.exit_code == 1

tests/test_cli_bulk.py

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-from sqlite_utils import cli, Database
 import pathlib
-import pytest
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
 
+import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from sqlite_utils import Database, cli
+
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def test_db_and_path(tmpdir):

tests/test_cli_convert.py

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-from sqlite_utils import cli
-import sqlite_utils
 import json
-import textwrap
 import pathlib
+import textwrap
+
 import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+import sqlite_utils
+from sqlite_utils import cli
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ def test_convert_code(fresh_db_and_path, code):
         cli.cli, ["convert", db_path, "t", "text", code], catch_exceptions=False
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
-    value = list(db["t"].rows)[0]["text"]
+    value = next(iter(db["t"].rows))["text"]
     assert value == "Spooktober"
 
 
@@ -442,7 +444,7 @@ def test_recipe_jsonsplit(tmpdir, delimiter):
     )
     code = "r.jsonsplit(value)"
     if delimiter:
-        code = 'recipes.jsonsplit(value, delimiter="{}")'.format(delimiter)
+        code = f'recipes.jsonsplit(value, delimiter="{delimiter}")'
     args = ["convert", db_path, "example", "tags", code]
     result = CliRunner().invoke(cli.cli, args)
     assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
@@ -470,7 +472,7 @@ def test_recipe_jsonsplit_type(fresh_db_and_path, type, expected_array):
     )
     code = "r.jsonsplit(value)"
     if type:
-        code = "recipes.jsonsplit(value, type={})".format(type)
+        code = f"recipes.jsonsplit(value, type={type})"
     args = ["convert", db_path, "example", "records", code]
     result = CliRunner().invoke(cli.cli, args)
     assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output

tests/test_cli_insert.py

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-from sqlite_utils import cli, Database
-from click.testing import CliRunner
 import json
-import pytest
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
 
+import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from sqlite_utils import Database, cli
+
 
 def test_insert_simple(tmpdir):
     json_path = str(tmpdir / "dog.json")
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ def test_insert_with_primary_keys(db_path, tmpdir, args, expected_pks):
 
 def test_insert_multiple_with_primary_key(db_path, tmpdir):
     json_path = str(tmpdir / "dogs.json")
-    dogs = [{"id": i, "name": "Cleo {}".format(i), "age": i + 3} for i in range(1, 21)]
+    dogs = [{"id": i, "name": f"Cleo {i}", "age": i + 3} for i in range(1, 21)]
     with open(json_path, "w") as fp:
         fp.write(json.dumps(dogs))
     result = CliRunner().invoke(
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ def test_insert_multiple_with_primary_key(db_path, tmpdir):
 def test_insert_multiple_with_compound_primary_key(db_path, tmpdir):
     json_path = str(tmpdir / "dogs.json")
     dogs = [
-        {"breed": "mixed", "id": i, "name": "Cleo {}".format(i), "age": i + 3}
+        {"breed": "mixed", "id": i, "name": f"Cleo {i}", "age": i + 3}
         for i in range(1, 21)
     ]
     with open(json_path, "w") as fp:
@@ -140,8 +142,7 @@ def test_insert_multiple_with_compound_primary_key(db_path, tmpdir):
 def test_insert_not_null_default(db_path, tmpdir):
     json_path = str(tmpdir / "dogs.json")
     dogs = [
-        {"id": i, "name": "Cleo {}".format(i), "age": i + 3, "score": 10}
-        for i in range(1, 21)
+        {"id": i, "name": f"Cleo {i}", "age": i + 3, "score": 10} for i in range(1, 21)
     ]
     with open(json_path, "w") as fp:
         fp.write(json.dumps(dogs))
@@ -587,7 +588,7 @@ def test_insert_streaming_batch_size_1(db_path):
                 return
             tries += 1
             if tries > 10:
-                assert False, "Expected {}, got {}".format(expected, rows)
+                assert False, f"Expected {expected}, got {rows}"
             time.sleep(tries * 0.1)
 
     try_until([{"name": "Azi"}])

tests/test_cli_memory.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import click
 import json
+
+import click
 import pytest
 from click.testing import CliRunner
 
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ def test_memory_csv(tmpdir, sql_from, use_stdin):
             fp.write(content)
     result = CliRunner().invoke(
         cli.cli,
-        ["memory", csv_path, "select * from {}".format(sql_from), "--nl"],
+        ["memory", csv_path, f"select * from {sql_from}", "--nl"],
         input=input,
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ def test_memory_tsv(tmpdir, use_stdin):
         sql_from = "chickens"
     result = CliRunner().invoke(
         cli.cli,
-        ["memory", path, "select * from {}".format(sql_from)],
+        ["memory", path, f"select * from {sql_from}"],
         input=input,
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def test_memory_json(tmpdir, use_stdin):
         sql_from = "chickens"
     result = CliRunner().invoke(
         cli.cli,
-        ["memory", path, "select * from {}".format(sql_from)],
+        ["memory", path, f"select * from {sql_from}"],
         input=input,
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ def test_memory_json_nl(tmpdir, use_stdin):
         sql_from = "chickens"
     result = CliRunner().invoke(
         cli.cli,
-        ["memory", path, "select * from {}".format(sql_from)],
+        ["memory", path, f"select * from {sql_from}"],
         input=input,
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ def test_memory_csv_encoding(tmpdir, use_stdin):
         CliRunner()
         .invoke(
             cli.cli,
-            ["memory", csv_path, "select * from {}".format(sql_from), "--nl"],
+            ["memory", csv_path, f"select * from {sql_from}", "--nl"],
             input=input,
         )
         .exit_code

tests/test_cli_migrate.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import pathlib
 
-from click.testing import CliRunner
 import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
 import sqlite_utils
 import sqlite_utils.cli
 

tests/test_column_affinity.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils.utils import column_affinity
 
 EXAMPLES = [
@@ -41,5 +42,5 @@ def test_column_affinity(column_def, expected_type):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("column_def,expected_type", EXAMPLES)
 def test_columns_dict(fresh_db, column_def, expected_type):
-    fresh_db.execute("create table foo (col {})".format(column_def))
+    fresh_db.execute(f"create table foo (col {column_def})")
     assert {"col": expected_type} == fresh_db["foo"].columns_dict

tests/test_constructor.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils import Database
 from sqlite_utils.db import TransactionError
 from sqlite_utils.utils import sqlite3
-import pytest
-import sys
 
 
 def test_recursive_triggers():
@@ -111,10 +113,3 @@ def test_memory_attribute_for_file_path(tmpdir):
     db = Database(str(tmpdir / "file.db"))
     assert db.memory is False
     assert db.memory_name is None
-
-
-def test_memory_attribute_for_existing_connection():
-    conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
-    db = Database(conn)
-    assert db.memory is False
-    assert db.memory_name is None

tests/test_convert.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import BadMultiValues
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils.db import BadMultiValues
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "columns,fn,expected",

tests/test_create.py

@@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import (
-    Index,
-    Database,
-    DescIndex,
-    AlterError,
-    InvalidColumns,
-    NoObviousTable,
-    OperationalError,
-    ForeignKey,
-    Table,
-    View,
-    NoTable,
-    NoView,
-)
-from sqlite_utils.utils import hash_record, sqlite3
 import collections
 import datetime
 import decimal
 import json
 import pathlib
-import pytest
 import uuid
 
+import pytest
+
+from sqlite_utils.db import (
+    AlterError,
+    Database,
+    DescIndex,
+    ForeignKey,
+    Index,
+    InvalidColumns,
+    NoObviousTable,
+    NoTable,
+    NoView,
+    OperationalError,
+    Table,
+    View,
+)
+from sqlite_utils.utils import hash_record, sqlite3
+
 try:
     import pandas as pd  # type: ignore
 except ImportError:
@@ -699,7 +701,7 @@ def test_bulk_insert_more_than_999_values(fresh_db):
     "num_columns,should_error", ((900, False), (999, False), (1000, True))
 )
 def test_error_if_more_than_999_columns(fresh_db, num_columns, should_error):
-    record = dict([("c{}".format(i), i) for i in range(num_columns)])
+    record = {f"c{i}": i for i in range(num_columns)}
     if should_error:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             fresh_db["big"].insert(record)
@@ -718,17 +720,9 @@ def test_columns_not_in_first_record_should_not_cause_batch_to_be_too_large(fres
     records = [
         {"c0": "first record"},  # one column in first record -> batch size = 999
         # fill out the batch with 99 records with enough columns to exceed THRESHOLD
-        *[
-            dict([("c{}".format(i), j) for i in range(extra_columns)])
-            for j in range(batch_size - 1)
-        ],
+        *[{f"c{i}": j for i in range(extra_columns)} for j in range(batch_size - 1)],
     ]
-    try:
-        fresh_db["too_many_columns"].insert_all(
-            records, alter=True, batch_size=batch_size
-        )
-    except sqlite3.OperationalError:
-        raise
+    fresh_db["too_many_columns"].insert_all(records, alter=True, batch_size=batch_size)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -910,7 +904,7 @@ def test_insert_list_nested_unicode(fresh_db):
 def test_insert_uuid(fresh_db):
     uuid4 = uuid.uuid4()
     fresh_db["test"].insert({"uuid": uuid4})
-    row = list(fresh_db["test"].rows)[0]
+    row = next(iter(fresh_db["test"].rows))
     assert {"uuid"} == row.keys()
     assert isinstance(row["uuid"], str)
     assert row["uuid"] == str(uuid4)
@@ -918,16 +912,14 @@ def test_insert_uuid(fresh_db):
 
 def test_insert_memoryview(fresh_db):
     fresh_db["test"].insert({"data": memoryview(b"hello")})
-    row = list(fresh_db["test"].rows)[0]
+    row = next(iter(fresh_db["test"].rows))
     assert {"data"} == row.keys()
     assert isinstance(row["data"], bytes)
     assert row["data"] == b"hello"
 
 
 def test_insert_thousands_using_generator(fresh_db):
-    fresh_db["test"].insert_all(
-        {"i": i, "word": "word_{}".format(i)} for i in range(10000)
-    )
+    fresh_db["test"].insert_all({"i": i, "word": f"word_{i}"} for i in range(10000))
     assert [{"name": "i", "type": "INTEGER"}, {"name": "word", "type": "TEXT"}] == [
         {"name": col.name, "type": col.type} for col in fresh_db["test"].columns
     ]
@@ -938,7 +930,7 @@ def test_insert_thousands_raises_exception_with_extra_columns_after_first_100(fr
     # https://github.com/simonw/sqlite-utils/issues/139
     with pytest.raises(Exception, match="table test has no column named extra"):
         fresh_db["test"].insert_all(
-            [{"i": i, "word": "word_{}".format(i)} for i in range(100)]
+            [{"i": i, "word": f"word_{i}"} for i in range(100)]
             + [{"i": 101, "extra": "This extra column should cause an exception"}],
         )
 
@@ -946,7 +938,7 @@ def test_insert_thousands_raises_exception_with_extra_columns_after_first_100(fr
 def test_insert_thousands_adds_extra_columns_after_first_100_with_alter(fresh_db):
     # https://github.com/simonw/sqlite-utils/issues/139
     fresh_db["test"].insert_all(
-        [{"i": i, "word": "word_{}".format(i)} for i in range(100)]
+        [{"i": i, "word": f"word_{i}"} for i in range(100)]
         + [{"i": 101, "extra": "Should trigger ALTER"}],
         alter=True,
     )
@@ -958,7 +950,7 @@ def test_insert_thousands_adds_extra_columns_after_first_100_with_alter(fresh_db
 def test_insert_all_pk_not_in_records_raises(fresh_db, num_rows):
     # https://github.com/simonw/sqlite-utils/issues/732
     fresh_db.conn.execute("CREATE TABLE t (a TEXT, b INT, PRIMARY KEY (a, b))")
-    rows = [{"a": "x{}".format(i), "b": i} for i in range(num_rows)]
+    rows = [{"a": f"x{i}", "b": i} for i in range(num_rows)]
 
     with pytest.raises(InvalidColumns) as ex:
         fresh_db["t"].insert_all(rows, pk="not_a_column")
@@ -975,7 +967,7 @@ def test_insert_all_pk_not_in_records_alter_raises(fresh_db, num_rows):
     # known - a pk column that is in neither the table nor the records
     # still raises
     fresh_db.conn.execute("CREATE TABLE t (a TEXT, b INT, PRIMARY KEY (a, b))")
-    rows = [{"a": "x{}".format(i), "b": i} for i in range(num_rows)]
+    rows = [{"a": f"x{i}", "b": i} for i in range(num_rows)]
 
     with pytest.raises(InvalidColumns) as ex:
         fresh_db["t"].insert_all(rows, pk="not_a_column", alter=True)
@@ -1146,7 +1138,7 @@ def test_insert_hash_id_columns(fresh_db, use_table_factory):
         insert_kwargs = {}
     else:
         dogs = fresh_db["dogs"]
-        insert_kwargs = dict(hash_id_columns=("name", "twitter"))
+        insert_kwargs = {"hash_id_columns": ("name", "twitter")}
 
     id = dogs.insert(
         {"name": "Cleo", "twitter": "cleopaws", "age": 5},
@@ -1654,7 +1646,7 @@ def test_upsert_uses_pk_from_prior_insert_655(fresh_db):
     # Upsert should work without specifying pk again
     table.upsert({"id": 1, "name": "Alice Updated"})
     assert table.count == 1
-    assert list(table.rows)[0]["name"] == "Alice Updated"
+    assert next(iter(table.rows))["name"] == "Alice Updated"
 
 
 def test_upsert_all_uses_pk_from_prior_insert_655(fresh_db):

tests/test_create_view.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils.utils import OperationalError
 
 

tests/test_default_value.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ EXAMPLES = [
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("column_def,initial_value,expected_value", EXAMPLES)
 def test_quote_default_value(fresh_db, column_def, initial_value, expected_value):
-    fresh_db.execute("create table foo (col {})".format(column_def))
+    fresh_db.execute(f"create table foo (col {column_def})")
     assert initial_value == fresh_db["foo"].columns[0].default_value
     assert expected_value == fresh_db.quote_default_value(
         fresh_db["foo"].columns[0].default_value

tests/test_delete.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import sqlite_utils
 
 def test_delete_rowid_table(fresh_db):
     table = fresh_db["table"]
-    table.insert({"foo": 1}).last_pk
+    table.insert({"foo": 1})
     rowid = table.insert({"foo": 2}).last_pk
     table.delete(rowid)
     assert [{"foo": 1}] == list(table.rows)

tests/test_docs.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-from sqlite_utils import cli, recipes
-from pathlib import Path
-import pytest
 import re
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from sqlite_utils import cli, recipes
 
 docs_path = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "docs"
 commands_re = re.compile(r"(?:\$ |    )sqlite-utils (\S+)")
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ def test_commands_are_documented(documented_commands, command):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("command", cli.cli.commands.values())
 def test_commands_have_help(command):
-    assert command.help, "{} is missing its help".format(command)
+    assert command.help, f"{command} is missing its help"
 
 
 def test_convert_help():

tests/test_duplicate.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import NoTable
 import datetime
+
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils.db import NoTable
+
 
 def test_duplicate(fresh_db):
     # Create table using native Sqlite statement:
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ def test_duplicate(fresh_db):
     "bool_col" INTEGER,
     "datetime_col" TEXT)""")
     # Insert one row of mock data:
-    dt = datetime.datetime.now()
+    dt = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
     data = {
         "text_col": "Cleo",
         "real_col": 3.14,

tests/test_enable_counts.py

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-from sqlite_utils import Database
-from sqlite_utils import cli
-from click.testing import CliRunner
 import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from sqlite_utils import Database, cli
 
 
 def test_enable_counts_specific_table(fresh_db):
     foo = fresh_db["foo"]
     assert fresh_db.table_names() == []
     for i in range(10):
-        foo.insert({"name": "item {}".format(i)})
+        foo.insert({"name": f"item {i}"})
     assert fresh_db.table_names() == ["foo"]
     assert foo.count == 10
     # Now enable counts
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def test_enable_counts_specific_table(fresh_db):
     assert list(fresh_db["_counts"].rows) == [{"count": 10, "table": "foo"}]
     # Add some items to test the triggers
     for i in range(5):
-        foo.insert({"name": "item {}".format(10 + i)})
+        foo.insert({"name": f"item {10 + i}"})
     assert foo.count == 15
     assert list(fresh_db["_counts"].rows) == [{"count": 15, "table": "foo"}]
     # Delete some items

tests/test_extract.py

@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import InvalidColumns
 import itertools
+
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils.db import InvalidColumns
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("table", [None, "Species"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("fk_column", [None, "species"])
 def test_extract_single_column(fresh_db, table, fk_column):
     expected_table = table or "species"
-    expected_fk = fk_column or "{}_id".format(expected_table)
+    expected_fk = fk_column or f"{expected_table}_id"
     iter_species = itertools.cycle(["Palm", "Spruce", "Mangrove", "Oak"])
     fresh_db["tree"].insert_all(
         (
             {
                 "id": i,
-                "name": "Tree {}".format(i),
+                "name": f"Tree {i}",
                 "species": next(iter_species),
                 "end": 1,
             }
@@ -26,13 +28,12 @@ def test_extract_single_column(fresh_db, table, fk_column):
         'CREATE TABLE "tree" (\n'
         '   "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n'
         '   "name" TEXT,\n'
-        '   "{}" INTEGER REFERENCES "{}"("id"),\n'.format(expected_fk, expected_table)
+        f'   "{expected_fk}" INTEGER REFERENCES "{expected_table}"("id"),\n'
         + '   "end" INTEGER\n'
         + ")"
     )
     assert fresh_db[expected_table].schema == (
-        'CREATE TABLE "{}" (\n'.format(expected_table)
-        + '   "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n'
+        f'CREATE TABLE "{expected_table}" (\n' + '   "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n'
         '   "species" TEXT\n'
         ")"
     )
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ def test_extract_multiple_columns_with_rename(fresh_db):
         (
             {
                 "id": i,
-                "name": "Tree {}".format(i),
+                "name": f"Tree {i}",
                 "common_name": next(iter_common),
                 "latin_name": next(iter_latin),
             }

tests/test_extracts.py

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import Index
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils.db import Index
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "kwargs,expected_table",
     [
-        (dict(extracts={"species_id": "Species"}), "Species"),
-        (dict(extracts=["species_id"]), "species_id"),
-        (dict(extracts=("species_id",)), "species_id"),
+        ({"extracts": {"species_id": "Species"}}, "Species"),
+        ({"extracts": ["species_id"]}, "species_id"),
+        ({"extracts": ("species_id",)}, "species_id"),
     ],
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("use_table_factory", [True, False])
@@ -30,15 +31,11 @@ def test_extracts(fresh_db, kwargs, expected_table, use_table_factory):
     # Should now have two tables: Trees and Species
     assert {expected_table, "Trees"} == set(fresh_db.table_names())
     assert (
-        'CREATE TABLE "{}" (\n   "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n   "value" TEXT\n)'.format(
-            expected_table
-        )
+        f'CREATE TABLE "{expected_table}" (\n   "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n   "value" TEXT\n)'
         == fresh_db[expected_table].schema
     )
     assert (
-        'CREATE TABLE "Trees" (\n   "id" INTEGER,\n   "species_id" INTEGER REFERENCES "{}"("id")\n)'.format(
-            expected_table
-        )
+        f'CREATE TABLE "Trees" (\n   "id" INTEGER,\n   "species_id" INTEGER REFERENCES "{expected_table}"("id")\n)'
         == fresh_db["Trees"].schema
     )
     # Should have a foreign key reference
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ def test_extracts(fresh_db, kwargs, expected_table, use_table_factory):
     assert [
         Index(
             seq=0,
-            name="idx_{}_value".format(expected_table),
+            name=f"idx_{expected_table}_value",
             unique=1,
             origin="c",
             partial=0,

tests/test_foreign_keys.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """Tests for compound (multi-column) foreign keys - issue #594."""
 
 import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils import Database
 from sqlite_utils.db import AlterError, ForeignKey
 from sqlite_utils.utils import sqlite3
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ def test_foreign_key_no_longer_unpacks_as_tuple(fresh_db):
     fresh_db["books"].add_foreign_key("author_id", "authors", "id")
     fk = fresh_db["books"].foreign_keys[0]
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-        table, column, other_table, other_column = fk
+        _table, _column, _other_table, _other_column = fk
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
         fk[0]
 

tests/test_fts.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+from unittest.mock import ANY
+
 import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils import Database
 from sqlite_utils.utils import sqlite3
-from unittest.mock import ANY
 
 search_records = [
     {
@@ -103,9 +105,10 @@ def test_search_limit_offset(fresh_db):
     table.enable_fts(["text", "country"], fts_version="FTS4")
     assert len(list(table.search("are"))) == 2
     assert len(list(table.search("are", limit=1))) == 1
-    assert list(table.search("are", limit=1, order_by="rowid"))[0]["rowid"] == 1
+    assert next(iter(table.search("are", limit=1, order_by="rowid")))["rowid"] == 1
     assert (
-        list(table.search("are", limit=1, offset=1, order_by="rowid"))[0]["rowid"] == 2
+        next(iter(table.search("are", limit=1, offset=1, order_by="rowid")))["rowid"]
+        == 2
     )
 
 
@@ -223,20 +226,20 @@ def test_populate_fts_escape_table_names(fresh_db):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("fts_version", ("4", "5"))
 def test_fts_tokenize(fresh_db, fts_version):
-    table_name = "searchable_{}".format(fts_version)
+    table_name = f"searchable_{fts_version}"
     table = fresh_db[table_name]
     table.insert_all(search_records)
     # Test without porter stemming
     table.enable_fts(
         ["text", "country"],
-        fts_version="FTS{}".format(fts_version),
+        fts_version=f"FTS{fts_version}",
     )
     assert [] == list(table.search("bite"))
     # Test WITH stemming
     table.disable_fts()
     table.enable_fts(
         ["text", "country"],
-        fts_version="FTS{}".format(fts_version),
+        fts_version=f"FTS{fts_version}",
         tokenize="porter",
     )
     rows = list(table.search("bite", order_by="rowid"))
@@ -251,10 +254,10 @@ def test_fts_tokenize(fresh_db, fts_version):
 
 def test_optimize_fts(fresh_db):
     for fts_version in ("4", "5"):
-        table_name = "searchable_{}".format(fts_version)
+        table_name = f"searchable_{fts_version}"
         table = fresh_db[table_name]
         table.insert_all(search_records)
-        table.enable_fts(["text", "country"], fts_version="FTS{}".format(fts_version))
+        table.enable_fts(["text", "country"], fts_version=f"FTS{fts_version}")
     # You can call optimize successfully against the tables OR their _fts equivalents:
     for table_name in (
         "searchable_4",
@@ -310,12 +313,12 @@ def test_disable_fts(fresh_db, create_triggers):
         expected_triggers = {"searchable_ai", "searchable_ad", "searchable_au"}
     else:
         expected_triggers = set()
-    assert expected_triggers == set(
+    assert expected_triggers == {
         r[0]
         for r in fresh_db.execute(
             "select name from sqlite_master where type = 'trigger'"
         ).fetchall()
-    )
+    }
     # Now run .disable_fts() and confirm it worked
     table.disable_fts()
     assert (
@@ -424,7 +427,7 @@ def test_enable_fts_replace(kwargs):
     db["books"].enable_fts(**kwargs, replace=True)
     # Check that the new configuration is correct
     if should_have_changed_columns:
-        assert db["books_fts"].columns_dict.keys() == set(["title"])
+        assert db["books_fts"].columns_dict.keys() == {"title"}
     if "create_triggers" in kwargs:
         assert db["books"].triggers
     if "fts_version" in kwargs:
@@ -741,6 +744,7 @@ def test_enable_fts_cli_on_view_errors(tmpdir):
     db.create_view("v", "select * from t")
     db.close()
     from click.testing import CliRunner
+
     from sqlite_utils import cli as cli_module
 
     result = CliRunner().invoke(cli_module.cli, ["enable-fts", db_path, "v", "text"])

tests/test_get.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils.db import NotFoundError
 
 

tests/test_gis.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import json
-import pytest
 
+import pytest
 from click.testing import CliRunner
+
 from sqlite_utils.cli import cli
 from sqlite_utils.db import Database
 from sqlite_utils.utils import find_spatialite, sqlite3
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ def test_query_load_extension(use_spatialite_shortcut):
         [
             ":memory:",
             "select spatialite_version()",
-            "--load-extension={}".format(load_extension),
+            f"--load-extension={load_extension}",
         ],
     )
     assert result.exit_code == 0, result.stdout

tests/test_hypothesis.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-from hypothesis import given
 import hypothesis.strategies as st
+from hypothesis import given
+
 import sqlite_utils
 
 

tests/test_insert_files.py

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-from sqlite_utils import cli, Database
-from click.testing import CliRunner
 import os
 import pathlib
-import pytest
 import sys
 
+import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from sqlite_utils import Database, cli
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("silent", (False, True))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ def test_insert_files(silent, pk_args, expected_pks):
         )
         cols = []
         for coltype in coltypes:
-            cols += ["-c", "{}:{}".format(coltype, coltype)]
+            cols += ["-c", f"{coltype}:{coltype}"]
         result = runner.invoke(
             cli.cli,
             ["insert-files", db_path, "files", str(tmpdir)]
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ def test_insert_files_stdin(use_text, encoding, input, expected):
         )
         assert result.exit_code == 0, result.stdout
         db = Database(db_path)
-        row = list(db["files"].rows)[0]
+        row = next(iter(db["files"].rows))
         key = "content"
         if use_text:
             key = "content_text"
@@ -167,5 +169,5 @@ def test_insert_files_bad_text_encoding_error():
         )
         assert result.exit_code == 1, result.output
         assert result.output.strip().startswith(
-            "Error: Could not read file '{}' as text".format(str(latin.resolve()))
+            f"Error: Could not read file '{latin.resolve()!s}' as text"
         )

tests/test_introspect.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import Index, View, Database, XIndex, XIndexColumn
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils.db import Database, Index, View, XIndex, XIndexColumn
+
 
 def _check_supports_strict():
     """Check if SQLite supports strict tables without leaking the database."""
@@ -57,8 +58,8 @@ def test_detect_fts_similar_tables(fresh_db, reverse_order):
     fresh_db[table2].insert({"title": "Hello"}).enable_fts(
         ["title"], fts_version="FTS4"
     )
-    assert fresh_db[table1].detect_fts() == "{}_fts".format(table1)
-    assert fresh_db[table2].detect_fts() == "{}_fts".format(table2)
+    assert fresh_db[table1].detect_fts() == f"{table1}_fts"
+    assert fresh_db[table2].detect_fts() == f"{table2}_fts"
 
 
 def test_tables(existing_db):

tests/test_list_mode.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Tests for list-based iteration in insert_all and upsert_all
 """
 
 import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils import Database
 
 

tests/test_lookup.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import Index
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils.db import Index
+
 
 def test_lookup_new_table(fresh_db):
     species = fresh_db["species"]

tests/test_m2m.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import ForeignKey, NoObviousTable
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils.db import ForeignKey, NoObviousTable
+
 
 def test_insert_m2m_single(fresh_db):
     dogs = fresh_db["dogs"]
@@ -65,8 +66,7 @@ def test_insert_m2m_iterable(fresh_db):
     iterable_records = ({"id": 1, "name": "Phineas"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Ferb"})
 
     def iterable():
-        for record in iterable_records:
-            yield record
+        yield from iterable_records
 
     platypuses = fresh_db["platypuses"]
     platypuses.insert({"id": 1, "name": "Perry"}, pk="id").m2m(

tests/test_migrations.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+
 import sqlite_utils
 from sqlite_utils import Migrations
 
@@ -154,10 +155,9 @@ def test_non_transactional_migration_allows_vacuum(tmpdir):
 
 def test_apply_composes_inside_outer_transaction(migrations):
     db = sqlite_utils.Database(memory=True)
-    with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError):
-        with db.atomic():
-            migrations.apply(db)
-            raise ZeroDivisionError
+    with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError), db.atomic():
+        migrations.apply(db)
+        raise ZeroDivisionError
     # The outer transaction rolled back, taking the migrations with it
     assert db.table_names() == []
 

tests/test_plugins.py

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-import click
 import importlib
-import pytest
+import sqlite3
 import sys
-from sqlite_utils import cli, Database, hookimpl, plugins
+
+import click
+import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from sqlite_utils import Database, cli, hookimpl, plugins
 
 
 def _supports_pragma_function_list():
@@ -11,7 +14,7 @@ def _supports_pragma_function_list():
     try:
         db.execute("select * from pragma_function_list()")
         return True
-    except Exception:
+    except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
         return False
     finally:
         db.close()

tests/test_query.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-import pytest
 import types
 
+import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils.utils import sqlite3
 
 

tests/test_recipes.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+import json
+
+import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils import recipes
 from sqlite_utils.utils import sqlite3
-import json
-import pytest
 
 
 @pytest.fixture

tests/test_recreate.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-from sqlite_utils import Database
-import sqlite3
 import pathlib
+import sqlite3
+
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils import Database
+
 
 def test_recreate_ignored_for_in_memory():
     # None of these should raise an exception:

tests/test_rows_from_file.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-from sqlite_utils.utils import rows_from_file, Format, RowError
 from io import BytesIO, StringIO
+
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils.utils import Format, RowError, rows_from_file
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "input,expected_format",
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ def test_rows_from_file_detect_format(input, expected_format):
 )
 def test_rows_from_file_extra_fields_strategies(ignore_extras, extras_key, expected):
     try:
-        rows, format = rows_from_file(
+        rows, _format = rows_from_file(
             BytesIO(b"id,name\r\n1,Cleo,oops"),
             format=Format.CSV,
             ignore_extras=ignore_extras,

tests/test_sniff.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-from sqlite_utils import cli, Database
-from click.testing import CliRunner
 import pathlib
+
 import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from sqlite_utils import Database, cli
 
 sniff_dir = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "sniff"
 

tests/test_suggest_column_types.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-import pytest
 from collections import OrderedDict
+
+import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils.utils import suggest_column_types
 
 

tests/test_tracer.py

@@ -53,16 +53,18 @@ def test_with_tracer():
     assert len(collected) == 4
     assert collected == [
         (
-            "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master\n"
-            "    WHERE rootpage = 0\n"
-            "    AND (\n"
-            "        sql LIKE :like\n"
-            "        OR sql LIKE :like2\n"
-            "        OR (\n"
-            "            tbl_name = :table\n"
-            "            AND sql LIKE '%VIRTUAL TABLE%USING FTS%'\n"
-            "        )\n"
-            "    )",
+            (
+                "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master\n"
+                "    WHERE rootpage = 0\n"
+                "    AND (\n"
+                "        sql LIKE :like\n"
+                "        OR sql LIKE :like2\n"
+                "        OR (\n"
+                "            tbl_name = :table\n"
+                "            AND sql LIKE '%VIRTUAL TABLE%USING FTS%'\n"
+                "        )\n"
+                "    )"
+            ),
             {
                 "like": "%VIRTUAL TABLE%USING FTS%content=[dogs]%",
                 "like2": '%VIRTUAL TABLE%USING FTS%content="dogs"%',
@@ -72,21 +74,23 @@ def test_with_tracer():
         ("select name from sqlite_master where type = 'view'", None),
         ("select sql from sqlite_master where name = ?", ("dogs_fts",)),
         (
-            'with "original" as (\n'
-            "    select\n"
-            "        rowid,\n"
-            "        *\n"
-            '    from "dogs"\n'
-            ")\n"
-            "select\n"
-            '    "original".*\n'
-            "from\n"
-            '    "original"\n'
-            '    join "dogs_fts" on "original".rowid = "dogs_fts".rowid\n'
-            "where\n"
-            '    "dogs_fts" match :query\n'
-            "order by\n"
-            '    "dogs_fts".rank',
+            (
+                'with "original" as (\n'
+                "    select\n"
+                "        rowid,\n"
+                "        *\n"
+                '    from "dogs"\n'
+                ")\n"
+                "select\n"
+                '    "original".*\n'
+                "from\n"
+                '    "original"\n'
+                '    join "dogs_fts" on "original".rowid = "dogs_fts".rowid\n'
+                "where\n"
+                '    "dogs_fts" match :query\n'
+                "order by\n"
+                '    "dogs_fts".rank'
+            ),
             {"query": "Cleopaws"},
         ),
     ]

tests/test_transform.py

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import ForeignKey, TransformError
-from sqlite_utils.utils import OperationalError
+import sqlite3
+
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils.db import ForeignKey, TransactionError, TransformError
+from sqlite_utils.utils import OperationalError
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "params,expected_sql",
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ def test_transform_sql_table_with_primary_key(
     if use_pragma_foreign_keys:
         fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
     dogs.insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo", "age": "5"}, pk="id")
-    sql = dogs.transform_sql(**{**params, **{"tmp_suffix": "suffix"}})
+    sql = dogs.transform_sql(**{**params, "tmp_suffix": "suffix"})
     assert sql == expected_sql
     # Check that .transform() runs without exceptions:
     with fresh_db.tracer(tracer):
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ def test_transform_sql_table_with_no_primary_key(
     if use_pragma_foreign_keys:
         fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
     dogs.insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo", "age": "5"})
-    sql = dogs.transform_sql(**{**params, **{"tmp_suffix": "suffix"}})
+    sql = dogs.transform_sql(**{**params, "tmp_suffix": "suffix"})
     assert sql == expected_sql
     # Check that .transform() runs without exceptions:
     with fresh_db.tracer(tracer):
@@ -430,6 +433,163 @@ def test_transform_verify_foreign_keys(fresh_db):
     assert fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys").fetchone()[0]
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_pragma_foreign_keys", [False, True])
+def test_transform_on_delete_cascade_does_not_delete_records(
+    fresh_db, use_pragma_foreign_keys
+):
+    # Transforming a table drops and recreates it - if another table references
+    # it with ON DELETE CASCADE and PRAGMA foreign_keys is on, that drop must
+    # not cascade and delete the referencing records
+    if use_pragma_foreign_keys:
+        fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+    fresh_db.executescript("""
+        CREATE TABLE authors (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);
+        CREATE TABLE books (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+            title TEXT,
+            author_id INTEGER REFERENCES authors(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+        );
+        """)
+    fresh_db["authors"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Ursula K. Le Guin"})
+    fresh_db["books"].insert({"id": 1, "title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1})
+    # Transform the table on the other end of the cascading foreign key
+    fresh_db["authors"].transform(rename={"name": "author_name"})
+    assert list(fresh_db["authors"].rows) == [
+        {"id": 1, "author_name": "Ursula K. Le Guin"}
+    ]
+    assert list(fresh_db["books"].rows) == [
+        {"id": 1, "title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1}
+    ]
+    # Transforming the table with the cascading foreign key should not
+    # delete its records either
+    fresh_db["books"].transform(rename={"title": "book_title"})
+    assert list(fresh_db["books"].rows) == [
+        {"id": 1, "book_title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1}
+    ]
+    if use_pragma_foreign_keys:
+        assert fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys").fetchone()[0]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("on_delete", ["CASCADE", "SET NULL", "SET DEFAULT", "cascade"])
+def test_transform_in_transaction_refuses_destructive_on_delete(fresh_db, on_delete):
+    # PRAGMA foreign_keys is a no-op inside a transaction, so transforming a
+    # table referenced by ON DELETE CASCADE / SET NULL / SET DEFAULT foreign
+    # keys inside an open transaction would fire those actions when the old
+    # table is dropped - transform() should refuse instead
+    fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+    fresh_db.executescript(f"""
+        CREATE TABLE authors (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);
+        CREATE TABLE books (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+            title TEXT,
+            author_id INTEGER REFERENCES authors(id) ON DELETE {on_delete}
+        );
+        """)
+    fresh_db["authors"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Ursula K. Le Guin"})
+    fresh_db["books"].insert({"id": 1, "title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1})
+    previous_schema = fresh_db["authors"].schema
+    with fresh_db.atomic(), pytest.raises(TransactionError) as excinfo:
+        fresh_db["authors"].transform(rename={"name": "author_name"})
+    message = str(excinfo.value)
+    assert "books" in message
+    assert f"ON DELETE {on_delete.upper()}" in message
+    # Nothing should have changed
+    assert fresh_db["authors"].schema == previous_schema
+    assert list(fresh_db["books"].rows) == [
+        {"id": 1, "title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1}
+    ]
+    assert fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys").fetchone()[0]
+
+
+def test_transform_in_transaction_refuses_self_referential_cascade(fresh_db):
+    # The copied table carries a foreign key referencing the original table
+    # name, so a self-referential cascade would wipe the copy too
+    fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+    fresh_db.executescript("""
+        CREATE TABLE categories (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+            name TEXT,
+            parent_id INTEGER REFERENCES categories(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+        );
+        """)
+    fresh_db["categories"].insert_all(
+        [
+            {"id": 1, "name": "Fiction", "parent_id": None},
+            {"id": 2, "name": "Science Fiction", "parent_id": 1},
+        ]
+    )
+    with fresh_db.atomic(), pytest.raises(TransactionError) as excinfo:
+        fresh_db["categories"].transform(rename={"name": "title"})
+    assert "categories" in str(excinfo.value)
+    assert fresh_db["categories"].count == 2
+
+
+def test_transform_in_transaction_allowed_with_no_action_foreign_key(fresh_db):
+    # An inbound foreign key without a destructive ON DELETE action is safe
+    # inside a transaction thanks to PRAGMA defer_foreign_keys
+    fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+    fresh_db.executescript("""
+        CREATE TABLE authors (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);
+        CREATE TABLE books (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+            title TEXT,
+            author_id INTEGER REFERENCES authors(id)
+        );
+        """)
+    fresh_db["authors"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Ursula K. Le Guin"})
+    fresh_db["books"].insert({"id": 1, "title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1})
+    with fresh_db.atomic():
+        fresh_db["authors"].transform(rename={"name": "author_name"})
+    assert list(fresh_db["authors"].rows) == [
+        {"id": 1, "author_name": "Ursula K. Le Guin"}
+    ]
+    assert list(fresh_db["books"].rows) == [
+        {"id": 1, "title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1}
+    ]
+    assert fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys").fetchone()[0]
+
+
+def test_transform_in_transaction_allowed_for_child_table(fresh_db):
+    # The table being transformed only has an outbound foreign key - dropping
+    # it fires no ON DELETE actions, so this is allowed inside a transaction
+    fresh_db.conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+    fresh_db.executescript("""
+        CREATE TABLE authors (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);
+        CREATE TABLE books (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+            title TEXT,
+            author_id INTEGER REFERENCES authors(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+        );
+        """)
+    fresh_db["authors"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Ursula K. Le Guin"})
+    fresh_db["books"].insert({"id": 1, "title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1})
+    with fresh_db.atomic():
+        fresh_db["books"].transform(rename={"title": "book_title"})
+    assert list(fresh_db["books"].rows) == [
+        {"id": 1, "book_title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1}
+    ]
+
+
+def test_transform_in_transaction_allowed_with_foreign_keys_off(fresh_db):
+    # With PRAGMA foreign_keys off (the default) no cascades can fire, so
+    # transform inside a transaction is safe even with a CASCADE schema
+    fresh_db.executescript("""
+        CREATE TABLE authors (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);
+        CREATE TABLE books (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+            title TEXT,
+            author_id INTEGER REFERENCES authors(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+        );
+        """)
+    fresh_db["authors"].insert({"id": 1, "name": "Ursula K. Le Guin"})
+    fresh_db["books"].insert({"id": 1, "title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1})
+    with fresh_db.atomic():
+        fresh_db["authors"].transform(rename={"name": "author_name"})
+    assert list(fresh_db["books"].rows) == [
+        {"id": 1, "title": "The Dispossessed", "author_id": 1}
+    ]
+
+
 def test_transform_add_foreign_keys_from_scratch(fresh_db):
     _add_country_city_continent(fresh_db)
     fresh_db["places"].insert(_CAVEAU)
@@ -554,25 +714,75 @@ def test_transform_preserves_rowids(fresh_db, table_type):
     # Now delete and insert a row to mix up the `rowid` sequence
     fresh_db["places"].delete_where("id = ?", ["2"])
     fresh_db["places"].insert({"id": "4", "name": "London", "country": "UK"})
-    previous_rows = list(
+    previous_rows = [
         tuple(row) for row in fresh_db.execute("select rowid, id, name from places")
-    )
+    ]
     # Transform it
     fresh_db["places"].transform(column_order=("country", "name"))
     # Should be the same
-    next_rows = list(
+    next_rows = [
         tuple(row) for row in fresh_db.execute("select rowid, id, name from places")
-    )
+    ]
     assert previous_rows == next_rows
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("strict", (False, True))
-def test_transform_strict(fresh_db, strict):
-    dogs = fresh_db.table("dogs", strict=strict)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "initial_strict,transform_strict,expected_strict",
+    (
+        (False, None, False),
+        (True, None, True),
+        (False, True, True),
+        (True, False, False),
+    ),
+)
+def test_transform_strict(fresh_db, initial_strict, transform_strict, expected_strict):
+    if not fresh_db.supports_strict:
+        pytest.skip("SQLite version does not support strict tables")
+    dogs = fresh_db.table("dogs", strict=initial_strict)
     dogs.insert({"id": 1, "name": "Cleo"})
-    assert dogs.strict == strict or not fresh_db.supports_strict
-    dogs.transform(not_null={"name"})
-    assert dogs.strict == strict or not fresh_db.supports_strict
+    assert dogs.strict is initial_strict
+    dogs.transform(strict=transform_strict)
+    assert dogs.strict is expected_strict
+
+
+def test_transform_to_strict_with_invalid_data(fresh_db):
+    if not fresh_db.supports_strict:
+        pytest.skip("SQLite version does not support strict tables")
+    dogs = fresh_db["dogs"]
+    dogs.create({"id": int})
+    dogs.insert({"id": "not-an-integer"})
+
+    with pytest.raises(sqlite3.IntegrityError):
+        dogs.transform(strict=True)
+
+    assert dogs.strict is False
+    assert list(dogs.rows) == [{"id": "not-an-integer"}]
+    assert fresh_db.table_names() == ["dogs"]
+
+
+def test_transform_strict_updates_default(fresh_db):
+    if not fresh_db.supports_strict:
+        pytest.skip("SQLite version does not support strict tables")
+    table = fresh_db.table("items", strict=True)
+    table.create({"id": int})
+
+    table.transform(strict=False)
+    assert table.strict is False
+
+    table.create({"id": int}, replace=True)
+    assert table.strict is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("method_name", ("transform", "transform_sql"))
+def test_transform_to_strict_not_supported(fresh_db, method_name):
+    table = fresh_db["items"]
+    table.create({"id": int})
+    fresh_db._supports_strict = False
+
+    with pytest.raises(TransformError, match="SQLite does not support STRICT tables"):
+        getattr(table, method_name)(strict=True)
+
+    assert table.strict is False
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(

tests/test_update.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def test_update_compound_pk_table(fresh_db):
 )
 def test_update_invalid_pk(fresh_db, pk, update_pk):
     table = fresh_db["table"]
-    table.insert({"id1": 5, "id2": 3, "v": 1}, pk=pk).last_pk
+    table.insert({"id1": 5, "id2": 3, "v": 1}, pk=pk)
     with pytest.raises(NotFoundError):
         table.update(update_pk, {"v": 2})
 

tests/test_upsert.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-from sqlite_utils.db import PrimaryKeyRequired
-from sqlite_utils import Database
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils import Database
+from sqlite_utils.db import PrimaryKeyRequired
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("use_old_upsert", (False, True))
 def test_upsert(use_old_upsert):

tests/test_utils.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-from sqlite_utils import utils
 import csv
 import io
+
 import pytest
 
+from sqlite_utils import utils
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "input,expected,should_be_is",
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ def test_maximize_csv_field_size_limit():
     # Reset to default in case other tests have changed it
     csv.field_size_limit(utils.ORIGINAL_CSV_FIELD_SIZE_LIMIT)
     long_value = "a" * 131073
-    long_csv = "id,text\n1,{}".format(long_value)
+    long_csv = f"id,text\n1,{long_value}"
     fp = io.BytesIO(long_csv.encode("utf-8"))
     # Using rows_from_file should error
     with pytest.raises(csv.Error):

tests/test_wal.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+
 from sqlite_utils import Database
 from sqlite_utils.db import TransactionError
 
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ def db_path_tmpdir(tmpdir):
 
 
 def test_enable_disable_wal(db_path_tmpdir):
-    db, path, tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
+    db, _path, tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
     assert len(tmpdir.listdir()) == 1
     assert "delete" == db.journal_mode
     assert "test.db-wal" not in [f.basename for f in tmpdir.listdir()]
@@ -25,12 +26,11 @@ def test_enable_disable_wal(db_path_tmpdir):
 
 
 def test_enable_wal_inside_transaction_raises(db_path_tmpdir):
-    db, path, tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
+    db, _path, _tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
     db["test"].insert({"id": 1}, pk="id")
-    with pytest.raises(TransactionError):
-        with db.atomic():
-            db["test"].insert({"id": 2}, pk="id")
-            db.enable_wal()
+    with pytest.raises(TransactionError), db.atomic():
+        db["test"].insert({"id": 2}, pk="id")
+        db.enable_wal()
     # The atomic() block must have rolled back cleanly and the
     # journal mode must be unchanged
     assert db.journal_mode == "delete"
@@ -38,19 +38,18 @@ def test_enable_wal_inside_transaction_raises(db_path_tmpdir):
 
 
 def test_disable_wal_inside_transaction_raises(db_path_tmpdir):
-    db, path, tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
+    db, _path, _tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
     db.enable_wal()
     db["test"].insert({"id": 1}, pk="id")
-    with pytest.raises(TransactionError):
-        with db.atomic():
-            db["test"].insert({"id": 2}, pk="id")
-            db.disable_wal()
+    with pytest.raises(TransactionError), db.atomic():
+        db["test"].insert({"id": 2}, pk="id")
+        db.disable_wal()
     assert db.journal_mode == "wal"
     assert [r["id"] for r in db["test"].rows] == [1]
 
 
 def test_ensure_autocommit_on(db_path_tmpdir):
-    db, path, tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
+    db, _path, _tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
     previous_isolation_level = db.conn.isolation_level
     assert previous_isolation_level is not None
     with db.ensure_autocommit_on():
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ def test_ensure_autocommit_on(db_path_tmpdir):
 def test_enable_wal_noop_inside_transaction_is_allowed(db_path_tmpdir):
     # Calling enable_wal() when WAL is already enabled is a no-op,
     # so it is fine inside a transaction
-    db, path, tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
+    db, _path, _tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
     db.enable_wal()
     with db.atomic():
         db["test"].insert({"id": 1}, pk="id")
@@ -75,13 +74,12 @@ def test_ensure_autocommit_on_inside_transaction_raises(db_path_tmpdir):
     # Setting isolation_level commits any pending transaction as a side
     # effect, silently breaking the caller's rollback guarantee - so
     # entering autocommit mode with a transaction open is an error
-    db, path, tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
+    db, _path, _tmpdir = db_path_tmpdir
     db["test"].insert({"id": 1}, pk="id")
     db.begin()
     db.execute("insert into test (id) values (2)")
-    with pytest.raises(TransactionError):
-        with db.ensure_autocommit_on():
-            pass
+    with pytest.raises(TransactionError), db.ensure_autocommit_on():
+        pass
     # The transaction is still open and can still be rolled back
     assert db.conn.in_transaction
     db.rollback()