Release 0.65.1

Refs #2443

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.7", "3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11"]
+        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13.0-rc.3"]
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
@@ -31,11 +31,17 @@ jobs:
         pip install -e '.[test]'
     - name: Run tests
       run: |
-        pytest
+        pytest -n auto -m "not serial"
+        pytest -m "serial"
+        # And the test that exceeds a localhost HTTPS server
+        tests/test_datasette_https_server.sh
 
   deploy:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [test]
+    environment: release
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Set up Python
@@ -51,14 +57,12 @@ jobs:
           ${{ runner.os }}-publish-pip-
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
-        pip install setuptools wheel twine
+        pip install setuptools wheel build
-    - name: Publish
+    - name: Build
-      env:
-        TWINE_USERNAME: __token__
-        TWINE_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.PYPI_TOKEN }}
       run: |
-        python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
+        python -m build
-        twine upload dist/*
+    - name: Publish
+      uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
 
   deploy_static_docs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -69,7 +73,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v2
       with:
-        python-version: '3.10'
+        python-version: '3.9'
     - uses: actions/cache@v2
       name: Configure pip caching
       with:
@@ -90,7 +94,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Set up Cloud Run
       uses: google-github-actions/setup-gcloud@v0
       with:
-        version: '275.0.0'
+        version: '318.0.0'
         service_account_email: ${{ secrets.GCP_SA_EMAIL }}
         service_account_key: ${{ secrets.GCP_SA_KEY }}
     - name: Deploy stable-docs.datasette.io to Cloud Run

.github/workflows/spellcheck.yml

@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ jobs:
     - name: Check spelling
       run: |
         codespell docs/*.rst --ignore-words docs/codespell-ignore-words.txt
-        codespell datasette -S datasette/static --ignore-words docs/codespell-ignore-words.txt
+        codespell datasette -S datasette/static -S datasette/vendored --ignore-words docs/codespell-ignore-words.txt

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.7", "3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11"]
+        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13.0-rc.3"]
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ jobs:
       run: |
         pytest -n auto -m "not serial"
         pytest -m "serial"
+        # And the test that exceeds a localhost HTTPS server
+        tests/test_datasette_https_server.sh
     - name: Check if cog needs to be run
       run: |
         cog --check docs/*.rst

datasette/app.py

@@ -64,16 +64,14 @@ from .utils import (
 )
 from .utils.asgi import (
     AsgiLifespan,
-    Base400,
     Forbidden,
     NotFound,
     Request,
     Response,
+    AsgiRunOnFirstRequest,
     asgi_static,
     asgi_send,
     asgi_send_file,
-    asgi_send_html,
-    asgi_send_json,
     asgi_send_redirect,
 )
 from .utils.internal_db import init_internal_db, populate_schema_tables
@@ -118,6 +116,11 @@ SETTINGS = (
         True,
         "Allow users to specify columns to facet using ?_facet= parameter",
     ),
+    Setting(
+        "default_allow_sql",
+        True,
+        "Allow anyone to run arbitrary SQL queries",
+    ),
     Setting(
         "allow_download",
         True,
@@ -215,6 +218,8 @@ class Datasette:
         self.config_dir = config_dir
         self.pdb = pdb
         self._secret = secret or secrets.token_hex(32)
+        if files is not None and isinstance(files, str):
+            raise ValueError("files= must be a list of paths, not a string")
         self.files = tuple(files or []) + tuple(immutables or [])
         if config_dir:
             db_files = []
@@ -1260,7 +1265,7 @@ class Datasette:
 
         async def setup_db():
             # First time server starts up, calculate table counts for immutable databases
-            for dbname, database in self.databases.items():
+            for database in self.databases.values():
                 if not database.is_mutable:
                     await database.table_counts(limit=60 * 60 * 1000)
 
@@ -1274,10 +1279,8 @@ class Datasette:
         )
         if self.setting("trace_debug"):
             asgi = AsgiTracer(asgi)
-        asgi = AsgiLifespan(
+        asgi = AsgiLifespan(asgi)
-            asgi,
+        asgi = AsgiRunOnFirstRequest(asgi, on_startup=[setup_db, self.invoke_startup])
-            on_startup=setup_db,
-        )
         for wrapper in pm.hook.asgi_wrapper(datasette=self):
             asgi = wrapper(asgi)
         return asgi
@@ -1565,45 +1568,40 @@ class DatasetteClient:
             path = f"http://localhost{path}"
         return path
 
+    async def _request(self, method, path, **kwargs):
+        async with httpx.AsyncClient(
+            transport=httpx.ASGITransport(app=self.app),
+            cookies=kwargs.pop("cookies", None),
+        ) as client:
+            return await getattr(client, method)(self._fix(path), **kwargs)
+
     async def get(self, path, **kwargs):
-        await self.ds.invoke_startup()
+        return await self._request("get", path, **kwargs)
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient(app=self.app) as client:
-            return await client.get(self._fix(path), **kwargs)
 
     async def options(self, path, **kwargs):
-        await self.ds.invoke_startup()
+        return await self._request("options", path, **kwargs)
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient(app=self.app) as client:
-            return await client.options(self._fix(path), **kwargs)
 
     async def head(self, path, **kwargs):
-        await self.ds.invoke_startup()
+        return await self._request("head", path, **kwargs)
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient(app=self.app) as client:
-            return await client.head(self._fix(path), **kwargs)
 
     async def post(self, path, **kwargs):
-        await self.ds.invoke_startup()
+        return await self._request("post", path, **kwargs)
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient(app=self.app) as client:
-            return await client.post(self._fix(path), **kwargs)
 
     async def put(self, path, **kwargs):
-        await self.ds.invoke_startup()
+        return await self._request("put", path, **kwargs)
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient(app=self.app) as client:
-            return await client.put(self._fix(path), **kwargs)
 
     async def patch(self, path, **kwargs):
-        await self.ds.invoke_startup()
+        return await self._request("patch", path, **kwargs)
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient(app=self.app) as client:
-            return await client.patch(self._fix(path), **kwargs)
 
     async def delete(self, path, **kwargs):
-        await self.ds.invoke_startup()
+        return await self._request("delete", path, **kwargs)
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient(app=self.app) as client:
-            return await client.delete(self._fix(path), **kwargs)
 
     async def request(self, method, path, **kwargs):
-        await self.ds.invoke_startup()
         avoid_path_rewrites = kwargs.pop("avoid_path_rewrites", None)
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient(app=self.app) as client:
+        async with httpx.AsyncClient(
+            transport=httpx.ASGITransport(app=self.app),
+            cookies=kwargs.pop("cookies", None),
+        ) as client:
             return await client.request(
                 method, self._fix(path, avoid_path_rewrites), **kwargs
             )

datasette/cli.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import click
 from click import formatting
 from click.types import CompositeParamType
 from click_default_group import DefaultGroup
+import functools
 import json
 import os
 import pathlib
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ import shutil
 from subprocess import call
 import sys
 from runpy import run_module
+import textwrap
 import webbrowser
 from .app import (
     OBSOLETE_SETTINGS,
@@ -126,7 +128,7 @@ class Setting(CompositeParamType):
 
 
 def sqlite_extensions(fn):
-    return click.option(
+    fn = click.option(
         "sqlite_extensions",
         "--load-extension",
         type=LoadExtension(),
@@ -135,6 +137,26 @@ def sqlite_extensions(fn):
         help="Path to a SQLite extension to load, and optional entrypoint",
     )(fn)
 
+    # Wrap it in a custom error handler
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            if "enable_load_extension" in str(e):
+                raise click.ClickException(
+                    textwrap.dedent(
+                        """
+                    Your Python installation does not have the ability to load SQLite extensions.
+
+                    More information: https://datasette.io/help/extensions
+                    """
+                    ).strip()
+                )
+            raise
+
+    return wrapped
+
 
 @click.group(cls=DefaultGroup, default="serve", default_if_no_args=True)
 @click.version_option(version=__version__)
@@ -607,7 +629,7 @@ def serve(
         url = "http://{}:{}{}?token={}".format(
             host, port, ds.urls.path("-/auth-token"), ds._root_token
         )
-        print(url)
+        click.echo(url)
     if open_browser:
         if url is None:
             # Figure out most convenient URL - to table, database or homepage

datasette/default_permissions.py

@@ -36,12 +36,16 @@ def permission_allowed(datasette, actor, action, resource):
                 return None
             return actor_matches_allow(actor, allow)
         elif action == "execute-sql":
+            # Only use default_allow_sql setting if it is set to False:
+            default_allow_sql = (
+                None if datasette.setting("default_allow_sql") else False
+            )
             # Use allow_sql block from database block, or from top-level
             database_allow_sql = datasette.metadata("allow_sql", database=resource)
             if database_allow_sql is None:
                 database_allow_sql = datasette.metadata("allow_sql")
             if database_allow_sql is None:
-                return None
+                return default_allow_sql
             return actor_matches_allow(actor, database_allow_sql)
 
     return inner

datasette/filters.py

@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ def search_filters(request, database, table, datasette):
                     "{fts_pk} in (select rowid from {fts_table} where {fts_table} match {match_clause})".format(
                         fts_table=escape_sqlite(fts_table),
                         fts_pk=escape_sqlite(fts_pk),
-                        match_clause=":search"
+                        match_clause=(
-                        if search_mode_raw
+                            ":search" if search_mode_raw else "escape_fts(:search)"
-                        else "escape_fts(:search)",
+                        ),
                     )
                 )
                 human_descriptions.append(f'search matches "{search}"')
@@ -99,9 +99,11 @@ def search_filters(request, database, table, datasette):
                         "rowid in (select rowid from {fts_table} where {search_col} match {match_clause})".format(
                             fts_table=escape_sqlite(fts_table),
                             search_col=escape_sqlite(search_col),
-                            match_clause=":search_{}".format(i)
+                            match_clause=(
-                            if search_mode_raw
+                                ":search_{}".format(i)
-                            else "escape_fts(:search_{})".format(i),
+                                if search_mode_raw
+                                else "escape_fts(:search_{})".format(i)
+                            ),
                         )
                     )
                     human_descriptions.append(

datasette/publish/cloudrun.py

@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def publish_subcommand(publish):
                     print(fp.read())
                 print("\n====================\n")
 
-            image_id = f"gcr.io/{project}/{name}"
+            image_id = f"gcr.io/{project}/datasette-{service}"
             check_call(
                 "gcloud builds submit --tag {}{}".format(
                     image_id, " --timeout {}".format(timeout) if timeout else ""

datasette/publish/heroku.py

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ from datasette import hookimpl
 import click
 import json
 import os
+import pathlib
 import shlex
+import shutil
 from subprocess import call, check_output
 import tempfile
 
@@ -28,6 +30,11 @@ def publish_subcommand(publish):
         "--tar",
         help="--tar option to pass to Heroku, e.g. --tar=/usr/local/bin/gtar",
     )
+    @click.option(
+        "--generate-dir",
+        type=click.Path(dir_okay=True, file_okay=False),
+        help="Output generated application files and stop without deploying",
+    )
     def heroku(
         files,
         metadata,
@@ -49,6 +56,7 @@ def publish_subcommand(publish):
         about_url,
         name,
         tar,
+        generate_dir,
     ):
         "Publish databases to Datasette running on Heroku"
         fail_if_publish_binary_not_installed(
@@ -105,6 +113,16 @@ def publish_subcommand(publish):
             secret,
             extra_metadata,
         ):
+            if generate_dir:
+                # Recursively copy files from current working directory to it
+                if pathlib.Path(generate_dir).exists():
+                    raise click.ClickException("Directory already exists")
+                shutil.copytree(".", generate_dir)
+                click.echo(
+                    f"Generated files written to {generate_dir}, stopping without deploying",
+                    err=True,
+                )
+                return
             app_name = None
             if name:
                 # Check to see if this app already exists
@@ -176,7 +194,7 @@ def temporary_heroku_directory(
                 fp.write(json.dumps(metadata_content, indent=2))
 
         with open("runtime.txt", "w") as fp:
-            fp.write("python-3.8.10")
+            fp.write("python-3.11.0")
 
         if branch:
             install = [

datasette/static/app.css

@@ -573,6 +573,9 @@ form button[type=button] {
     display: inline-block;
     margin-right: 0.3em;
 }
+.select-wrapper:focus-within {
+    border: 1px solid black;
+}
 .select-wrapper.filter-op {
     width: 80px;
 }

datasette/utils/__init__.py

@@ -402,9 +402,9 @@ def make_dockerfile(
     apt_get_extras = apt_get_extras_
     if spatialite:
         apt_get_extras.extend(["python3-dev", "gcc", "libsqlite3-mod-spatialite"])
-        environment_variables[
+        environment_variables["SQLITE_EXTENSIONS"] = (
-            "SQLITE_EXTENSIONS"
+            "/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mod_spatialite.so"
-        ] = "/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mod_spatialite.so"
+        )
     return """
 FROM python:3.11.0-slim-bullseye
 COPY . /app
@@ -416,9 +416,11 @@ RUN datasette inspect {files} --inspect-file inspect-data.json
 ENV PORT {port}
 EXPOSE {port}
 CMD {cmd}""".format(
-        apt_get_extras=APT_GET_DOCKERFILE_EXTRAS.format(" ".join(apt_get_extras))
+        apt_get_extras=(
-        if apt_get_extras
+            APT_GET_DOCKERFILE_EXTRAS.format(" ".join(apt_get_extras))
-        else "",
+            if apt_get_extras
+            else ""
+        ),
         environment_variables="\n".join(
             [
                 "ENV {} '{}'".format(key, value)
@@ -1114,17 +1116,24 @@ class StartupError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-_re_named_parameter = re.compile(":([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)")
+_single_line_comment_re = re.compile(r"--.*")
+_multi_line_comment_re = re.compile(r"/\*.*?\*/", re.DOTALL)
+_single_quote_re = re.compile(r"'(?:''|[^'])*'")
+_double_quote_re = re.compile(r'"(?:\"\"|[^"])*"')
+_named_param_re = re.compile(r":(\w+)")
 
 
 async def derive_named_parameters(db, sql):
-    explain = "explain {}".format(sql.strip().rstrip(";"))
+    # Remove single-line comments
-    possible_params = _re_named_parameter.findall(sql)
+    sql = _single_line_comment_re.sub("", sql)
-    try:
+    # Remove multi-line comments
-        results = await db.execute(explain, {p: None for p in possible_params})
+    sql = _multi_line_comment_re.sub("", sql)
-        return [row["p4"].lstrip(":") for row in results if row["opcode"] == "Variable"]
+    # Remove single-quoted strings
-    except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
+    sql = _single_quote_re.sub("", sql)
-        return possible_params
+    # Remove double-quoted strings
+    sql = _double_quote_re.sub("", sql)
+    # Extract parameters from what is left
+    return _named_param_re.findall(sql)
 
 
 def add_cors_headers(headers):

datasette/utils/asgi.py

@@ -428,3 +428,18 @@ class AsgiFileDownload:
             content_type=self.content_type,
             headers=self.headers,
         )
+
+
+class AsgiRunOnFirstRequest:
+    def __init__(self, asgi, on_startup):
+        assert isinstance(on_startup, list)
+        self.asgi = asgi
+        self.on_startup = on_startup
+        self._started = False
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        if not self._started:
+            self._started = True
+            for hook in self.on_startup:
+                await hook()
+        return await self.asgi(scope, receive, send)

datasette/utils/shutil_backport.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Backported from Python 3.8.
 This code is licensed under the Python License:
 https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.8.3/LICENSE
 """
+
 import os
 from shutil import copy, copy2, copystat, Error
 

datasette/vendored/pint/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Copyright (c) 2012 by Hernan E. Grecco and contributors.  See AUTHORS
+for more details.
+
+Some rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms of the software as well
+as documentation, with or without modification, are permitted provided
+that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+  notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+  copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+  disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+  with the distribution.
+
+* The names of the contributors may not be used to endorse or
+  promote products derived from this software without specific
+  prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT
+NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER
+OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.

datasette/vendored/pint/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+"""
+    pint
+    ~~~~
+
+    Pint is Python module/package to define, operate and manipulate
+    **physical quantities**: the product of a numerical value and a
+    unit of measurement. It allows arithmetic operations between them
+    and conversions from and to different units.
+
+    :copyright: 2016 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from importlib.metadata import version
+
+from .delegates.formatter._format_helpers import formatter
+from .errors import (  # noqa: F401
+    DefinitionSyntaxError,
+    DimensionalityError,
+    LogarithmicUnitCalculusError,
+    OffsetUnitCalculusError,
+    PintError,
+    RedefinitionError,
+    UndefinedUnitError,
+    UnitStrippedWarning,
+)
+from .formatting import register_unit_format
+from .registry import ApplicationRegistry, LazyRegistry, UnitRegistry
+from .util import logger, pi_theorem  # noqa: F401
+
+# Default Quantity, Unit and Measurement are the ones
+# build in the default registry.
+Quantity = UnitRegistry.Quantity
+Unit = UnitRegistry.Unit
+Measurement = UnitRegistry.Measurement
+Context = UnitRegistry.Context
+Group = UnitRegistry.Group
+
+try:  # pragma: no cover
+    __version__ = version("pint")
+except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+    # we seem to have a local copy not installed without setuptools
+    # so the reported version will be unknown
+    __version__ = "unknown"
+
+
+#: A Registry with the default units and constants.
+_DEFAULT_REGISTRY = LazyRegistry()
+
+#: Registry used for unpickling operations.
+application_registry = ApplicationRegistry(_DEFAULT_REGISTRY)
+
+
+def _unpickle(cls, *args):
+    """Rebuild object upon unpickling.
+    All units must exist in the application registry.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    cls : Quantity, Magnitude, or Unit
+    *args
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    object of type cls
+
+    """
+    from datasette.vendored.pint.util import UnitsContainer
+
+    for arg in args:
+        # Prefixed units are defined within the registry
+        # on parsing (which does not happen here).
+        # We need to make sure that this happens before using.
+        if isinstance(arg, UnitsContainer):
+            for name in arg:
+                application_registry.parse_units(name)
+
+    return cls(*args)
+
+
+def _unpickle_quantity(cls, *args):
+    """Rebuild quantity upon unpickling using the application registry."""
+    return _unpickle(application_registry.Quantity, *args)
+
+
+def _unpickle_unit(cls, *args):
+    """Rebuild unit upon unpickling using the application registry."""
+    return _unpickle(application_registry.Unit, *args)
+
+
+def _unpickle_measurement(cls, *args):
+    """Rebuild measurement upon unpickling using the application registry."""
+    return _unpickle(application_registry.Measurement, *args)
+
+
+def set_application_registry(registry):
+    """Set the application registry, which is used for unpickling operations
+    and when invoking pint.Quantity or pint.Unit directly.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    registry : pint.UnitRegistry
+    """
+    application_registry.set(registry)
+
+
+def get_application_registry():
+    """Return the application registry. If :func:`set_application_registry` was never
+    invoked, return a registry built using :file:`defaults_en.txt` embedded in the pint
+    package.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pint.UnitRegistry
+    """
+    return application_registry
+
+
+# Enumerate all user-facing objects
+# Hint to intersphinx that, when building objects.inv, these objects must be registered
+# under the top-level module and not in their original submodules
+__all__ = (
+    "Measurement",
+    "Quantity",
+    "Unit",
+    "UnitRegistry",
+    "PintError",
+    "DefinitionSyntaxError",
+    "LogarithmicUnitCalculusError",
+    "DimensionalityError",
+    "OffsetUnitCalculusError",
+    "RedefinitionError",
+    "UndefinedUnitError",
+    "UnitStrippedWarning",
+    "formatter",
+    "get_application_registry",
+    "set_application_registry",
+    "register_unit_format",
+    "pi_theorem",
+    "__version__",
+    "Context",
+)

datasette/vendored/pint/_typing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from decimal import Decimal
+from fractions import Fraction
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Protocol, TypeVar, Union
+
+from .compat import Never, TypeAlias
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .facets.plain import PlainQuantity as Quantity
+    from .facets.plain import PlainUnit as Unit
+    from .util import UnitsContainer
+
+
+HAS_NUMPY = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .compat import HAS_NUMPY
+
+if HAS_NUMPY:
+    from .compat import np
+
+    Scalar: TypeAlias = Union[float, int, Decimal, Fraction, np.number[Any]]
+    Array = np.ndarray[Any, Any]
+else:
+    Scalar: TypeAlias = Union[float, int, Decimal, Fraction]
+    Array: TypeAlias = Never
+
+# TODO: Change when Python 3.10 becomes minimal version.
+Magnitude = Union[Scalar, Array]
+
+UnitLike = Union[str, dict[str, Scalar], "UnitsContainer", "Unit"]
+
+QuantityOrUnitLike = Union["Quantity", UnitLike]
+
+Shape = tuple[int, ...]
+
+S = TypeVar("S")
+
+FuncType = Callable[..., Any]
+F = TypeVar("F", bound=FuncType)
+
+
+# TODO: Improve or delete types
+QuantityArgument = Any
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class Handler(Protocol):
+    def __getitem__(self, item: type[T]) -> Callable[[T], None]: ...

datasette/vendored/pint/babel_names.py

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+"""
+    pint.babel
+    ~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2016 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .compat import HAS_BABEL
+
+_babel_units: dict[str, str] = dict(
+    standard_gravity="acceleration-g-force",
+    millibar="pressure-millibar",
+    metric_ton="mass-metric-ton",
+    megawatt="power-megawatt",
+    degF="temperature-fahrenheit",
+    dietary_calorie="energy-foodcalorie",
+    millisecond="duration-millisecond",
+    mph="speed-mile-per-hour",
+    acre_foot="volume-acre-foot",
+    mebibit="digital-megabit",
+    gibibit="digital-gigabit",
+    tebibit="digital-terabit",
+    mebibyte="digital-megabyte",
+    kibibyte="digital-kilobyte",
+    mm_Hg="pressure-millimeter-of-mercury",
+    month="duration-month",
+    kilocalorie="energy-kilocalorie",
+    cubic_mile="volume-cubic-mile",
+    arcsecond="angle-arc-second",
+    byte="digital-byte",
+    metric_cup="volume-cup-metric",
+    kilojoule="energy-kilojoule",
+    meter_per_second_squared="acceleration-meter-per-second-squared",
+    pint="volume-pint",
+    square_centimeter="area-square-centimeter",
+    in_Hg="pressure-inch-hg",
+    milliampere="electric-milliampere",
+    arcminute="angle-arc-minute",
+    MPG="consumption-mile-per-gallon",
+    hertz="frequency-hertz",
+    day="duration-day",
+    mps="speed-meter-per-second",
+    kilometer="length-kilometer",
+    square_yard="area-square-yard",
+    kelvin="temperature-kelvin",
+    kilogram="mass-kilogram",
+    kilohertz="frequency-kilohertz",
+    megahertz="frequency-megahertz",
+    meter="length-meter",
+    cubic_inch="volume-cubic-inch",
+    kilowatt_hour="energy-kilowatt-hour",
+    second="duration-second",
+    yard="length-yard",
+    light_year="length-light-year",
+    millimeter="length-millimeter",
+    metric_horsepower="power-horsepower",
+    gibibyte="digital-gigabyte",
+    # 'temperature-generic',
+    liter="volume-liter",
+    turn="angle-revolution",
+    microsecond="duration-microsecond",
+    pound="mass-pound",
+    ounce="mass-ounce",
+    calorie="energy-calorie",
+    centimeter="length-centimeter",
+    inch="length-inch",
+    centiliter="volume-centiliter",
+    troy_ounce="mass-ounce-troy",
+    gram="mass-gram",
+    kilowatt="power-kilowatt",
+    knot="speed-knot",
+    lux="light-lux",
+    hectoliter="volume-hectoliter",
+    microgram="mass-microgram",
+    degC="temperature-celsius",
+    tablespoon="volume-tablespoon",
+    cubic_yard="volume-cubic-yard",
+    square_foot="area-square-foot",
+    tebibyte="digital-terabyte",
+    square_inch="area-square-inch",
+    carat="mass-carat",
+    hectopascal="pressure-hectopascal",
+    gigawatt="power-gigawatt",
+    watt="power-watt",
+    micrometer="length-micrometer",
+    volt="electric-volt",
+    bit="digital-bit",
+    gigahertz="frequency-gigahertz",
+    teaspoon="volume-teaspoon",
+    ohm="electric-ohm",
+    joule="energy-joule",
+    cup="volume-cup",
+    square_mile="area-square-mile",
+    nautical_mile="length-nautical-mile",
+    square_meter="area-square-meter",
+    mile="length-mile",
+    acre="area-acre",
+    nanometer="length-nanometer",
+    hour="duration-hour",
+    astronomical_unit="length-astronomical-unit",
+    liter_per_100kilometers="consumption-liter-per-100kilometers",
+    megaliter="volume-megaliter",
+    ton="mass-ton",
+    hectare="area-hectare",
+    square_kilometer="area-square-kilometer",
+    kibibit="digital-kilobit",
+    mile_scandinavian="length-mile-scandinavian",
+    liter_per_kilometer="consumption-liter-per-kilometer",
+    century="duration-century",
+    cubic_foot="volume-cubic-foot",
+    deciliter="volume-deciliter",
+    # pint='volume-pint-metric',
+    cubic_meter="volume-cubic-meter",
+    cubic_kilometer="volume-cubic-kilometer",
+    quart="volume-quart",
+    cc="volume-cubic-centimeter",
+    pound_force_per_square_inch="pressure-pound-per-square-inch",
+    milligram="mass-milligram",
+    kph="speed-kilometer-per-hour",
+    minute="duration-minute",
+    parsec="length-parsec",
+    picometer="length-picometer",
+    degree="angle-degree",
+    milliwatt="power-milliwatt",
+    week="duration-week",
+    ampere="electric-ampere",
+    milliliter="volume-milliliter",
+    decimeter="length-decimeter",
+    fluid_ounce="volume-fluid-ounce",
+    nanosecond="duration-nanosecond",
+    foot="length-foot",
+    karat="proportion-karat",
+    year="duration-year",
+    gallon="volume-gallon",
+    radian="angle-radian",
+)
+
+if not HAS_BABEL:
+    _babel_units = {}
+
+_babel_systems: dict[str, str] = dict(mks="metric", imperial="uksystem", US="ussystem")
+
+_babel_lengths: list[str] = ["narrow", "short", "long"]

datasette/vendored/pint/compat.py

@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+"""
+    pint.compat
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Compatibility layer.
+
+    :copyright: 2013 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Mapping
+from decimal import Decimal
+from importlib import import_module
+from numbers import Number
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    NoReturn,
+)
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import TypeAlias  # noqa
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias  # noqa
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import Self  # noqa
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import Self  # noqa
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import Never  # noqa
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import Never  # noqa
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import Unpack  # noqa
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import Unpack  # noqa
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+    from warnings import deprecated  # noqa
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import deprecated  # noqa
+
+
+def missing_dependency(
+    package: str, display_name: str | None = None
+) -> Callable[..., NoReturn]:
+    """Return a helper function that raises an exception when used.
+
+    It provides a way delay a missing dependency exception until it is used.
+    """
+    display_name = display_name or package
+
+    def _inner(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise Exception(
+            "This feature requires %s. Please install it by running:\n"
+            "pip install %s" % (display_name, package)
+        )
+
+    return _inner
+
+
+# TODO: remove this warning after v0.10
+class BehaviorChangeWarning(UserWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+try:
+    from uncertainties import UFloat, ufloat
+
+    unp = None
+
+    HAS_UNCERTAINTIES = True
+except ImportError:
+    UFloat = ufloat = unp = None
+
+    HAS_UNCERTAINTIES = False
+
+
+try:
+    import numpy as np
+    from numpy import datetime64 as np_datetime64
+    from numpy import ndarray
+
+    HAS_NUMPY = True
+    NUMPY_VER = np.__version__
+    if HAS_UNCERTAINTIES:
+        from uncertainties import unumpy as unp
+
+        NUMERIC_TYPES = (Number, Decimal, ndarray, np.number, UFloat)
+    else:
+        NUMERIC_TYPES = (Number, Decimal, ndarray, np.number)
+
+    def _to_magnitude(value, force_ndarray=False, force_ndarray_like=False):
+        if isinstance(value, (dict, bool)) or value is None:
+            raise TypeError(f"Invalid magnitude for Quantity: {value!r}")
+        elif isinstance(value, str) and value == "":
+            raise ValueError("Quantity magnitude cannot be an empty string.")
+        elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            return np.asarray(value)
+        elif HAS_UNCERTAINTIES:
+            from datasette.vendored.pint.facets.measurement.objects import Measurement
+
+            if isinstance(value, Measurement):
+                return ufloat(value.value, value.error)
+        if force_ndarray or (
+            force_ndarray_like and not is_duck_array_type(type(value))
+        ):
+            return np.asarray(value)
+        return value
+
+    def _test_array_function_protocol():
+        # Test if the __array_function__ protocol is enabled
+        try:
+
+            class FakeArray:
+                def __array_function__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                    return
+
+            np.concatenate([FakeArray()])
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+    HAS_NUMPY_ARRAY_FUNCTION = _test_array_function_protocol()
+
+    NP_NO_VALUE = np._NoValue
+
+except ImportError:
+    np = None
+
+    class ndarray:
+        pass
+
+    class np_datetime64:
+        pass
+
+    HAS_NUMPY = False
+    NUMPY_VER = "0"
+    NUMERIC_TYPES = (Number, Decimal)
+    HAS_NUMPY_ARRAY_FUNCTION = False
+    NP_NO_VALUE = None
+
+    def _to_magnitude(value, force_ndarray=False, force_ndarray_like=False):
+        if force_ndarray or force_ndarray_like:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot force to ndarray or ndarray-like when NumPy is not present."
+            )
+        elif isinstance(value, (dict, bool)) or value is None:
+            raise TypeError(f"Invalid magnitude for Quantity: {value!r}")
+        elif isinstance(value, str) and value == "":
+            raise ValueError("Quantity magnitude cannot be an empty string.")
+        elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "lists and tuples are valid magnitudes for "
+                "Quantity only when NumPy is present."
+            )
+        elif HAS_UNCERTAINTIES:
+            from datasette.vendored.pint.facets.measurement.objects import Measurement
+
+            if isinstance(value, Measurement):
+                return ufloat(value.value, value.error)
+        return value
+
+
+try:
+    from babel import Locale
+    from babel import units as babel_units
+
+    babel_parse = Locale.parse
+
+    HAS_BABEL = hasattr(babel_units, "format_unit")
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_BABEL = False
+
+    babel_parse = missing_dependency("Babel")  # noqa: F811 # type:ignore
+    babel_units = babel_parse
+
+try:
+    import mip
+
+    mip_model = mip.model
+    mip_Model = mip.Model
+    mip_INF = mip.INF
+    mip_INTEGER = mip.INTEGER
+    mip_xsum = mip.xsum
+    mip_OptimizationStatus = mip.OptimizationStatus
+
+    HAS_MIP = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_MIP = False
+
+    mip_missing = missing_dependency("mip")
+    mip_model = mip_missing
+    mip_Model = mip_missing
+    mip_INF = mip_missing
+    mip_INTEGER = mip_missing
+    mip_xsum = mip_missing
+    mip_OptimizationStatus = mip_missing
+
+# Defines Logarithm and Exponential for Logarithmic Converter
+if HAS_NUMPY:
+    from numpy import (
+        exp,  # noqa: F401
+        log,  # noqa: F401
+    )
+else:
+    from math import (
+        exp,  # noqa: F401
+        log,  # noqa: F401
+    )
+
+
+# Define location of pint.Quantity in NEP-13 type cast hierarchy by defining upcast
+# types using guarded imports
+
+try:
+    from dask import array as dask_array
+    from dask.base import compute, persist, visualize
+except ImportError:
+    compute, persist, visualize = None, None, None
+    dask_array = None
+
+
+# TODO: merge with upcast_type_map
+
+#: List upcast type names
+upcast_type_names = (
+    "pint_pandas.pint_array.PintArray",
+    "xarray.core.dataarray.DataArray",
+    "xarray.core.dataset.Dataset",
+    "xarray.core.variable.Variable",
+    "pandas.core.series.Series",
+    "pandas.core.frame.DataFrame",
+    "pandas.Series",
+    "pandas.DataFrame",
+    "xarray.core.dataarray.DataArray",
+)
+
+#: Map type name to the actual type (for upcast types).
+upcast_type_map: Mapping[str, type | None] = {k: None for k in upcast_type_names}
+
+
+def fully_qualified_name(t: type) -> str:
+    """Return the fully qualified name of a type."""
+    module = t.__module__
+    name = t.__qualname__
+
+    if module is None or module == "builtins":
+        return name
+
+    return f"{module}.{name}"
+
+
+def check_upcast_type(obj: type) -> bool:
+    """Check if the type object is an upcast type."""
+
+    # TODO: merge or unify name with is_upcast_type
+
+    fqn = fully_qualified_name(obj)
+    if fqn not in upcast_type_map:
+        return False
+    else:
+        module_name, class_name = fqn.rsplit(".", 1)
+        cls = getattr(import_module(module_name), class_name)
+
+    upcast_type_map[fqn] = cls
+    # This is to check we are importing the same thing.
+    # and avoid weird problems. Maybe instead of return
+    # we should raise an error if false.
+    return obj in upcast_type_map.values()
+
+
+def is_upcast_type(other: type) -> bool:
+    """Check if the type object is an upcast type."""
+
+    # TODO: merge or unify name with check_upcast_type
+
+    if other in upcast_type_map.values():
+        return True
+    return check_upcast_type(other)
+
+
+def is_duck_array_type(cls: type) -> bool:
+    """Check if the type object represents a (non-Quantity) duck array type."""
+    # TODO (NEP 30): replace duck array check with hasattr(other, "__duckarray__")
+    return issubclass(cls, ndarray) or (
+        not hasattr(cls, "_magnitude")
+        and not hasattr(cls, "_units")
+        and HAS_NUMPY_ARRAY_FUNCTION
+        and hasattr(cls, "__array_function__")
+        and hasattr(cls, "ndim")
+        and hasattr(cls, "dtype")
+    )
+
+
+def is_duck_array(obj: type) -> bool:
+    """Check if an object represents a (non-Quantity) duck array type."""
+    return is_duck_array_type(type(obj))
+
+
+def eq(lhs: Any, rhs: Any, check_all: bool) -> bool | Iterable[bool]:
+    """Comparison of scalars and arrays.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    lhs
+        left-hand side
+    rhs
+        right-hand side
+    check_all
+        if True, reduce sequence to single bool;
+        return True if all the elements are equal.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool or array_like of bool
+    """
+    out = lhs == rhs
+    if check_all and is_duck_array_type(type(out)):
+        return out.all()
+    return out
+
+
+def isnan(obj: Any, check_all: bool) -> bool | Iterable[bool]:
+    """Test for NaN or NaT.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    obj
+        scalar or vector
+    check_all
+        if True, reduce sequence to single bool;
+        return True if any of the elements are NaN.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool or array_like of bool.
+        Always return False for non-numeric types.
+    """
+    if is_duck_array_type(type(obj)):
+        if obj.dtype.kind in "ifc":
+            out = np.isnan(obj)
+        elif obj.dtype.kind in "Mm":
+            out = np.isnat(obj)
+        else:
+            if HAS_UNCERTAINTIES:
+                try:
+                    out = unp.isnan(obj)
+                except TypeError:
+                    # Not a numeric or UFloat type
+                    out = np.full(obj.shape, False)
+            else:
+                # Not a numeric or datetime type
+                out = np.full(obj.shape, False)
+        return out.any() if check_all else out
+    if isinstance(obj, np_datetime64):
+        return np.isnat(obj)
+    elif HAS_UNCERTAINTIES and isinstance(obj, UFloat):
+        return unp.isnan(obj)
+    try:
+        return math.isnan(obj)
+    except TypeError:
+        return False
+
+
+def zero_or_nan(obj: Any, check_all: bool) -> bool | Iterable[bool]:
+    """Test if obj is zero, NaN, or NaT.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    obj
+        scalar or vector
+    check_all
+        if True, reduce sequence to single bool;
+        return True if all the elements are zero, NaN, or NaT.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool or array_like of bool.
+        Always return False for non-numeric types.
+    """
+    out = eq(obj, 0, False) + isnan(obj, False)
+    if check_all and is_duck_array_type(type(out)):
+        return out.all()
+    return out

datasette/vendored/pint/constants_en.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Default Pint constants definition file
+# Based on the International System of Units
+# Language: english
+# Source: https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/
+#         https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayTrans/Html/search.html
+# :copyright: 2013,2019 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+
+#### MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS ####
+# As computed by Maxima with fpprec:50
+
+pi     = 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751 = π  # pi
+tansec = 4.8481368111333441675396429478852851658848753880815e-6   # tangent of 1 arc-second ~ arc_second/radian
+ln10   = 2.3025850929940456840179914546843642076011014886288      # natural logarithm of 10
+wien_x = 4.9651142317442763036987591313228939440555849867973      # solution to (x-5)*exp(x)+5 = 0 => x = W(5/exp(5))+5
+wien_u = 2.8214393721220788934031913302944851953458817440731      # solution to (u-3)*exp(u)+3 = 0 => u = W(3/exp(3))+3
+eulers_number = 2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995
+
+#### DEFINED EXACT CONSTANTS ####
+
+speed_of_light = 299792458 m/s = c = c_0                      # since 1983
+planck_constant = 6.62607015e-34 J s = ℎ                      # since May 2019
+elementary_charge = 1.602176634e-19 C = e                     # since May 2019
+avogadro_number = 6.02214076e23                               # since May 2019
+boltzmann_constant = 1.380649e-23 J K^-1 = k = k_B            # since May 2019
+standard_gravity = 9.80665 m/s^2 = g_0 = g0 = g_n = gravity   # since 1901
+standard_atmosphere = 1.01325e5 Pa = atm = atmosphere         # since 1954
+conventional_josephson_constant = 4.835979e14 Hz / V = K_J90  # since Jan 1990
+conventional_von_klitzing_constant = 2.5812807e4 ohm = R_K90  # since Jan 1990
+
+#### DERIVED EXACT CONSTANTS ####
+# Floating-point conversion may introduce inaccuracies
+
+zeta = c / (cm/s) = ζ
+dirac_constant = ℎ / (2 * π) = ħ = hbar = atomic_unit_of_action = a_u_action
+avogadro_constant = avogadro_number * mol^-1 = N_A
+molar_gas_constant = k * N_A = R
+faraday_constant = e * N_A
+conductance_quantum = 2 * e ** 2 / ℎ = G_0
+magnetic_flux_quantum = ℎ / (2 * e) = Φ_0 = Phi_0
+josephson_constant = 2 * e / ℎ = K_J
+von_klitzing_constant = ℎ / e ** 2 = R_K
+stefan_boltzmann_constant = 2 / 15 * π ** 5 * k ** 4 / (ℎ ** 3 * c ** 2) = σ = sigma
+first_radiation_constant = 2 * π * ℎ * c ** 2 = c_1
+second_radiation_constant = ℎ * c / k = c_2
+wien_wavelength_displacement_law_constant = ℎ * c / (k * wien_x)
+wien_frequency_displacement_law_constant = wien_u * k / ℎ
+
+#### MEASURED CONSTANTS ####
+# Recommended CODATA-2018 values
+# To some extent, what is measured and what is derived is a bit arbitrary.
+# The choice of measured constants is based on convenience and on available uncertainty.
+# The uncertainty in the last significant digits is given in parentheses as a comment.
+
+newtonian_constant_of_gravitation = 6.67430e-11 m^3/(kg s^2) = _ = gravitational_constant  # (15)
+rydberg_constant = 1.0973731568160e7 * m^-1 = R_∞ = R_inf                                  # (21)
+electron_g_factor = -2.00231930436256 = g_e                                                # (35)
+atomic_mass_constant = 1.66053906660e-27 kg = m_u                                          # (50)
+electron_mass = 9.1093837015e-31 kg = m_e = atomic_unit_of_mass = a_u_mass                 # (28)
+proton_mass = 1.67262192369e-27 kg = m_p                                                   # (51)
+neutron_mass = 1.67492749804e-27 kg = m_n                                                  # (95)
+lattice_spacing_of_Si = 1.920155716e-10 m = d_220                                          # (32)
+K_alpha_Cu_d_220 = 0.80232719                                                              # (22)
+K_alpha_Mo_d_220 = 0.36940604                                                              # (19)
+K_alpha_W_d_220 = 0.108852175                                                              # (98)
+
+#### DERIVED CONSTANTS ####
+
+fine_structure_constant = (2 * ℎ * R_inf / (m_e * c)) ** 0.5 = α = alpha
+vacuum_permeability = 2 * α * ℎ / (e ** 2 * c) = µ_0 = mu_0 = mu0 = magnetic_constant
+vacuum_permittivity = e ** 2 / (2 * α * ℎ * c) = ε_0 = epsilon_0 = eps_0 = eps0 = electric_constant
+impedance_of_free_space = 2 * α * ℎ / e ** 2 = Z_0 = characteristic_impedance_of_vacuum
+coulomb_constant = α * hbar * c / e ** 2 = k_C
+classical_electron_radius = α * hbar / (m_e * c) = r_e
+thomson_cross_section = 8 / 3 * π * r_e ** 2 = σ_e = sigma_e

datasette/vendored/pint/context.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""
+    pint.context
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Functions and classes related to context definitions and application.
+
+    :copyright: 2016 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details..
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    pass
+
+#: Regex to match the header parts of a context.
+
+#: Regex to match variable names in an equation.
+
+# TODO: delete this file

datasette/vendored/pint/converters.py

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+"""
+    pint.converters
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Functions and classes related to unit conversions.
+
+    :copyright: 2016 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from dataclasses import fields as dc_fields
+from typing import Any, ClassVar
+
+from ._typing import Magnitude
+from .compat import HAS_NUMPY, Self, exp, log  # noqa: F401
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Converter:
+    """Base class for value converters."""
+
+    _subclasses: ClassVar[list[type[Converter]]] = []
+    _param_names_to_subclass: ClassVar[dict[frozenset[str], type[Converter]]] = {}
+
+    @property
+    def is_multiplicative(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_logarithmic(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def to_reference(self, value: Magnitude, inplace: bool = False) -> Magnitude:
+        return value
+
+    def from_reference(self, value: Magnitude, inplace: bool = False) -> Magnitude:
+        return value
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: Any):
+        # Get constructor parameters
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+        cls._subclasses.append(cls)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_field_names(cls, new_cls: type) -> frozenset[str]:
+        return frozenset(p.name for p in dc_fields(new_cls))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def preprocess_kwargs(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_arguments(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> Converter:
+        kwk = frozenset(kwargs.keys())
+        try:
+            new_cls = cls._param_names_to_subclass[kwk]
+        except KeyError:
+            for new_cls in cls._subclasses:
+                p_names = frozenset(p.name for p in dc_fields(new_cls))
+                if p_names == kwk:
+                    cls._param_names_to_subclass[kwk] = new_cls
+                    break
+            else:
+                params = "(" + ", ".join(tuple(kwk)) + ")"
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"There is no class registered for parameters {params}"
+                )
+
+        kw = new_cls.preprocess_kwargs(**kwargs)
+        if kw is None:
+            return new_cls(**kwargs)
+        return cls.from_arguments(**kw)

datasette/vendored/pint/default_en.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,898 @@
+# Default Pint units definition file
+# Based on the International System of Units
+# Language: english
+# :copyright: 2013,2019 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+
+# Syntax
+# ======
+# Units
+# -----
+# <canonical name> = <relation to another unit or dimension> [= <symbol>] [= <alias>] [ = <alias> ] [...]
+#
+# The canonical name and aliases should be expressed in singular form.
+# Pint automatically deals with plurals built by adding 's' to the singular form; plural
+# forms that don't follow this rule should be instead explicitly listed as aliases.
+#
+# If a unit has no symbol and one wants to define aliases, then the symbol should be
+# conventionally set to _.
+#
+# Example:
+#     millennium = 1e3 * year = _ = millennia
+#
+#
+# Prefixes
+# --------
+# <prefix>- = <amount> [= <symbol>] [= <alias>] [ = <alias> ] [...]
+#
+# Example:
+#     deca- =  1e+1  = da- = deka-
+#
+#
+# Derived dimensions
+# ------------------
+# [dimension name] = <relation to other dimensions>
+#
+# Example:
+#     [density] = [mass] / [volume]
+#
+# Note that primary dimensions don't need to be declared; they can be
+# defined for the first time in a unit definition.
+# E.g. see below `meter = [length]`
+#
+#
+# Additional aliases
+# ------------------
+# @alias <canonical name or previous alias> = <alias> [ = <alias> ] [...]
+#
+# Used to add aliases to already existing unit definitions.
+# Particularly useful when one wants to enrich definitions
+# from defaults_en.txt with custom aliases.
+#
+# Example:
+#     @alias meter = my_meter
+
+# See also: https://pint.readthedocs.io/en/latest/defining.html
+
+@defaults
+    group = international
+    system = mks
+@end
+
+
+#### PREFIXES ####
+
+# decimal prefixes
+quecto- = 1e-30 = q-
+ronto- = 1e-27 = r-
+yocto- = 1e-24 = y-
+zepto- = 1e-21 = z-
+atto- =  1e-18 = a-
+femto- = 1e-15 = f-
+pico- =  1e-12 = p-
+nano- =  1e-9  = n-
+# The micro (U+00B5) and Greek mu (U+03BC) are both valid prefixes,
+# and they often use the same glyph.
+micro- = 1e-6  = µ- = μ- = u- = mu- = mc-
+milli- = 1e-3  = m-
+centi- = 1e-2  = c-
+deci- =  1e-1  = d-
+deca- =  1e+1  = da- = deka-
+hecto- = 1e2   = h-
+kilo- =  1e3   = k-
+mega- =  1e6   = M-
+giga- =  1e9   = G-
+tera- =  1e12  = T-
+peta- =  1e15  = P-
+exa- =   1e18  = E-
+zetta- = 1e21  = Z-
+yotta- = 1e24  = Y-
+ronna- = 1e27 = R-
+quetta- = 1e30 = Q-
+
+# binary_prefixes
+kibi- = 2**10 = Ki-
+mebi- = 2**20 = Mi-
+gibi- = 2**30 = Gi-
+tebi- = 2**40 = Ti-
+pebi- = 2**50 = Pi-
+exbi- = 2**60 = Ei-
+zebi- = 2**70 = Zi-
+yobi- = 2**80 = Yi-
+
+# extra_prefixes
+semi- = 0.5 = _ = demi-
+sesqui- = 1.5
+
+
+#### BASE UNITS ####
+
+meter = [length] = m = metre
+second = [time] = s = sec
+ampere = [current] = A = amp
+candela = [luminosity] = cd = candle
+gram = [mass] = g
+mole = [substance] = mol
+kelvin = [temperature]; offset: 0 = K = degK = °K = degree_Kelvin = degreeK  # older names supported for compatibility
+radian = [] = rad
+bit = []
+count = []
+
+
+#### CONSTANTS ####
+
+@import constants_en.txt
+
+
+#### UNITS ####
+# Common and less common, grouped by quantity.
+# Conversion factors are exact (except when noted),
+# although floating-point conversion may introduce inaccuracies
+
+# Angle
+turn = 2 * π * radian = _ = revolution = cycle = circle
+degree = π / 180 * radian = deg = arcdeg = arcdegree = angular_degree
+arcminute = degree / 60 = arcmin = arc_minute = angular_minute
+arcsecond = arcminute / 60 = arcsec = arc_second = angular_second
+milliarcsecond = 1e-3 * arcsecond = mas
+grade = π / 200 * radian = grad = gon
+mil = π / 32000 * radian
+
+# Solid angle
+steradian = radian ** 2 = sr
+square_degree = (π / 180) ** 2 * sr = sq_deg = sqdeg
+
+# Information
+baud = bit / second = Bd = bps
+
+byte = 8 * bit = B = octet
+# byte = 8 * bit = _ = octet
+## NOTE: B (byte) symbol can conflict with Bell
+
+# Ratios
+percent = 0.01 = %
+permille = 0.001 = ‰
+ppm = 1e-6
+
+# Length
+angstrom = 1e-10 * meter = Å = ångström = Å
+micron = micrometer = µ = μ
+fermi = femtometer = fm
+light_year = speed_of_light * julian_year = ly = lightyear
+astronomical_unit = 149597870700 * meter = au  # since Aug 2012
+parsec = 1 / tansec * astronomical_unit = pc
+nautical_mile = 1852 * meter = nmi
+bohr = hbar / (alpha * m_e * c) = a_0 = a0 = bohr_radius = atomic_unit_of_length = a_u_length
+x_unit_Cu = K_alpha_Cu_d_220 * d_220 / 1537.4 = Xu_Cu
+x_unit_Mo = K_alpha_Mo_d_220 * d_220 / 707.831 = Xu_Mo
+angstrom_star = K_alpha_W_d_220 * d_220 / 0.2090100 = Å_star
+planck_length = (hbar * gravitational_constant / c ** 3) ** 0.5
+
+# Mass
+metric_ton = 1e3 * kilogram = t = tonne
+unified_atomic_mass_unit = atomic_mass_constant = u = amu
+dalton = atomic_mass_constant = Da
+grain = 64.79891 * milligram = gr
+gamma_mass = microgram
+carat = 200 * milligram = ct = karat
+planck_mass = (hbar * c / gravitational_constant) ** 0.5
+
+# Time
+minute = 60 * second = min
+hour = 60 * minute = h = hr
+day = 24 * hour = d
+week = 7 * day
+fortnight = 2 * week
+year = 365.25 * day = a = yr = julian_year
+month = year / 12
+
+# decade = 10 * year
+## NOTE: decade [time] can conflict with decade [dimensionless]
+
+century = 100 * year = _ = centuries
+millennium = 1e3 * year = _ = millennia
+eon = 1e9 * year
+shake = 1e-8 * second
+svedberg = 1e-13 * second
+atomic_unit_of_time = hbar / E_h = a_u_time
+gregorian_year = 365.2425 * day
+sidereal_year = 365.256363004 * day                # approximate, as of J2000 epoch
+tropical_year = 365.242190402 * day                # approximate, as of J2000 epoch
+common_year = 365 * day
+leap_year = 366 * day
+sidereal_day = day / 1.00273790935079524           # approximate
+sidereal_month = 27.32166155 * day                 # approximate
+tropical_month = 27.321582 * day                   # approximate
+synodic_month = 29.530589 * day = _ = lunar_month  # approximate
+planck_time = (hbar * gravitational_constant / c ** 5) ** 0.5
+
+# Temperature
+degree_Celsius = kelvin; offset: 273.15 = °C = celsius = degC = degreeC
+degree_Rankine = 5 / 9 * kelvin; offset: 0 = °R = rankine = degR = degreeR
+degree_Fahrenheit = 5 / 9 * kelvin; offset: 233.15 + 200 / 9 = °F = fahrenheit = degF = degreeF
+degree_Reaumur = 4 / 5 * kelvin; offset: 273.15 = °Re = reaumur = degRe = degreeRe = degree_Réaumur = réaumur
+atomic_unit_of_temperature = E_h / k = a_u_temp
+planck_temperature = (hbar * c ** 5 / gravitational_constant / k ** 2) ** 0.5
+
+# Area
+[area] = [length] ** 2
+are = 100 * meter ** 2
+barn = 1e-28 * meter ** 2 = b
+darcy = centipoise * centimeter ** 2 / (second * atmosphere)
+hectare = 100 * are = ha
+
+# Volume
+[volume] = [length] ** 3
+liter = decimeter ** 3 = l = L = ℓ = litre
+cubic_centimeter = centimeter ** 3 = cc
+lambda = microliter = λ
+stere = meter ** 3
+
+# Frequency
+[frequency] = 1 / [time]
+hertz = 1 / second = Hz
+revolutions_per_minute = revolution / minute = rpm
+revolutions_per_second = revolution / second = rps
+counts_per_second = count / second = cps
+
+# Wavenumber
+[wavenumber] = 1 / [length]
+reciprocal_centimeter = 1 / cm = cm_1 = kayser
+
+# Velocity
+[velocity] = [length] / [time]
+[speed] = [velocity]
+knot = nautical_mile / hour = kt = knot_international = international_knot
+mile_per_hour = mile / hour = mph = MPH
+kilometer_per_hour = kilometer / hour = kph = KPH
+kilometer_per_second = kilometer / second = kps
+meter_per_second = meter / second = mps
+foot_per_second = foot / second = fps
+
+# Volumetric Flow Rate
+[volumetric_flow_rate] = [volume] / [time]
+sverdrup = 1e6 * meter ** 3 / second = sv
+
+# Acceleration
+[acceleration] = [velocity] / [time]
+galileo = centimeter / second ** 2 = Gal
+
+# Force
+[force] = [mass] * [acceleration]
+newton = kilogram * meter / second ** 2 = N
+dyne = gram * centimeter / second ** 2 = dyn
+force_kilogram = g_0 * kilogram = kgf = kilogram_force = pond
+force_gram = g_0 * gram = gf = gram_force
+force_metric_ton = g_0 * metric_ton = tf = metric_ton_force = force_t = t_force
+atomic_unit_of_force = E_h / a_0 = a_u_force
+
+# Energy
+[energy] = [force] * [length]
+joule = newton * meter = J
+erg = dyne * centimeter
+watt_hour = watt * hour = Wh = watthour
+electron_volt = e * volt = eV
+rydberg = ℎ * c * R_inf = Ry
+hartree = 2 * rydberg = E_h = Eh = hartree_energy = atomic_unit_of_energy = a_u_energy
+calorie = 4.184 * joule = cal = thermochemical_calorie = cal_th
+international_calorie = 4.1868 * joule = cal_it = international_steam_table_calorie
+fifteen_degree_calorie = 4.1855 * joule = cal_15
+british_thermal_unit = 1055.056 * joule = Btu = BTU = Btu_iso
+international_british_thermal_unit = 1e3 * pound / kilogram * degR / kelvin * international_calorie = Btu_it
+thermochemical_british_thermal_unit = 1e3 * pound / kilogram * degR / kelvin * calorie = Btu_th
+quadrillion_Btu = 1e15 * Btu = quad
+therm = 1e5 * Btu = thm = EC_therm
+US_therm = 1.054804e8 * joule  # approximate, no exact definition
+ton_TNT = 1e9 * calorie = tTNT
+tonne_of_oil_equivalent = 1e10 * international_calorie = toe
+atmosphere_liter = atmosphere * liter = atm_l
+
+# Power
+[power] = [energy] / [time]
+watt = joule / second = W
+volt_ampere = volt * ampere = VA
+horsepower = 550 * foot * force_pound / second = hp = UK_horsepower = hydraulic_horsepower
+boiler_horsepower = 33475 * Btu / hour                            # unclear which Btu
+metric_horsepower = 75 * force_kilogram * meter / second
+electrical_horsepower = 746 * watt
+refrigeration_ton = 12e3 * Btu / hour = _ = ton_of_refrigeration  # approximate, no exact definition
+cooling_tower_ton = 1.25 * refrigeration_ton # approximate, no exact definition
+standard_liter_per_minute = atmosphere * liter / minute = slpm = slm
+conventional_watt_90 = K_J90 ** 2 * R_K90 / (K_J ** 2 * R_K) * watt = W_90
+
+# Momentum
+[momentum] = [length] * [mass] / [time]
+
+# Density (as auxiliary for pressure)
+[density] = [mass] / [volume]
+mercury = 13.5951 * kilogram / liter = Hg = Hg_0C = Hg_32F = conventional_mercury
+water = 1.0 * kilogram / liter = H2O = conventional_water
+mercury_60F = 13.5568 * kilogram / liter = Hg_60F   # approximate
+water_39F = 0.999972 * kilogram / liter = water_4C  # approximate
+water_60F = 0.999001 * kilogram / liter             # approximate
+
+# Pressure
+[pressure] = [force] / [area]
+pascal = newton / meter ** 2 = Pa
+barye = dyne / centimeter ** 2 = Ba = barie = barad = barrie = baryd
+bar = 1e5 * pascal
+technical_atmosphere = kilogram * g_0 / centimeter ** 2 = at
+torr = atm / 760
+pound_force_per_square_inch = force_pound / inch ** 2 = psi
+kip_per_square_inch = kip / inch ** 2 = ksi
+millimeter_Hg = millimeter * Hg * g_0 = mmHg = mm_Hg = millimeter_Hg_0C
+centimeter_Hg = centimeter * Hg * g_0 = cmHg = cm_Hg = centimeter_Hg_0C
+inch_Hg = inch * Hg * g_0 = inHg = in_Hg = inch_Hg_32F
+inch_Hg_60F = inch * Hg_60F * g_0
+inch_H2O_39F = inch * water_39F * g_0
+inch_H2O_60F = inch * water_60F * g_0
+foot_H2O = foot * water * g_0 = ftH2O = feet_H2O
+centimeter_H2O = centimeter * water * g_0 = cmH2O = cm_H2O
+sound_pressure_level = 20e-6 * pascal = SPL
+
+# Torque
+[torque] = [force] * [length]
+foot_pound = foot * force_pound = ft_lb = footpound
+
+# Viscosity
+[viscosity] = [pressure] * [time]
+poise = 0.1 * Pa * second = P
+reyn = psi * second
+
+# Kinematic viscosity
+[kinematic_viscosity] = [area] / [time]
+stokes = centimeter ** 2 / second = St
+
+# Fluidity
+[fluidity] = 1 / [viscosity]
+rhe = 1 / poise
+
+# Amount of substance
+particle = 1 / N_A = _ = molec = molecule
+
+# Concentration
+[concentration] = [substance] / [volume]
+molar = mole / liter = M
+
+# Catalytic activity
+[activity] = [substance] / [time]
+katal = mole / second = kat
+enzyme_unit = micromole / minute = U = enzymeunit
+
+# Entropy
+[entropy] = [energy] / [temperature]
+clausius = calorie / kelvin = Cl
+
+# Molar entropy
+[molar_entropy] = [entropy] / [substance]
+entropy_unit = calorie / kelvin / mole = eu
+
+# Radiation
+becquerel = counts_per_second = Bq
+curie = 3.7e10 * becquerel = Ci
+rutherford = 1e6 * becquerel = Rd
+gray = joule / kilogram = Gy
+sievert = joule / kilogram = Sv
+rads = 0.01 * gray
+rem = 0.01 * sievert
+roentgen = 2.58e-4 * coulomb / kilogram = _ = röntgen  # approximate, depends on medium
+
+# Heat transimission
+[heat_transmission] = [energy] / [area]
+peak_sun_hour = 1e3 * watt_hour / meter ** 2 = PSH
+langley = thermochemical_calorie / centimeter ** 2 = Ly
+
+# Luminance
+[luminance] = [luminosity] / [area]
+nit = candela / meter ** 2
+stilb = candela / centimeter ** 2
+lambert = 1 / π * candela / centimeter ** 2
+
+# Luminous flux
+[luminous_flux] = [luminosity]
+lumen = candela * steradian = lm
+
+# Illuminance
+[illuminance] = [luminous_flux] / [area]
+lux = lumen / meter ** 2 = lx
+
+# Intensity
+[intensity] = [power] / [area]
+atomic_unit_of_intensity = 0.5 * ε_0 * c * atomic_unit_of_electric_field ** 2 = a_u_intensity
+
+# Current
+biot = 10 * ampere = Bi
+abampere = biot = abA
+atomic_unit_of_current = e / atomic_unit_of_time = a_u_current
+mean_international_ampere = mean_international_volt / mean_international_ohm = A_it
+US_international_ampere = US_international_volt / US_international_ohm = A_US
+conventional_ampere_90 = K_J90 * R_K90 / (K_J * R_K) * ampere = A_90
+planck_current = (c ** 6 / gravitational_constant / k_C) ** 0.5
+
+# Charge
+[charge] = [current] * [time]
+coulomb = ampere * second = C
+abcoulomb = 10 * C = abC
+faraday = e * N_A * mole
+conventional_coulomb_90 = K_J90 * R_K90 / (K_J * R_K) * coulomb = C_90
+ampere_hour = ampere * hour = Ah
+
+# Electric potential
+[electric_potential] = [energy] / [charge]
+volt = joule / coulomb = V
+abvolt = 1e-8 * volt = abV
+mean_international_volt = 1.00034 * volt = V_it  # approximate
+US_international_volt = 1.00033 * volt = V_US    # approximate
+conventional_volt_90 = K_J90 / K_J * volt = V_90
+
+# Electric field
+[electric_field] = [electric_potential] / [length]
+atomic_unit_of_electric_field = e * k_C / a_0 ** 2 = a_u_electric_field
+
+# Electric displacement field
+[electric_displacement_field] = [charge] / [area]
+
+# Reduced electric field
+[reduced_electric_field] = [electric_field] * [area]
+townsend =  1e-21 * V * m^2 = Td
+
+# Resistance
+[resistance] = [electric_potential] / [current]
+ohm = volt / ampere = Ω
+abohm = 1e-9 * ohm = abΩ
+mean_international_ohm = 1.00049 * ohm = Ω_it = ohm_it  # approximate
+US_international_ohm = 1.000495 * ohm = Ω_US = ohm_US   # approximate
+conventional_ohm_90 = R_K / R_K90 * ohm = Ω_90 = ohm_90
+
+# Resistivity
+[resistivity] = [resistance] * [length]
+
+# Conductance
+[conductance] = [current] / [electric_potential]
+siemens = ampere / volt = S = mho
+absiemens = 1e9 * siemens = abS = abmho
+
+# Capacitance
+[capacitance] = [charge] / [electric_potential]
+farad = coulomb / volt = F
+abfarad = 1e9 * farad = abF
+conventional_farad_90 = R_K90 / R_K * farad = F_90
+
+# Magnetic flux
+[magnetic_flux] = [electric_potential] * [time]
+weber = volt * second = Wb
+unit_pole = µ_0 * biot * centimeter
+
+# Inductance
+[inductance] = [magnetic_flux] / [current]
+henry = weber / ampere = H
+abhenry = 1e-9 * henry = abH
+conventional_henry_90 = R_K / R_K90 * henry = H_90
+
+# Magnetic field
+[magnetic_field] = [magnetic_flux] / [area]
+tesla = weber / meter ** 2 = T
+gamma = 1e-9 * tesla = γ
+
+# Magnetomotive force
+[magnetomotive_force] = [current]
+ampere_turn = ampere = At
+biot_turn = biot
+gilbert = 1 / (4 * π) * biot_turn = Gb
+
+# Magnetic field strength
+[magnetic_field_strength] = [current] / [length]
+
+# Electric dipole moment
+[electric_dipole] = [charge] * [length]
+debye = 1e-9 / ζ * coulomb * angstrom = D  # formally 1 D = 1e-10 Fr*Å, but we generally want to use it outside the Gaussian context
+
+# Electric quadrupole moment
+[electric_quadrupole] = [charge] * [area]
+buckingham = debye * angstrom
+
+# Magnetic dipole moment
+[magnetic_dipole] = [current] * [area]
+bohr_magneton = e * hbar / (2 * m_e) = µ_B = mu_B
+nuclear_magneton = e * hbar / (2 * m_p) = µ_N = mu_N
+
+# Refractive index
+[refractive_index] = []
+refractive_index_unit = [] = RIU
+
+# Logaritmic Unit Definition
+#  Unit = scale; logbase; logfactor
+#  x_dB = [logfactor] * log( x_lin / [scale] ) / log( [logbase] )
+
+# Logaritmic Units of dimensionless quantity: [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(logarithmic_quantity) ]
+
+decibelwatt = watt; logbase: 10; logfactor: 10 = dBW
+decibelmilliwatt = 1e-3 watt; logbase: 10; logfactor: 10 = dBm
+decibelmicrowatt = 1e-6 watt; logbase: 10; logfactor: 10 = dBu
+
+decibel = 1 ; logbase: 10; logfactor: 10 = dB
+# bell = 1 ; logbase: 10; logfactor: = B
+## NOTE: B (Bell) symbol conflicts with byte
+
+decade = 1 ; logbase: 10; logfactor: 1
+## NOTE: decade [time] can conflict with decade [dimensionless]
+
+octave = 1 ; logbase: 2; logfactor: 1 = oct
+
+neper = 1 ; logbase: 2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995; logfactor: 0.5 = Np
+# neper = 1 ; logbase: eulers_number; logfactor: 0.5 = Np
+
+#### UNIT GROUPS ####
+# Mostly for length, area, volume, mass, force
+# (customary or specialized units)
+
+@group USCSLengthInternational
+    thou = 1e-3 * inch = th = mil_length
+    inch = yard / 36 = in = international_inch = inches = international_inches
+    hand = 4 * inch
+    foot = yard / 3 = ft = international_foot = feet = international_feet
+    yard = 0.9144 * meter = yd = international_yard  # since Jul 1959
+    mile = 1760 * yard = mi = international_mile
+
+    circular_mil = π / 4 * mil_length ** 2 = cmil
+    square_inch = inch ** 2 = sq_in = square_inches
+    square_foot = foot ** 2 = sq_ft = square_feet
+    square_yard = yard ** 2 = sq_yd
+    square_mile = mile ** 2 = sq_mi
+
+    cubic_inch = in ** 3 = cu_in
+    cubic_foot = ft ** 3 = cu_ft = cubic_feet
+    cubic_yard = yd ** 3 = cu_yd
+@end
+
+@group USCSLengthSurvey
+    link = 1e-2 * chain = li = survey_link
+    survey_foot = 1200 / 3937 * meter = sft
+    fathom = 6 * survey_foot
+    rod = 16.5 * survey_foot = rd = pole = perch
+    chain = 4 * rod
+    furlong = 40 * rod = fur
+    cables_length = 120 * fathom
+    survey_mile = 5280 * survey_foot = smi = us_statute_mile
+    league = 3 * survey_mile
+
+    square_rod = rod ** 2 = sq_rod = sq_pole = sq_perch
+    acre = 10 * chain ** 2
+    square_survey_mile = survey_mile ** 2 = _ = section
+    square_league = league ** 2
+
+    acre_foot = acre * survey_foot = _ = acre_feet
+@end
+
+@group USCSDryVolume
+    dry_pint = bushel / 64 = dpi = US_dry_pint
+    dry_quart = bushel / 32 = dqt = US_dry_quart
+    dry_gallon = bushel / 8 = dgal = US_dry_gallon
+    peck = bushel / 4 = pk
+    bushel = 2150.42 cubic_inch = bu
+    dry_barrel = 7056 cubic_inch = _ = US_dry_barrel
+    board_foot = ft * ft * in = FBM = board_feet = BF = BDFT = super_foot = superficial_foot = super_feet = superficial_feet
+@end
+
+@group USCSLiquidVolume
+    minim = pint / 7680
+    fluid_dram = pint / 128 = fldr = fluidram = US_fluid_dram = US_liquid_dram
+    fluid_ounce = pint / 16 = floz = US_fluid_ounce = US_liquid_ounce
+    gill = pint / 4 = gi = liquid_gill = US_liquid_gill
+    pint = quart / 2 = pt = liquid_pint = US_pint
+    fifth = gallon / 5 = _ = US_liquid_fifth
+    quart = gallon / 4 = qt = liquid_quart = US_liquid_quart
+    gallon = 231 * cubic_inch = gal = liquid_gallon = US_liquid_gallon
+@end
+
+@group USCSVolumeOther
+    teaspoon = fluid_ounce / 6 = tsp
+    tablespoon = fluid_ounce / 2 = tbsp
+    shot = 3 * tablespoon = jig = US_shot
+    cup = pint / 2 = cp = liquid_cup = US_liquid_cup
+    barrel = 31.5 * gallon = bbl
+    oil_barrel = 42 * gallon = oil_bbl
+    beer_barrel = 31 * gallon = beer_bbl
+    hogshead = 63 * gallon
+@end
+
+@group Avoirdupois
+    dram = pound / 256 = dr = avoirdupois_dram = avdp_dram = drachm
+    ounce = pound / 16 = oz = avoirdupois_ounce = avdp_ounce
+    pound = 7e3 * grain = lb = avoirdupois_pound = avdp_pound
+    stone = 14 * pound
+    quarter = 28 * stone
+    bag = 94 * pound
+    hundredweight = 100 * pound = cwt = short_hundredweight
+    long_hundredweight = 112 * pound
+    ton = 2e3 * pound = _ = short_ton
+    long_ton = 2240 * pound
+    slug = g_0 * pound * second ** 2 / foot
+    slinch = g_0 * pound * second ** 2 / inch = blob = slugette
+
+    force_ounce = g_0 * ounce = ozf = ounce_force
+    force_pound = g_0 * pound = lbf = pound_force
+    force_ton = g_0 * ton = _ = ton_force = force_short_ton = short_ton_force
+    force_long_ton = g_0 * long_ton = _ = long_ton_force
+    kip = 1e3 * force_pound
+    poundal = pound * foot / second ** 2 = pdl
+@end
+
+@group AvoirdupoisUK using Avoirdupois
+    UK_hundredweight = long_hundredweight = UK_cwt
+    UK_ton = long_ton
+    UK_force_ton = force_long_ton = _ = UK_ton_force
+@end
+
+@group AvoirdupoisUS using Avoirdupois
+    US_hundredweight = hundredweight = US_cwt
+    US_ton = ton
+    US_force_ton = force_ton = _ = US_ton_force
+@end
+
+@group Troy
+    pennyweight = 24 * grain = dwt
+    troy_ounce = 480 * grain = toz = ozt
+    troy_pound = 12 * troy_ounce = tlb = lbt
+@end
+
+@group Apothecary
+    scruple = 20 * grain
+    apothecary_dram = 3 * scruple = ap_dr
+    apothecary_ounce = 8 * apothecary_dram = ap_oz
+    apothecary_pound = 12 * apothecary_ounce = ap_lb
+@end
+
+@group ImperialVolume
+    imperial_minim = imperial_fluid_ounce / 480
+    imperial_fluid_scruple = imperial_fluid_ounce / 24
+    imperial_fluid_drachm = imperial_fluid_ounce / 8 = imperial_fldr = imperial_fluid_dram
+    imperial_fluid_ounce = imperial_pint / 20 = imperial_floz = UK_fluid_ounce
+    imperial_gill = imperial_pint / 4 = imperial_gi = UK_gill
+    imperial_cup = imperial_pint / 2 = imperial_cp = UK_cup
+    imperial_pint = imperial_gallon / 8 = imperial_pt = UK_pint
+    imperial_quart = imperial_gallon / 4 = imperial_qt = UK_quart
+    imperial_gallon = 4.54609 * liter = imperial_gal = UK_gallon
+    imperial_peck = 2 * imperial_gallon = imperial_pk = UK_pk
+    imperial_bushel = 8 * imperial_gallon = imperial_bu = UK_bushel
+    imperial_barrel = 36 * imperial_gallon = imperial_bbl = UK_bbl
+@end
+
+@group Printer
+    pica = inch / 6 = _ = printers_pica
+    point = pica / 12 = pp = printers_point = big_point = bp
+    didot = 1 / 2660 * m
+    cicero = 12 * didot
+    tex_point = inch / 72.27
+    tex_pica = 12 * tex_point
+    tex_didot = 1238 / 1157 * tex_point
+    tex_cicero = 12 * tex_didot
+    scaled_point = tex_point / 65536
+    css_pixel = inch / 96 = px
+
+    pixel = [printing_unit] = _ = dot = pel = picture_element
+    pixels_per_centimeter = pixel / cm = PPCM
+    pixels_per_inch = pixel / inch = dots_per_inch = PPI = ppi = DPI = printers_dpi
+    bits_per_pixel = bit / pixel = bpp
+@end
+
+@group Textile
+    tex = gram / kilometer = Tt
+    dtex = decitex
+    denier = gram / (9 * kilometer) = den
+    jute = pound / (14400 * yard) = Tj
+    aberdeen = jute = Ta
+    RKM  = gf / tex
+
+    number_english = 840 * yard / pound = Ne = NeC = ECC
+    number_meter = kilometer / kilogram = Nm
+@end
+
+
+#### CGS ELECTROMAGNETIC UNITS ####
+
+# === Gaussian system of units ===
+@group Gaussian
+    franklin = erg ** 0.5 * centimeter ** 0.5 = Fr = statcoulomb = statC = esu
+    statvolt = erg / franklin = statV
+    statampere = franklin / second = statA
+    gauss = dyne / franklin = G
+    maxwell = gauss * centimeter ** 2 = Mx
+    oersted = dyne / maxwell = Oe = ørsted
+    statohm = statvolt / statampere = statΩ
+    statfarad = franklin / statvolt = statF
+    statmho = statampere / statvolt
+@end
+# Note this system is not commensurate with SI, as ε_0 and µ_0 disappear;
+# some quantities with different dimensions in SI have the same
+# dimensions in the Gaussian system (e.g. [Mx] = [Fr], but [Wb] != [C]),
+# and therefore the conversion factors depend on the context (not in pint sense)
+[gaussian_charge] = [length] ** 1.5 * [mass] ** 0.5 / [time]
+[gaussian_current] = [gaussian_charge] / [time]
+[gaussian_electric_potential] = [gaussian_charge] / [length]
+[gaussian_electric_field] = [gaussian_electric_potential] / [length]
+[gaussian_electric_displacement_field] = [gaussian_charge] / [area]
+[gaussian_electric_flux] = [gaussian_charge]
+[gaussian_electric_dipole] = [gaussian_charge] * [length]
+[gaussian_electric_quadrupole] = [gaussian_charge] * [area]
+[gaussian_magnetic_field] = [force] / [gaussian_charge]
+[gaussian_magnetic_field_strength] = [gaussian_magnetic_field]
+[gaussian_magnetic_flux] = [gaussian_magnetic_field] * [area]
+[gaussian_magnetic_dipole] = [energy] / [gaussian_magnetic_field]
+[gaussian_resistance] = [gaussian_electric_potential] / [gaussian_current]
+[gaussian_resistivity] = [gaussian_resistance] * [length]
+[gaussian_capacitance] = [gaussian_charge] / [gaussian_electric_potential]
+[gaussian_inductance] = [gaussian_electric_potential] * [time] / [gaussian_current]
+[gaussian_conductance] = [gaussian_current] / [gaussian_electric_potential]
+@context Gaussian = Gau
+    [gaussian_charge] -> [charge]: value / k_C ** 0.5
+    [charge] -> [gaussian_charge]: value * k_C ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_current] -> [current]: value / k_C ** 0.5
+    [current] -> [gaussian_current]: value * k_C ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_electric_potential] -> [electric_potential]: value * k_C ** 0.5
+    [electric_potential] -> [gaussian_electric_potential]: value / k_C ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_electric_field] -> [electric_field]: value * k_C ** 0.5
+    [electric_field] -> [gaussian_electric_field]: value / k_C ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_electric_displacement_field] -> [electric_displacement_field]: value / (4 * π / ε_0) ** 0.5
+    [electric_displacement_field] -> [gaussian_electric_displacement_field]: value * (4 * π / ε_0) ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_electric_dipole] -> [electric_dipole]: value / k_C ** 0.5
+    [electric_dipole] -> [gaussian_electric_dipole]: value * k_C ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_electric_quadrupole] -> [electric_quadrupole]: value / k_C ** 0.5
+    [electric_quadrupole] -> [gaussian_electric_quadrupole]: value * k_C ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_magnetic_field] -> [magnetic_field]: value / (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5
+    [magnetic_field] -> [gaussian_magnetic_field]: value * (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_magnetic_flux] -> [magnetic_flux]: value / (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5
+    [magnetic_flux] -> [gaussian_magnetic_flux]: value * (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_magnetic_field_strength] -> [magnetic_field_strength]: value / (4 * π * µ_0) ** 0.5
+    [magnetic_field_strength] -> [gaussian_magnetic_field_strength]: value * (4 * π * µ_0) ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_magnetic_dipole] -> [magnetic_dipole]: value * (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5
+    [magnetic_dipole] -> [gaussian_magnetic_dipole]: value / (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5
+    [gaussian_resistance] -> [resistance]: value * k_C
+    [resistance] -> [gaussian_resistance]: value / k_C
+    [gaussian_resistivity] -> [resistivity]: value * k_C
+    [resistivity] -> [gaussian_resistivity]: value / k_C
+    [gaussian_capacitance] -> [capacitance]: value / k_C
+    [capacitance] -> [gaussian_capacitance]: value * k_C
+    [gaussian_inductance] -> [inductance]: value * k_C
+    [inductance] -> [gaussian_inductance]: value / k_C
+    [gaussian_conductance] -> [conductance]: value / k_C
+    [conductance] -> [gaussian_conductance]: value * k_C
+@end
+
+# === ESU system of units ===
+#   (where different from Gaussian)
+#   See note for Gaussian system too
+@group ESU using Gaussian
+    statweber = statvolt * second = statWb
+    stattesla = statweber / centimeter ** 2 = statT
+    stathenry = statweber / statampere = statH
+@end
+[esu_charge] = [length] ** 1.5 * [mass] ** 0.5 / [time]
+[esu_current] = [esu_charge] / [time]
+[esu_electric_potential] = [esu_charge] / [length]
+[esu_magnetic_flux] = [esu_electric_potential] * [time]
+[esu_magnetic_field] = [esu_magnetic_flux] / [area]
+[esu_magnetic_field_strength] = [esu_current] / [length]
+[esu_magnetic_dipole] = [esu_current] * [area]
+@context ESU = esu
+    [esu_magnetic_field] -> [magnetic_field]: value * k_C ** 0.5
+    [magnetic_field] -> [esu_magnetic_field]: value / k_C ** 0.5
+    [esu_magnetic_flux] -> [magnetic_flux]: value * k_C ** 0.5
+    [magnetic_flux] -> [esu_magnetic_flux]: value / k_C ** 0.5
+    [esu_magnetic_field_strength] -> [magnetic_field_strength]: value / (4 * π / ε_0) ** 0.5
+    [magnetic_field_strength] -> [esu_magnetic_field_strength]: value * (4 * π / ε_0) ** 0.5
+    [esu_magnetic_dipole] -> [magnetic_dipole]: value / k_C ** 0.5
+    [magnetic_dipole] -> [esu_magnetic_dipole]: value * k_C ** 0.5
+@end
+
+
+#### CONVERSION CONTEXTS ####
+
+@context(n=1) spectroscopy = sp
+    # n index of refraction of the medium.
+    [length] <-> [frequency]: speed_of_light / n / value
+    [frequency] -> [energy]: planck_constant * value
+    [energy] -> [frequency]: value / planck_constant
+    # allow wavenumber / kayser
+    [wavenumber] <-> [length]: 1 / value
+@end
+
+@context boltzmann
+    [temperature] -> [energy]: boltzmann_constant * value
+    [energy] -> [temperature]: value / boltzmann_constant
+@end
+
+@context energy
+    [energy] -> [energy] / [substance]: value * N_A
+    [energy] / [substance] -> [energy]: value / N_A
+    [energy] -> [mass]: value / c ** 2
+    [mass] -> [energy]: value * c ** 2
+@end
+
+@context(mw=0,volume=0,solvent_mass=0) chemistry = chem
+    # mw is the molecular weight of the species
+    # volume is the volume of the solution
+    # solvent_mass is the mass of solvent in the solution
+
+    # moles -> mass require the molecular weight
+    [substance] -> [mass]: value * mw
+    [mass] -> [substance]: value / mw
+
+    # moles/volume -> mass/volume and moles/mass -> mass/mass
+    # require the  molecular weight
+    [substance] / [volume] -> [mass] / [volume]: value * mw
+    [mass] / [volume] -> [substance] / [volume]: value / mw
+    [substance] / [mass] -> [mass] / [mass]: value * mw
+    [mass] / [mass] -> [substance] / [mass]: value / mw
+
+    # moles/volume -> moles requires the solution volume
+    [substance] / [volume] -> [substance]: value * volume
+    [substance] -> [substance] / [volume]: value / volume
+
+    # moles/mass -> moles requires the solvent (usually water) mass
+    [substance] / [mass] -> [substance]: value * solvent_mass
+    [substance] -> [substance] / [mass]: value / solvent_mass
+
+    # moles/mass -> moles/volume require the solvent mass and the volume
+    [substance] / [mass] -> [substance]/[volume]: value * solvent_mass / volume
+    [substance] / [volume] -> [substance] / [mass]: value / solvent_mass * volume
+
+@end
+
+@context textile
+    # Allow switching between Direct count system (i.e. tex) and
+    # Indirect count system (i.e. Ne, Nm)
+    [mass] / [length] <-> [length] / [mass]: 1 / value
+@end
+
+
+#### SYSTEMS OF UNITS ####
+
+@system SI
+    second
+    meter
+    kilogram
+    ampere
+    kelvin
+    mole
+    candela
+@end
+
+@system mks using international
+    meter
+    kilogram
+    second
+@end
+
+@system cgs using international, Gaussian, ESU
+    centimeter
+    gram
+    second
+@end
+
+@system atomic using international
+    # based on unit m_e, e, hbar, k_C, k
+    bohr: meter
+    electron_mass: gram
+    atomic_unit_of_time: second
+    atomic_unit_of_current: ampere
+    atomic_unit_of_temperature: kelvin
+@end
+
+@system Planck using international
+    # based on unit c, gravitational_constant, hbar, k_C, k
+    planck_length: meter
+    planck_mass: gram
+    planck_time: second
+    planck_current: ampere
+    planck_temperature: kelvin
+@end
+
+@system imperial using ImperialVolume, USCSLengthInternational, AvoirdupoisUK
+    yard
+    pound
+@end
+
+@system US using USCSLiquidVolume, USCSDryVolume, USCSVolumeOther, USCSLengthInternational, USCSLengthSurvey, AvoirdupoisUS
+    yard
+    pound
+@end

datasette/vendored/pint/definitions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+"""
+    pint.definitions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Kept for backwards compatibility
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from . import errors
+from .delegates import ParserConfig, txt_defparser
+
+
+class Definition:
+    """This is kept for backwards compatibility"""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, input_string: str, non_int_type: type = float) -> Definition:
+        """Parse a string into a definition object.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        input_string
+            Single line string.
+        non_int_type
+            Numerical type used for non integer values.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        DefinitionSyntaxError
+            If a syntax error was found.
+        """
+        cfg = ParserConfig(non_int_type)
+        parser = txt_defparser.DefParser(cfg, None)
+        pp = parser.parse_string(input_string)
+        for definition in parser.iter_parsed_project(pp):
+            if isinstance(definition, Exception):
+                raise errors.DefinitionSyntaxError(str(definition))
+            if not isinstance(definition, (fp.BOS, fp.BOF, fp.BOS)):
+                return definition
+
+        # TODO: What shall we do in this return path.

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Defines methods and classes to handle autonomous tasks.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from . import txt_defparser
+from .base_defparser import ParserConfig, build_disk_cache_class
+from .formatter import Formatter
+
+__all__ = ["txt_defparser", "ParserConfig", "build_disk_cache_class", "Formatter"]

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/base_defparser.py

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.base_defparser
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Common class and function for all parsers.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import numbers
+import pathlib
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any
+
+import flexcache as fc
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from datasette.vendored.pint import errors
+from datasette.vendored.pint.facets.plain.definitions import NotNumeric
+from datasette.vendored.pint.util import ParserHelper, UnitsContainer
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ParserConfig:
+    """Configuration used by the parser in Pint."""
+
+    #: Indicates the output type of non integer numbers.
+    non_int_type: type[numbers.Number] = float
+
+    def to_scaled_units_container(self, s: str):
+        return ParserHelper.from_string(s, self.non_int_type)
+
+    def to_units_container(self, s: str):
+        v = self.to_scaled_units_container(s)
+        if v.scale != 1:
+            raise errors.UnexpectedScaleInContainer(str(v.scale))
+        return UnitsContainer(v)
+
+    def to_dimension_container(self, s: str):
+        v = self.to_units_container(s)
+        invalid = tuple(itertools.filterfalse(errors.is_valid_dimension_name, v.keys()))
+        if invalid:
+            raise errors.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                f"Cannot build a dimension container with {', '.join(invalid)} that "
+                + errors.MSG_INVALID_DIMENSION_NAME
+            )
+        return v
+
+    def to_number(self, s: str) -> numbers.Number:
+        """Try parse a string into a number (without using eval).
+
+        The string can contain a number or a simple equation (3 + 4)
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        _NotNumeric
+            If the string cannot be parsed as a number.
+        """
+        val = self.to_scaled_units_container(s)
+        if len(val):
+            raise NotNumeric(s)
+        return val.scale
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PintParsedStatement(fp.ParsedStatement[ParserConfig]):
+    """A parsed statement for pint, specialized in the actual config."""
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def build_disk_cache_class(chosen_non_int_type: type):
+    """Build disk cache class, taking into account the non_int_type."""
+
+    @dataclass(frozen=True)
+    class PintHeader(fc.InvalidateByExist, fc.NameByFields, fc.BasicPythonHeader):
+        from .. import __version__
+
+        pint_version: str = __version__
+        non_int_type: str = chosen_non_int_type.__qualname__
+
+    @dataclass(frozen=True)
+    class PathHeader(fc.NameByFileContent, PintHeader):
+        pass
+
+    @dataclass(frozen=True)
+    class ParsedProjecHeader(fc.NameByHashIter, PintHeader):
+        @classmethod
+        def from_parsed_project(
+            cls, pp: fp.ParsedProject[Any, ParserConfig], reader_id: str
+        ):
+            tmp = (
+                f"{stmt.content_hash.algorithm_name}:{stmt.content_hash.hexdigest}"
+                for stmt in pp.iter_statements()
+                if isinstance(stmt, fp.BOS)
+            )
+
+            return cls(tuple(tmp), reader_id)
+
+    class PintDiskCache(fc.DiskCache):
+        _header_classes = {
+            pathlib.Path: PathHeader,
+            str: PathHeader.from_string,
+            fp.ParsedProject: ParsedProjecHeader.from_parsed_project,
+        }
+
+    return PintDiskCache

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/formatter/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.formatter
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Easy to replace and extend string formatting.
+
+    See pint.delegates.formatter.plain.DefaultFormatter for a
+    description of a formatter.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .full import FullFormatter
+
+
+class Formatter(FullFormatter):
+    """Default Pint Formatter"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Formatter",
+]

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/formatter/_compound_unit_helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.formatter._compound_unit_helpers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Convenient functions to help organize compount units.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import locale
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from functools import partial
+from itertools import filterfalse, tee
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Literal,
+    TypedDict,
+    TypeVar,
+)
+
+from ...compat import TypeAlias, babel_parse
+from ...util import UnitsContainer
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+U = TypeVar("U")
+V = TypeVar("V")
+W = TypeVar("W")
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...compat import Locale, Number
+    from ...facets.plain import PlainUnit
+    from ...registry import UnitRegistry
+
+
+class SortKwds(TypedDict):
+    registry: UnitRegistry
+
+
+SortFunc: TypeAlias = Callable[
+    [Iterable[tuple[str, Any, str]], Any], Iterable[tuple[str, Any, str]]
+]
+
+
+class BabelKwds(TypedDict):
+    """Babel related keywords used in formatters."""
+
+    use_plural: bool
+    length: Literal["short", "long", "narrow"] | None
+    locale: Locale | str | None
+
+
+def partition(
+    predicate: Callable[[T], bool], iterable: Iterable[T]
+) -> tuple[filterfalse[T], filter[T]]:
+    """Partition entries into false entries and true entries.
+
+    If *predicate* is slow, consider wrapping it with functools.lru_cache().
+    """
+    # partition(is_odd, range(10)) --> 0 2 4 6 8   and  1 3 5 7 9
+    t1, t2 = tee(iterable)
+    return filterfalse(predicate, t1), filter(predicate, t2)
+
+
+def localize_per(
+    length: Literal["short", "long", "narrow"] = "long",
+    locale: Locale | str | None = locale.LC_NUMERIC,
+    default: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Localized singular and plural form of a unit.
+
+    THIS IS TAKEN FROM BABEL format_unit. But
+    - No magnitude is returned in the string.
+    - If the unit is not found, the default is given.
+    - If the default is None, then the same value is given.
+    """
+    locale = babel_parse(locale)
+
+    patterns = locale._data["compound_unit_patterns"].get("per", None)
+    if patterns is None:
+        return default or "{}/{}"
+
+    patterns = patterns.get(length, None)
+    if patterns is None:
+        return default or "{}/{}"
+
+    # babel 2.8
+    if isinstance(patterns, str):
+        return patterns
+
+    # babe; 2.15
+    return patterns.get("compound", default or "{}/{}")
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def localize_unit_name(
+    measurement_unit: str,
+    use_plural: bool,
+    length: Literal["short", "long", "narrow"] = "long",
+    locale: Locale | str | None = locale.LC_NUMERIC,
+    default: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Localized singular and plural form of a unit.
+
+    THIS IS TAKEN FROM BABEL format_unit. But
+    - No magnitude is returned in the string.
+    - If the unit is not found, the default is given.
+    - If the default is None, then the same value is given.
+    """
+    locale = babel_parse(locale)
+    from babel.units import _find_unit_pattern, get_unit_name
+
+    q_unit = _find_unit_pattern(measurement_unit, locale=locale)
+    if not q_unit:
+        return measurement_unit
+
+    unit_patterns = locale._data["unit_patterns"][q_unit].get(length, {})
+
+    if use_plural:
+        grammatical_number = "other"
+    else:
+        grammatical_number = "one"
+
+    if grammatical_number in unit_patterns:
+        return unit_patterns[grammatical_number].format("").replace("\xa0", "").strip()
+
+    if default is not None:
+        return default
+
+    # Fall back to a somewhat bad representation.
+    # nb: This is marked as no-cover, as the current CLDR seemingly has no way for this to happen.
+    fallback_name = get_unit_name(
+        measurement_unit, length=length, locale=locale
+    )  # pragma: no cover
+    return f"{fallback_name or measurement_unit}"  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def extract2(element: tuple[str, T, str]) -> tuple[str, T]:
+    """Extract display name and exponent from a tuple containing display name, exponent and unit name."""
+
+    return element[:2]
+
+
+def to_name_exponent_name(element: tuple[str, T]) -> tuple[str, T, str]:
+    """Convert unit name and exponent to unit name as display name, exponent and unit name."""
+
+    # TODO: write a generic typing
+
+    return element + (element[0],)
+
+
+def to_symbol_exponent_name(
+    el: tuple[str, T], registry: UnitRegistry
+) -> tuple[str, T, str]:
+    """Convert unit name and exponent to unit symbol as display name, exponent and unit name."""
+    return registry._get_symbol(el[0]), el[1], el[0]
+
+
+def localize_display_exponent_name(
+    element: tuple[str, T, str],
+    use_plural: bool,
+    length: Literal["short", "long", "narrow"] = "long",
+    locale: Locale | str | None = locale.LC_NUMERIC,
+    default: str | None = None,
+) -> tuple[str, T, str]:
+    """Localize display name in a triplet display name, exponent and unit name."""
+
+    return (
+        localize_unit_name(
+            element[2], use_plural, length, locale, default or element[0]
+        ),
+        element[1],
+        element[2],
+    )
+
+
+#####################
+# Sorting functions
+#####################
+
+
+def sort_by_unit_name(
+    items: Iterable[tuple[str, Number, str]], _registry: UnitRegistry | None
+) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Number, str]]:
+    return sorted(items, key=lambda el: el[2])
+
+
+def sort_by_display_name(
+    items: Iterable[tuple[str, Number, str]], _registry: UnitRegistry | None
+) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Number, str]]:
+    return sorted(items)
+
+
+def sort_by_dimensionality(
+    items: Iterable[tuple[str, Number, str]], registry: UnitRegistry | None
+) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Number, str]]:
+    """Sort a list of units by dimensional order (from `registry.formatter.dim_order`).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    items : tuple
+        a list of tuples containing (unit names, exponent values).
+    registry : UnitRegistry | None
+        the registry to use for looking up the dimensions of each unit.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    list
+        the list of units sorted by most significant dimension first.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    KeyError
+        If unit cannot be found in the registry.
+    """
+
+    if registry is None:
+        return items
+
+    dim_order = registry.formatter.dim_order
+
+    def sort_key(item: tuple[str, Number, str]):
+        _display_name, _unit_exponent, unit_name = item
+        cname = registry.get_name(unit_name)
+        cname_dims = registry.get_dimensionality(cname) or {"[]": None}
+        for cname_dim in cname_dims:
+            if cname_dim in dim_order:
+                return dim_order.index(cname_dim), cname
+
+        raise KeyError(f"Unit {unit_name} (aka {cname}) has no recognized dimensions")
+
+    return sorted(items, key=sort_key)
+
+
+def prepare_compount_unit(
+    unit: PlainUnit | UnitsContainer | Iterable[tuple[str, T]],
+    spec: str = "",
+    sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+    use_plural: bool = True,
+    length: Literal["short", "long", "narrow"] | None = None,
+    locale: Locale | str | None = None,
+    as_ratio: bool = True,
+    registry: UnitRegistry | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Iterable[tuple[str, T]], Iterable[tuple[str, T]]]:
+    """Format compound unit into unit container given
+    an spec and locale.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    iterable of display name, exponent, canonical name
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(unit, UnitsContainer):
+        out = unit.items()
+    elif hasattr(unit, "_units"):
+        out = unit._units.items()
+    else:
+        out = unit
+
+    # out: unit_name, unit_exponent
+
+    if len(out) == 0:
+        if "~" in spec:
+            return ([], [])
+        else:
+            return ([("dimensionless", 1)], [])
+
+    if "~" in spec:
+        if registry is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Can't short format a {type(unit)} without a registry."
+                " This is usually triggered when formatting a instance"
+                " of the internal `UnitsContainer`."
+            )
+        _to_symbol_exponent_name = partial(to_symbol_exponent_name, registry=registry)
+        out = map(_to_symbol_exponent_name, out)
+    else:
+        out = map(to_name_exponent_name, out)
+
+    # We keep unit_name because the sort or localizing functions might needed.
+    # out: display_unit_name, unit_exponent, unit_name
+
+    if as_ratio:
+        numerator, denominator = partition(lambda el: el[1] < 0, out)
+    else:
+        numerator, denominator = out, ()
+
+    # numerator: display_unit_name, unit_name, unit_exponent
+    # denominator: display_unit_name, unit_name, unit_exponent
+
+    if locale is None:
+        if sort_func is not None:
+            numerator = sort_func(numerator, registry)
+            denominator = sort_func(denominator, registry)
+
+        return map(extract2, numerator), map(extract2, denominator)
+
+    if length is None:
+        length = "short" if "~" in spec else "long"
+
+    mapper = partial(
+        localize_display_exponent_name, use_plural=False, length=length, locale=locale
+    )
+
+    numerator = map(mapper, numerator)
+    denominator = map(mapper, denominator)
+
+    if sort_func is not None:
+        numerator = sort_func(numerator, registry)
+        denominator = sort_func(denominator, registry)
+
+    if use_plural:
+        if not isinstance(numerator, list):
+            numerator = list(numerator)
+        numerator[-1] = localize_display_exponent_name(
+            numerator[-1],
+            use_plural,
+            length=length,
+            locale=locale,
+            default=numerator[-1][0],
+        )
+
+    return map(extract2, numerator), map(extract2, denominator)

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/formatter/_format_helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.formatter._format_helpers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Convenient functions to help string formatting operations.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import partial
+from locale import LC_NUMERIC, getlocale, setlocale
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    TypeVar,
+)
+
+from ...compat import ndarray
+from ._spec_helpers import FORMATTER
+
+try:
+    from numpy import integer as np_integer
+except ImportError:
+    np_integer = None
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...compat import Locale, Number
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+U = TypeVar("U")
+V = TypeVar("V")
+W = TypeVar("W")
+
+_PRETTY_EXPONENTS = "⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹"
+_JOIN_REG_EXP = re.compile(r"{\d*}")
+
+
+def format_number(value: Any, spec: str = "") -> str:
+    """Format number
+
+    This function might disapear in the future.
+    Right now is aiding backwards compatible migration.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, float):
+        return format(value, spec or ".16n")
+
+    elif isinstance(value, int):
+        return format(value, spec or "n")
+
+    elif isinstance(value, ndarray) and value.ndim == 0:
+        if issubclass(value.dtype.type, np_integer):
+            return format(value, spec or "n")
+        else:
+            return format(value, spec or ".16n")
+    else:
+        return str(value)
+
+
+def builtin_format(value: Any, spec: str = "") -> str:
+    """A keyword enabled replacement for builtin format
+
+    format has positional only arguments
+    and this cannot be partialized
+    and np requires a callable.
+    """
+    return format(value, spec)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def override_locale(
+    spec: str, locale: str | Locale | None
+) -> Generator[Callable[[Any], str], Any, None]:
+    """Given a spec a locale, yields a function to format a number.
+
+    IMPORTANT: When the locale is not None, this function uses setlocale
+    and therefore is not thread safe.
+    """
+
+    if locale is None:
+        # If locale is None, just return the builtin format function.
+        yield ("{:" + spec + "}").format
+    else:
+        # If locale is not None, change it and return the backwards compatible
+        # format_number.
+        prev_locale_string = getlocale(LC_NUMERIC)
+        if isinstance(locale, str):
+            setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, locale)
+        else:
+            setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, str(locale))
+        yield partial(format_number, spec=spec)
+        setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, prev_locale_string)
+
+
+def pretty_fmt_exponent(num: Number) -> str:
+    """Format an number into a pretty printed exponent."""
+    # unicode dot operator (U+22C5) looks like a superscript decimal
+    ret = f"{num:n}".replace("-", "⁻").replace(".", "\u22C5")
+    for n in range(10):
+        ret = ret.replace(str(n), _PRETTY_EXPONENTS[n])
+    return ret
+
+
+def join_u(fmt: str, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> str:
+    """Join an iterable with the format specified in fmt.
+
+    The format can be specified in two ways:
+    - PEP3101 format with two replacement fields (eg. '{} * {}')
+    - The concatenating string (eg. ' * ')
+    """
+    if not iterable:
+        return ""
+    if not _JOIN_REG_EXP.search(fmt):
+        return fmt.join(iterable)
+    miter = iter(iterable)
+    first = next(miter)
+    for val in miter:
+        ret = fmt.format(first, val)
+        first = ret
+    return first
+
+
+def join_mu(joint_fstring: str, mstr: str, ustr: str) -> str:
+    """Join magnitude and units.
+
+    This avoids that `3 and `1 / m` becomes `3 1 / m`
+    """
+    if ustr == "":
+        return mstr
+    if ustr.startswith("1 / "):
+        return joint_fstring.format(mstr, ustr[2:])
+    return joint_fstring.format(mstr, ustr)
+
+
+def join_unc(joint_fstring: str, lpar: str, rpar: str, mstr: str, ustr: str) -> str:
+    """Join uncertainty magnitude and units.
+
+    Uncertainty magnitudes might require extra parenthesis when joined to units.
+    - YES: 3 +/- 1
+    - NO : 3(1)
+    - NO : (3 +/ 1)e-9
+
+    This avoids that `(3 + 1)` and `meter` becomes ((3 +/- 1) meter)
+    """
+    if mstr.startswith(lpar) or mstr.endswith(rpar):
+        return joint_fstring.format(mstr, ustr)
+    return joint_fstring.format(lpar + mstr + rpar, ustr)
+
+
+def formatter(
+    numerator: Iterable[tuple[str, Number]],
+    denominator: Iterable[tuple[str, Number]],
+    as_ratio: bool = True,
+    single_denominator: bool = False,
+    product_fmt: str = " * ",
+    division_fmt: str = " / ",
+    power_fmt: str = "{} ** {}",
+    parentheses_fmt: str = "({0})",
+    exp_call: FORMATTER = "{:n}".format,
+) -> str:
+    """Format a list of (name, exponent) pairs.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    items : list
+        a list of (name, exponent) pairs.
+    as_ratio : bool, optional
+        True to display as ratio, False as negative powers. (Default value = True)
+    single_denominator : bool, optional
+        all with terms with negative exponents are
+        collected together. (Default value = False)
+    product_fmt : str
+        the format used for multiplication. (Default value = " * ")
+    division_fmt : str
+        the format used for division. (Default value = " / ")
+    power_fmt : str
+        the format used for exponentiation. (Default value = "{} ** {}")
+    parentheses_fmt : str
+        the format used for parenthesis. (Default value = "({0})")
+    exp_call : callable
+         (Default value = lambda x: f"{x:n}")
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    str
+        the formula as a string.
+
+    """
+
+    if as_ratio:
+        fun = lambda x: exp_call(abs(x))
+    else:
+        fun = exp_call
+
+    pos_terms: list[str] = []
+    for key, value in numerator:
+        if value == 1:
+            pos_terms.append(key)
+        else:
+            pos_terms.append(power_fmt.format(key, fun(value)))
+
+    neg_terms: list[str] = []
+    for key, value in denominator:
+        if value == -1 and as_ratio:
+            neg_terms.append(key)
+        else:
+            neg_terms.append(power_fmt.format(key, fun(value)))
+
+    if not pos_terms and not neg_terms:
+        return ""
+
+    if not as_ratio:
+        # Show as Product: positive * negative terms ** -1
+        return join_u(product_fmt, pos_terms + neg_terms)
+
+    # Show as Ratio: positive terms / negative terms
+    pos_ret = join_u(product_fmt, pos_terms) or "1"
+
+    if not neg_terms:
+        return pos_ret
+
+    if single_denominator:
+        neg_ret = join_u(product_fmt, neg_terms)
+        if len(neg_terms) > 1:
+            neg_ret = parentheses_fmt.format(neg_ret)
+    else:
+        neg_ret = join_u(division_fmt, neg_terms)
+
+    return join_u(division_fmt, [pos_ret, neg_ret])

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/formatter/_spec_helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.formatter._spec_helpers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Convenient functions to deal with format specifications.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import re
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
+
+FORMATTER = Callable[
+    [
+        Any,
+    ],
+    str,
+]
+
+# Extract just the type from the specification mini-language: see
+# http://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#format-specification-mini-language
+# We also add uS for uncertainties.
+_BASIC_TYPES = frozenset("bcdeEfFgGnosxX%uS")
+
+REGISTERED_FORMATTERS: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+
+def parse_spec(spec: str) -> str:
+    """Parse and return spec.
+
+    If an unknown item is found, raise a ValueError.
+
+    This function still needs work:
+    - what happens if two distinct values are found?
+
+    """
+
+    result = ""
+    for ch in reversed(spec):
+        if ch == "~" or ch in _BASIC_TYPES:
+            continue
+        elif ch in list(REGISTERED_FORMATTERS.keys()) + ["~"]:
+            if result:
+                raise ValueError("expected ':' after format specifier")
+            else:
+                result = ch
+        elif ch.isalpha():
+            raise ValueError("Unknown conversion specified " + ch)
+        else:
+            break
+    return result
+
+
+def extract_custom_flags(spec: str) -> str:
+    """Return custom flags present in a format specification
+
+    (i.e those not part of Python's formatting mini language)
+    """
+
+    if not spec:
+        return ""
+
+    # sort by length, with longer items first
+    known_flags = sorted(REGISTERED_FORMATTERS.keys(), key=len, reverse=True)
+
+    flag_re = re.compile("(" + "|".join(known_flags + ["~"]) + ")")
+    custom_flags = flag_re.findall(spec)
+
+    return "".join(custom_flags)
+
+
+def remove_custom_flags(spec: str) -> str:
+    """Remove custom flags present in a format specification
+
+    (i.e those not part of Python's formatting mini language)
+    """
+
+    for flag in sorted(REGISTERED_FORMATTERS.keys(), key=len, reverse=True) + ["~"]:
+        if flag:
+            spec = spec.replace(flag, "")
+    return spec
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def split_format(
+    spec: str, default: str, separate_format_defaults: bool = True
+) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Split format specification into magnitude and unit format."""
+    mspec = remove_custom_flags(spec)
+    uspec = extract_custom_flags(spec)
+
+    default_mspec = remove_custom_flags(default)
+    default_uspec = extract_custom_flags(default)
+
+    if separate_format_defaults in (False, None):
+        # should we warn always or only if there was no explicit choice?
+        # Given that we want to eventually remove the flag again, I'd say yes?
+        if spec and separate_format_defaults is None:
+            if not uspec and default_uspec:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    (
+                        "The given format spec does not contain a unit formatter."
+                        " Falling back to the builtin defaults, but in the future"
+                        " the unit formatter specified in the `default_format`"
+                        " attribute will be used instead."
+                    ),
+                    DeprecationWarning,
+                )
+            if not mspec and default_mspec:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    (
+                        "The given format spec does not contain a magnitude formatter."
+                        " Falling back to the builtin defaults, but in the future"
+                        " the magnitude formatter specified in the `default_format`"
+                        " attribute will be used instead."
+                    ),
+                    DeprecationWarning,
+                )
+        elif not spec:
+            mspec, uspec = default_mspec, default_uspec
+    else:
+        mspec = mspec or default_mspec
+        uspec = uspec or default_uspec
+
+    return mspec, uspec

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/formatter/_to_register.py

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.formatter.base_formatter
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+    Common class and function for all formatters.
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable
+
+from ..._typing import Magnitude
+from ...compat import Unpack, ndarray, np
+from ...util import UnitsContainer
+from ._compound_unit_helpers import BabelKwds, prepare_compount_unit
+from ._format_helpers import join_mu, override_locale
+from ._spec_helpers import REGISTERED_FORMATTERS, split_format
+from .plain import BaseFormatter
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...facets.plain import MagnitudeT, PlainQuantity, PlainUnit
+    from ...registry import UnitRegistry
+
+
+def register_unit_format(name: str):
+    """register a function as a new format for units
+
+    The registered function must have a signature of:
+
+    .. code:: python
+
+        def new_format(unit, registry, **options):
+            pass
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name : str
+        The name of the new format (to be used in the format mini-language). A error is
+        raised if the new format would overwrite a existing format.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    .. code:: python
+
+        @pint.register_unit_format("custom")
+        def format_custom(unit, registry, **options):
+            result = "<formatted unit>"  # do the formatting
+            return result
+
+
+        ureg = pint.UnitRegistry()
+        u = ureg.m / ureg.s ** 2
+        f"{u:custom}"
+    """
+
+    # TODO: kwargs missing in typing
+    def wrapper(func: Callable[[PlainUnit, UnitRegistry], str]):
+        if name in REGISTERED_FORMATTERS:
+            raise ValueError(f"format {name!r} already exists")  # or warn instead
+
+        class NewFormatter(BaseFormatter):
+            spec = name
+
+            def format_magnitude(
+                self,
+                magnitude: Magnitude,
+                mspec: str = "",
+                **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+            ) -> str:
+                with override_locale(
+                    mspec, babel_kwds.get("locale", None)
+                ) as format_number:
+                    if isinstance(magnitude, ndarray) and magnitude.ndim > 0:
+                        # Use custom ndarray text formatting--need to handle scalars differently
+                        # since they don't respond to printoptions
+                        with np.printoptions(formatter={"float_kind": format_number}):
+                            mstr = format(magnitude).replace("\n", "")
+                    else:
+                        mstr = format_number(magnitude)
+
+                return mstr
+
+            def format_unit(
+                self,
+                unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+                uspec: str = "",
+                **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+            ) -> str:
+                numerator, _denominator = prepare_compount_unit(
+                    unit,
+                    uspec,
+                    **babel_kwds,
+                    as_ratio=False,
+                    registry=self._registry,
+                )
+
+                if self._registry is None:
+                    units = UnitsContainer(numerator)
+                else:
+                    units = self._registry.UnitsContainer(numerator)
+
+                return func(units, registry=self._registry)
+
+            def format_quantity(
+                self,
+                quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+                qspec: str = "",
+                **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+            ) -> str:
+                registry = self._registry
+
+                if registry is None:
+                    mspec, uspec = split_format(qspec, "", True)
+                else:
+                    mspec, uspec = split_format(
+                        qspec,
+                        registry.formatter.default_format,
+                        registry.separate_format_defaults,
+                    )
+
+                joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+                return join_mu(
+                    joint_fstring,
+                    self.format_magnitude(quantity.magnitude, mspec, **babel_kwds),
+                    self.format_unit(quantity.unit_items(), uspec, **babel_kwds),
+                )
+
+        REGISTERED_FORMATTERS[name] = NewFormatter()
+
+    return wrapper

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/formatter/full.py

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.formatter.full
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements:
+    - Full: dispatch to other formats, accept defaults.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import locale
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable, Literal
+
+from ..._typing import Magnitude
+from ...compat import Unpack, babel_parse
+from ...util import iterable
+from ._compound_unit_helpers import BabelKwds, SortFunc, sort_by_unit_name
+from ._to_register import REGISTERED_FORMATTERS
+from .html import HTMLFormatter
+from .latex import LatexFormatter, SIunitxFormatter
+from .plain import (
+    BaseFormatter,
+    CompactFormatter,
+    DefaultFormatter,
+    PrettyFormatter,
+    RawFormatter,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...compat import Locale
+    from ...facets.measurement import Measurement
+    from ...facets.plain import (
+        MagnitudeT,
+        PlainQuantity,
+        PlainUnit,
+    )
+    from ...registry import UnitRegistry
+
+
+class FullFormatter(BaseFormatter):
+    """A formatter that dispatch to other formatters.
+
+    Has a default format, locale and babel_length
+    """
+
+    _formatters: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    default_format: str = ""
+
+    # TODO: This can be over-riden by the registry definitions file
+    dim_order: tuple[str, ...] = (
+        "[substance]",
+        "[mass]",
+        "[current]",
+        "[luminosity]",
+        "[length]",
+        "[]",
+        "[time]",
+        "[temperature]",
+    )
+
+    default_sort_func: SortFunc | None = staticmethod(sort_by_unit_name)
+
+    locale: Locale | None = None
+
+    def __init__(self, registry: UnitRegistry | None = None):
+        super().__init__(registry)
+
+        self._formatters = {}
+        self._formatters["raw"] = RawFormatter(registry)
+        self._formatters["D"] = DefaultFormatter(registry)
+        self._formatters["H"] = HTMLFormatter(registry)
+        self._formatters["P"] = PrettyFormatter(registry)
+        self._formatters["Lx"] = SIunitxFormatter(registry)
+        self._formatters["L"] = LatexFormatter(registry)
+        self._formatters["C"] = CompactFormatter(registry)
+
+    def set_locale(self, loc: str | None) -> None:
+        """Change the locale used by default by `format_babel`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        loc : str or None
+            None (do not translate), 'sys' (detect the system locale) or a locale id string.
+        """
+        if isinstance(loc, str):
+            if loc == "sys":
+                loc = locale.getdefaultlocale()[0]
+
+            # We call babel parse to fail here and not in the formatting operation
+            babel_parse(loc)
+
+        self.locale = loc
+
+    def get_formatter(self, spec: str):
+        if spec == "":
+            return self._formatters["D"]
+        for k, v in self._formatters.items():
+            if k in spec:
+                return v
+
+        for k, v in REGISTERED_FORMATTERS.items():
+            if k in spec:
+                orphan_fmt = REGISTERED_FORMATTERS[k]
+                break
+        else:
+            return self._formatters["D"]
+
+        try:
+            fmt = orphan_fmt.__class__(self._registry)
+            spec = getattr(fmt, "spec", spec)
+            self._formatters[spec] = fmt
+            return fmt
+        except Exception:
+            return orphan_fmt
+
+    def format_magnitude(
+        self, magnitude: Magnitude, mspec: str = "", **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds]
+    ) -> str:
+        mspec = mspec or self.default_format
+        return self.get_formatter(mspec).format_magnitude(
+            magnitude, mspec, **babel_kwds
+        )
+
+    def format_unit(
+        self,
+        unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+        uspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        uspec = uspec or self.default_format
+        sort_func = sort_func or self.default_sort_func
+        return self.get_formatter(uspec).format_unit(
+            unit, uspec, sort_func=sort_func, **babel_kwds
+        )
+
+    def format_quantity(
+        self,
+        quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+        spec: str = "",
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        spec = spec or self.default_format
+        # If Compact is selected, do it at the beginning
+        if "#" in spec:
+            spec = spec.replace("#", "")
+            obj = quantity.to_compact()
+        else:
+            obj = quantity
+
+        del quantity
+
+        locale = babel_kwds.get("locale", self.locale)
+
+        if locale:
+            if "use_plural" in babel_kwds:
+                use_plural = babel_kwds["use_plural"]
+            else:
+                use_plural = obj.magnitude > 1
+                if iterable(use_plural):
+                    use_plural = True
+        else:
+            use_plural = False
+
+        return self.get_formatter(spec).format_quantity(
+            obj,
+            spec,
+            sort_func=self.default_sort_func,
+            use_plural=use_plural,
+            length=babel_kwds.get("length", None),
+            locale=locale,
+        )
+
+    def format_measurement(
+        self,
+        measurement: Measurement,
+        meas_spec: str = "",
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        meas_spec = meas_spec or self.default_format
+        # If Compact is selected, do it at the beginning
+        if "#" in meas_spec:
+            meas_spec = meas_spec.replace("#", "")
+            obj = measurement.to_compact()
+        else:
+            obj = measurement
+
+        del measurement
+
+        use_plural = obj.magnitude.nominal_value > 1
+        if iterable(use_plural):
+            use_plural = True
+
+        return self.get_formatter(meas_spec).format_measurement(
+            obj,
+            meas_spec,
+            sort_func=self.default_sort_func,
+            use_plural=babel_kwds.get("use_plural", use_plural),
+            length=babel_kwds.get("length", None),
+            locale=babel_kwds.get("locale", self.locale),
+        )
+
+    #######################################
+    # This is for backwards compatibility
+    #######################################
+
+    def format_unit_babel(
+        self,
+        unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+        spec: str = "",
+        length: Literal["short", "long", "narrow"] | None = None,
+        locale: Locale | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        if self.locale is None and locale is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "format_babel requires a locale argumente if the Formatter locale is not set."
+            )
+
+        return self.format_unit(
+            unit,
+            spec or self.default_format,
+            sort_func=self.default_sort_func,
+            use_plural=False,
+            length=length,
+            locale=locale or self.locale,
+        )
+
+    def format_quantity_babel(
+        self,
+        quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+        spec: str = "",
+        length: Literal["short", "long", "narrow"] | None = None,
+        locale: Locale | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        if self.locale is None and locale is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "format_babel requires a locale argumente if the Formatter locale is not set."
+            )
+
+        use_plural = quantity.magnitude > 1
+        if iterable(use_plural):
+            use_plural = True
+
+        return self.format_quantity(
+            quantity,
+            spec or self.default_format,
+            sort_func=self.default_sort_func,
+            use_plural=use_plural,
+            length=length,
+            locale=locale or self.locale,
+        )
+
+
+################################################################
+# This allows to format units independently of the registry
+#
+REGISTERED_FORMATTERS["raw"] = RawFormatter()
+REGISTERED_FORMATTERS["D"] = DefaultFormatter()
+REGISTERED_FORMATTERS["H"] = HTMLFormatter()
+REGISTERED_FORMATTERS["P"] = PrettyFormatter()
+REGISTERED_FORMATTERS["Lx"] = SIunitxFormatter()
+REGISTERED_FORMATTERS["L"] = LatexFormatter()
+REGISTERED_FORMATTERS["C"] = CompactFormatter()

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/formatter/html.py

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.formatter.html
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements:
+    - HTML: suitable for web/jupyter notebook outputs.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable
+
+from ..._typing import Magnitude
+from ...compat import Unpack, ndarray, np
+from ...util import iterable
+from ._compound_unit_helpers import (
+    BabelKwds,
+    SortFunc,
+    localize_per,
+    prepare_compount_unit,
+)
+from ._format_helpers import (
+    formatter,
+    join_mu,
+    join_unc,
+    override_locale,
+)
+from ._spec_helpers import (
+    remove_custom_flags,
+    split_format,
+)
+from .plain import BaseFormatter
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...facets.measurement import Measurement
+    from ...facets.plain import MagnitudeT, PlainQuantity, PlainUnit
+
+_EXP_PATTERN = re.compile(r"([0-9]\.?[0-9]*)e(-?)\+?0*([0-9]+)")
+
+
+class HTMLFormatter(BaseFormatter):
+    """HTML localizable text formatter."""
+
+    def format_magnitude(
+        self, magnitude: Magnitude, mspec: str = "", **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds]
+    ) -> str:
+        with override_locale(mspec, babel_kwds.get("locale", None)) as format_number:
+            if hasattr(magnitude, "_repr_html_"):
+                # If magnitude has an HTML repr, nest it within Pint's
+                mstr = magnitude._repr_html_()  # type: ignore
+                assert isinstance(mstr, str)
+            else:
+                if isinstance(magnitude, ndarray):
+                    # Need to override for scalars, which are detected as iterable,
+                    # and don't respond to printoptions.
+                    if magnitude.ndim == 0:
+                        mstr = format_number(magnitude)
+                    else:
+                        with np.printoptions(formatter={"float_kind": format_number}):
+                            mstr = (
+                                "<pre>" + format(magnitude).replace("\n", "") + "</pre>"
+                            )
+                elif not iterable(magnitude):
+                    # Use plain text for scalars
+                    mstr = format_number(magnitude)
+                else:
+                    # Use monospace font for other array-likes
+                    mstr = (
+                        "<pre>"
+                        + format_number(magnitude).replace("\n", "<br>")
+                        + "</pre>"
+                    )
+
+        m = _EXP_PATTERN.match(mstr)
+        _exp_formatter = lambda s: f"<sup>{s}</sup>"
+
+        if m:
+            exp = int(m.group(2) + m.group(3))
+            mstr = _EXP_PATTERN.sub(r"\1×10" + _exp_formatter(exp), mstr)
+
+        return mstr
+
+    def format_unit(
+        self,
+        unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+        uspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        numerator, denominator = prepare_compount_unit(
+            unit,
+            uspec,
+            sort_func=sort_func,
+            **babel_kwds,
+            registry=self._registry,
+        )
+
+        if babel_kwds.get("locale", None):
+            length = babel_kwds.get("length") or ("short" if "~" in uspec else "long")
+            division_fmt = localize_per(length, babel_kwds.get("locale"), "{}/{}")
+        else:
+            division_fmt = "{}/{}"
+
+        return formatter(
+            numerator,
+            denominator,
+            as_ratio=True,
+            single_denominator=True,
+            product_fmt=r" ",
+            division_fmt=division_fmt,
+            power_fmt=r"{}<sup>{}</sup>",
+            parentheses_fmt=r"({})",
+        )
+
+    def format_quantity(
+        self,
+        quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+        qspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            qspec, registry.formatter.default_format, registry.separate_format_defaults
+        )
+
+        if iterable(quantity.magnitude):
+            # Use HTML table instead of plain text template for array-likes
+            joint_fstring = (
+                "<table><tbody>"
+                "<tr><th>Magnitude</th>"
+                "<td style='text-align:left;'>{}</td></tr>"
+                "<tr><th>Units</th><td style='text-align:left;'>{}</td></tr>"
+                "</tbody></table>"
+            )
+        else:
+            joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+
+        return join_mu(
+            joint_fstring,
+            self.format_magnitude(quantity.magnitude, mspec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(quantity.unit_items(), uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+    def format_uncertainty(
+        self,
+        uncertainty,
+        unc_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        unc_str = format(uncertainty, unc_spec).replace("+/-", " &plusmn; ")
+
+        unc_str = re.sub(r"\)e\+0?(\d+)", r")×10<sup>\1</sup>", unc_str)
+        unc_str = re.sub(r"\)e-0?(\d+)", r")×10<sup>-\1</sup>", unc_str)
+        return unc_str
+
+    def format_measurement(
+        self,
+        measurement: Measurement,
+        meas_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            meas_spec,
+            registry.formatter.default_format,
+            registry.separate_format_defaults,
+        )
+
+        unc_spec = remove_custom_flags(meas_spec)
+
+        joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+
+        return join_unc(
+            joint_fstring,
+            "(",
+            ")",
+            self.format_uncertainty(measurement.magnitude, unc_spec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(measurement.units, uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/formatter/latex.py

@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.formatter.latex
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements:
+    - Latex: uses vainilla latex.
+    - SIunitx: uses latex siunitx package format.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import re
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from ..._typing import Magnitude
+from ...compat import Number, Unpack, ndarray
+from ._compound_unit_helpers import (
+    BabelKwds,
+    SortFunc,
+    prepare_compount_unit,
+)
+from ._format_helpers import (
+    FORMATTER,
+    formatter,
+    join_mu,
+    join_unc,
+    override_locale,
+)
+from ._spec_helpers import (
+    remove_custom_flags,
+    split_format,
+)
+from .plain import BaseFormatter
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...facets.measurement import Measurement
+    from ...facets.plain import MagnitudeT, PlainQuantity, PlainUnit
+    from ...registry import UnitRegistry
+    from ...util import ItMatrix
+
+
+def vector_to_latex(
+    vec: Iterable[Any], fmtfun: FORMATTER | str = "{:.2n}".format
+) -> str:
+    """Format a vector into a latex string."""
+    return matrix_to_latex([vec], fmtfun)
+
+
+def matrix_to_latex(matrix: ItMatrix, fmtfun: FORMATTER | str = "{:.2n}".format) -> str:
+    """Format a matrix into a latex string."""
+
+    ret: list[str] = []
+
+    for row in matrix:
+        ret += [" & ".join(fmtfun(f) for f in row)]
+
+    return r"\begin{pmatrix}%s\end{pmatrix}" % "\\\\ \n".join(ret)
+
+
+def ndarray_to_latex_parts(
+    ndarr: ndarray, fmtfun: FORMATTER = "{:.2n}".format, dim: tuple[int, ...] = tuple()
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Convert an numpy array into an iterable of elements to be print.
+
+    e.g.
+    - if the array is 2d, it will return an iterable of rows.
+    - if the array is 3d, it will return an iterable of matrices.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(fmtfun, str):
+        fmtfun = fmtfun.format
+
+    if ndarr.ndim == 0:
+        _ndarr = ndarr.reshape(1)
+        return [vector_to_latex(_ndarr, fmtfun)]
+    if ndarr.ndim == 1:
+        return [vector_to_latex(ndarr, fmtfun)]
+    if ndarr.ndim == 2:
+        return [matrix_to_latex(ndarr, fmtfun)]
+    else:
+        ret = []
+        if ndarr.ndim == 3:
+            header = ("arr[%s," % ",".join("%d" % d for d in dim)) + "%d,:,:]"
+            for elno, el in enumerate(ndarr):
+                ret += [header % elno + " = " + matrix_to_latex(el, fmtfun)]
+        else:
+            for elno, el in enumerate(ndarr):
+                ret += ndarray_to_latex_parts(el, fmtfun, dim + (elno,))
+
+        return ret
+
+
+def ndarray_to_latex(
+    ndarr: ndarray,
+    fmtfun: FORMATTER | str = "{:.2n}".format,
+    dim: tuple[int, ...] = tuple(),
+) -> str:
+    """Format a numpy array into string."""
+    return "\n".join(ndarray_to_latex_parts(ndarr, fmtfun, dim))
+
+
+def latex_escape(string: str) -> str:
+    """Prepend characters that have a special meaning in LaTeX with a backslash."""
+    return functools.reduce(
+        lambda s, m: re.sub(m[0], m[1], s),
+        (
+            (r"[\\]", r"\\textbackslash "),
+            (r"[~]", r"\\textasciitilde "),
+            (r"[\^]", r"\\textasciicircum "),
+            (r"([&%$#_{}])", r"\\\1"),
+        ),
+        str(string),
+    )
+
+
+def siunitx_format_unit(
+    units: Iterable[tuple[str, Number]], registry: UnitRegistry
+) -> str:
+    """Returns LaTeX code for the unit that can be put into an siunitx command."""
+
+    def _tothe(power) -> str:
+        if power == int(power):
+            if power == 1:
+                return ""
+            elif power == 2:
+                return r"\squared"
+            elif power == 3:
+                return r"\cubed"
+            else:
+                return rf"\tothe{{{int(power):d}}}"
+        else:
+            # limit float powers to 3 decimal places
+            return rf"\tothe{{{power:.3f}}}".rstrip("0")
+
+    lpos = []
+    lneg = []
+    # loop through all units in the container
+    for unit, power in sorted(units):
+        # remove unit prefix if it exists
+        # siunitx supports \prefix commands
+
+        lpick = lpos if power >= 0 else lneg
+        prefix = None
+        # TODO: fix this to be fore efficient and detect also aliases.
+        for p in registry._prefixes.values():
+            p = str(p.name)
+            if len(p) > 0 and unit.find(p) == 0:
+                prefix = p
+                unit = unit.replace(prefix, "", 1)
+
+        if power < 0:
+            lpick.append(r"\per")
+        if prefix is not None:
+            lpick.append(rf"\{prefix}")
+        lpick.append(rf"\{unit}")
+        lpick.append(rf"{_tothe(abs(power))}")
+
+    return "".join(lpos) + "".join(lneg)
+
+
+_EXP_PATTERN = re.compile(r"([0-9]\.?[0-9]*)e(-?)\+?0*([0-9]+)")
+
+
+class LatexFormatter(BaseFormatter):
+    """Latex localizable text formatter."""
+
+    def format_magnitude(
+        self, magnitude: Magnitude, mspec: str = "", **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds]
+    ) -> str:
+        with override_locale(mspec, babel_kwds.get("locale", None)) as format_number:
+            if isinstance(magnitude, ndarray):
+                mstr = ndarray_to_latex(magnitude, mspec)
+            else:
+                mstr = format_number(magnitude)
+
+            mstr = _EXP_PATTERN.sub(r"\1\\times 10^{\2\3}", mstr)
+
+        return mstr
+
+    def format_unit(
+        self,
+        unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+        uspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        numerator, denominator = prepare_compount_unit(
+            unit,
+            uspec,
+            sort_func=sort_func,
+            **babel_kwds,
+            registry=self._registry,
+        )
+
+        numerator = ((rf"\mathrm{{{latex_escape(u)}}}", p) for u, p in numerator)
+        denominator = ((rf"\mathrm{{{latex_escape(u)}}}", p) for u, p in denominator)
+
+        # Localized latex
+        # if babel_kwds.get("locale", None):
+        #     length = babel_kwds.get("length") or ("short" if "~" in uspec else "long")
+        #     division_fmt = localize_per(length, babel_kwds.get("locale"), "{}/{}")
+        # else:
+        #     division_fmt = "{}/{}"
+
+        # division_fmt = r"\frac" + division_fmt.format("[{}]", "[{}]")
+
+        formatted = formatter(
+            numerator,
+            denominator,
+            as_ratio=True,
+            single_denominator=True,
+            product_fmt=r" \cdot ",
+            division_fmt=r"\frac[{}][{}]",
+            power_fmt="{}^[{}]",
+            parentheses_fmt=r"\left({}\right)",
+        )
+
+        return formatted.replace("[", "{").replace("]", "}")
+
+    def format_quantity(
+        self,
+        quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+        qspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            qspec, registry.formatter.default_format, registry.separate_format_defaults
+        )
+
+        joint_fstring = r"{}\ {}"
+
+        return join_mu(
+            joint_fstring,
+            self.format_magnitude(quantity.magnitude, mspec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(quantity.unit_items(), uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+    def format_uncertainty(
+        self,
+        uncertainty,
+        unc_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        # uncertainties handles everythin related to latex.
+        unc_str = format(uncertainty, unc_spec)
+
+        if unc_str.startswith(r"\left"):
+            return unc_str
+
+        return unc_str.replace("(", r"\left(").replace(")", r"\right)")
+
+    def format_measurement(
+        self,
+        measurement: Measurement,
+        meas_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            meas_spec,
+            registry.formatter.default_format,
+            registry.separate_format_defaults,
+        )
+
+        unc_spec = remove_custom_flags(meas_spec)
+
+        # TODO: ugly. uncertainties recognizes L
+        if "L" not in unc_spec:
+            unc_spec += "L"
+
+        joint_fstring = r"{}\ {}"
+
+        return join_unc(
+            joint_fstring,
+            r"\left(",
+            r"\right)",
+            self.format_uncertainty(measurement.magnitude, unc_spec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(measurement.units, uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+
+class SIunitxFormatter(BaseFormatter):
+    """Latex localizable text formatter with siunitx format.
+
+    See: https://ctan.org/pkg/siunitx
+    """
+
+    def format_magnitude(
+        self,
+        magnitude: Magnitude,
+        mspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        with override_locale(mspec, babel_kwds.get("locale", None)) as format_number:
+            if isinstance(magnitude, ndarray):
+                mstr = ndarray_to_latex(magnitude, mspec)
+            else:
+                mstr = format_number(magnitude)
+
+            # TODO: Why this is not needed in siunitx?
+            # mstr = _EXP_PATTERN.sub(r"\1\\times 10^{\2\3}", mstr)
+
+        return mstr
+
+    def format_unit(
+        self,
+        unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+        uspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+        if registry is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't format as siunitx without a registry."
+                " This is usually triggered when formatting a instance"
+                ' of the internal `UnitsContainer` with a spec of `"Lx"`'
+                " and might indicate a bug in `pint`."
+            )
+
+        # TODO: not sure if I should call format_compound_unit here.
+        # siunitx_format_unit requires certain specific names?
+        # should unit names be translated?
+        # should unit names be shortened?
+        # units = format_compound_unit(unit, uspec, **babel_kwds)
+
+        try:
+            units = unit._units.items()
+        except Exception:
+            units = unit
+
+        formatted = siunitx_format_unit(units, registry)
+
+        if "~" in uspec:
+            formatted = formatted.replace(r"\percent", r"\%")
+
+        # TODO: is this the right behaviour? Should we return the \si[] when only
+        # the units are returned?
+        return rf"\si[]{{{formatted}}}"
+
+    def format_quantity(
+        self,
+        quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+        qspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            qspec, registry.formatter.default_format, registry.separate_format_defaults
+        )
+
+        joint_fstring = "{}{}"
+
+        mstr = self.format_magnitude(quantity.magnitude, mspec, **babel_kwds)
+        ustr = self.format_unit(quantity.unit_items(), uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds)[
+            len(r"\si[]") :
+        ]
+        return r"\SI[]" + join_mu(joint_fstring, "{%s}" % mstr, ustr)
+
+    def format_uncertainty(
+        self,
+        uncertainty,
+        unc_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        # SIunitx requires space between "+-" (or "\pm") and the nominal value
+        # and uncertainty, and doesn't accept "+/-"
+        # SIunitx doesn't accept parentheses, which uncs uses with
+        # scientific notation ('e' or 'E' and sometimes 'g' or 'G').
+        return (
+            format(uncertainty, unc_spec)
+            .replace("+/-", r" +- ")
+            .replace("(", "")
+            .replace(")", " ")
+        )
+
+    def format_measurement(
+        self,
+        measurement: Measurement,
+        meas_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            meas_spec,
+            registry.formatter.default_format,
+            registry.separate_format_defaults,
+        )
+
+        unc_spec = remove_custom_flags(meas_spec)
+
+        joint_fstring = "{}{}"
+
+        return r"\SI" + join_unc(
+            joint_fstring,
+            r"",
+            r"",
+            "{%s}"
+            % self.format_uncertainty(measurement.magnitude, unc_spec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(measurement.units, uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds)[
+                len(r"\si[]") :
+            ],
+        )

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/formatter/plain.py

@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.formatter.plain
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements plain text formatters:
+    - Raw: as simple as it gets (no locale aware, no unit formatter.)
+    - Default: used when no string spec is given.
+    - Compact: like default but with less spaces.
+    - Pretty: pretty printed formatter.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import re
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable
+
+from ..._typing import Magnitude
+from ...compat import Unpack, ndarray, np
+from ._compound_unit_helpers import (
+    BabelKwds,
+    SortFunc,
+    localize_per,
+    prepare_compount_unit,
+)
+from ._format_helpers import (
+    formatter,
+    join_mu,
+    join_unc,
+    override_locale,
+    pretty_fmt_exponent,
+)
+from ._spec_helpers import (
+    remove_custom_flags,
+    split_format,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...facets.measurement import Measurement
+    from ...facets.plain import MagnitudeT, PlainQuantity, PlainUnit
+    from ...registry import UnitRegistry
+
+
+_EXP_PATTERN = re.compile(r"([0-9]\.?[0-9]*)e(-?)\+?0*([0-9]+)")
+
+
+class BaseFormatter:
+    def __init__(self, registry: UnitRegistry | None = None):
+        self._registry = registry
+
+
+class DefaultFormatter(BaseFormatter):
+    """Simple, localizable plain text formatter.
+
+    A formatter is a class with methods to format into string each of the objects
+    that appear in pint (magnitude, unit, quantity, uncertainty, measurement)
+    """
+
+    def format_magnitude(
+        self, magnitude: Magnitude, mspec: str = "", **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds]
+    ) -> str:
+        """Format scalar/array into string
+        given a string formatting specification and locale related arguments.
+        """
+        with override_locale(mspec, babel_kwds.get("locale", None)) as format_number:
+            if isinstance(magnitude, ndarray) and magnitude.ndim > 0:
+                # Use custom ndarray text formatting--need to handle scalars differently
+                # since they don't respond to printoptions
+                with np.printoptions(formatter={"float_kind": format_number}):
+                    mstr = format(magnitude).replace("\n", "")
+            else:
+                mstr = format_number(magnitude)
+
+        return mstr
+
+    def format_unit(
+        self,
+        unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+        uspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        """Format a unit (can be compound) into string
+        given a string formatting specification and locale related arguments.
+        """
+
+        numerator, denominator = prepare_compount_unit(
+            unit,
+            uspec,
+            sort_func=sort_func,
+            **babel_kwds,
+            registry=self._registry,
+        )
+
+        if babel_kwds.get("locale", None):
+            length = babel_kwds.get("length") or ("short" if "~" in uspec else "long")
+            division_fmt = localize_per(length, babel_kwds.get("locale"), "{} / {}")
+        else:
+            division_fmt = "{} / {}"
+
+        return formatter(
+            numerator,
+            denominator,
+            as_ratio=True,
+            single_denominator=False,
+            product_fmt="{} * {}",
+            division_fmt=division_fmt,
+            power_fmt="{} ** {}",
+            parentheses_fmt=r"({})",
+        )
+
+    def format_quantity(
+        self,
+        quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+        qspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        """Format a quantity (magnitude and unit) into string
+        given a string formatting specification and locale related arguments.
+        """
+
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            qspec, registry.formatter.default_format, registry.separate_format_defaults
+        )
+
+        joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+        return join_mu(
+            joint_fstring,
+            self.format_magnitude(quantity.magnitude, mspec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(quantity.unit_items(), uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+    def format_uncertainty(
+        self,
+        uncertainty,
+        unc_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        """Format an uncertainty magnitude (nominal value and stdev) into string
+        given a string formatting specification and locale related arguments.
+        """
+
+        return format(uncertainty, unc_spec).replace("+/-", " +/- ")
+
+    def format_measurement(
+        self,
+        measurement: Measurement,
+        meas_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        """Format an measurement (uncertainty and units) into string
+        given a string formatting specification and locale related arguments.
+        """
+
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            meas_spec,
+            registry.formatter.default_format,
+            registry.separate_format_defaults,
+        )
+
+        unc_spec = remove_custom_flags(meas_spec)
+
+        joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+
+        return join_unc(
+            joint_fstring,
+            "(",
+            ")",
+            self.format_uncertainty(measurement.magnitude, unc_spec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(measurement.units, uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+
+class CompactFormatter(BaseFormatter):
+    """Simple, localizable plain text formatter without extra spaces."""
+
+    def format_magnitude(
+        self, magnitude: Magnitude, mspec: str = "", **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds]
+    ) -> str:
+        with override_locale(mspec, babel_kwds.get("locale", None)) as format_number:
+            if isinstance(magnitude, ndarray) and magnitude.ndim > 0:
+                # Use custom ndarray text formatting--need to handle scalars differently
+                # since they don't respond to printoptions
+                with np.printoptions(formatter={"float_kind": format_number}):
+                    mstr = format(magnitude).replace("\n", "")
+            else:
+                mstr = format_number(magnitude)
+
+        return mstr
+
+    def format_unit(
+        self,
+        unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+        uspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        numerator, denominator = prepare_compount_unit(
+            unit,
+            uspec,
+            sort_func=sort_func,
+            **babel_kwds,
+            registry=self._registry,
+        )
+
+        # Division format in compact formatter is not localized.
+        division_fmt = "{}/{}"
+
+        return formatter(
+            numerator,
+            denominator,
+            as_ratio=True,
+            single_denominator=False,
+            product_fmt="*",  # TODO: Should this just be ''?
+            division_fmt=division_fmt,
+            power_fmt="{}**{}",
+            parentheses_fmt=r"({})",
+        )
+
+    def format_quantity(
+        self,
+        quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+        qspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            qspec, registry.formatter.default_format, registry.separate_format_defaults
+        )
+
+        joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+
+        return join_mu(
+            joint_fstring,
+            self.format_magnitude(quantity.magnitude, mspec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(quantity.unit_items(), uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+    def format_uncertainty(
+        self,
+        uncertainty,
+        unc_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        return format(uncertainty, unc_spec).replace("+/-", "+/-")
+
+    def format_measurement(
+        self,
+        measurement: Measurement,
+        meas_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            meas_spec,
+            registry.formatter.default_format,
+            registry.separate_format_defaults,
+        )
+
+        unc_spec = remove_custom_flags(meas_spec)
+
+        joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+
+        return join_unc(
+            joint_fstring,
+            "(",
+            ")",
+            self.format_uncertainty(measurement.magnitude, unc_spec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(measurement.units, uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+
+class PrettyFormatter(BaseFormatter):
+    """Pretty printed localizable plain text formatter without extra spaces."""
+
+    def format_magnitude(
+        self, magnitude: Magnitude, mspec: str = "", **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds]
+    ) -> str:
+        with override_locale(mspec, babel_kwds.get("locale", None)) as format_number:
+            if isinstance(magnitude, ndarray) and magnitude.ndim > 0:
+                # Use custom ndarray text formatting--need to handle scalars differently
+                # since they don't respond to printoptions
+                with np.printoptions(formatter={"float_kind": format_number}):
+                    mstr = format(magnitude).replace("\n", "")
+            else:
+                mstr = format_number(magnitude)
+
+            m = _EXP_PATTERN.match(mstr)
+
+            if m:
+                exp = int(m.group(2) + m.group(3))
+                mstr = _EXP_PATTERN.sub(r"\1×10" + pretty_fmt_exponent(exp), mstr)
+
+            return mstr
+
+    def format_unit(
+        self,
+        unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+        uspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        numerator, denominator = prepare_compount_unit(
+            unit,
+            uspec,
+            sort_func=sort_func,
+            **babel_kwds,
+            registry=self._registry,
+        )
+
+        if babel_kwds.get("locale", None):
+            length = babel_kwds.get("length") or ("short" if "~" in uspec else "long")
+            division_fmt = localize_per(length, babel_kwds.get("locale"), "{}/{}")
+        else:
+            division_fmt = "{}/{}"
+
+        return formatter(
+            numerator,
+            denominator,
+            as_ratio=True,
+            single_denominator=False,
+            product_fmt="·",
+            division_fmt=division_fmt,
+            power_fmt="{}{}",
+            parentheses_fmt="({})",
+            exp_call=pretty_fmt_exponent,
+        )
+
+    def format_quantity(
+        self,
+        quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+        qspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            qspec, registry.formatter.default_format, registry.separate_format_defaults
+        )
+
+        joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+
+        return join_mu(
+            joint_fstring,
+            self.format_magnitude(quantity.magnitude, mspec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(quantity.unit_items(), uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+    def format_uncertainty(
+        self,
+        uncertainty,
+        unc_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        return format(uncertainty, unc_spec).replace("±", " ± ")
+
+    def format_measurement(
+        self,
+        measurement: Measurement,
+        meas_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            meas_spec,
+            registry.formatter.default_format,
+            registry.separate_format_defaults,
+        )
+
+        unc_spec = meas_spec
+        joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+
+        return join_unc(
+            joint_fstring,
+            "(",
+            ")",
+            self.format_uncertainty(measurement.magnitude, unc_spec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(measurement.units, uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+
+class RawFormatter(BaseFormatter):
+    """Very simple non-localizable plain text formatter.
+
+    Ignores all pint custom string formatting specification.
+    """
+
+    def format_magnitude(
+        self, magnitude: Magnitude, mspec: str = "", **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds]
+    ) -> str:
+        return str(magnitude)
+
+    def format_unit(
+        self,
+        unit: PlainUnit | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]],
+        uspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        numerator, denominator = prepare_compount_unit(
+            unit,
+            uspec,
+            sort_func=sort_func,
+            **babel_kwds,
+            registry=self._registry,
+        )
+
+        return " * ".join(
+            k if v == 1 else f"{k} ** {v}"
+            for k, v in itertools.chain(numerator, denominator)
+        )
+
+    def format_quantity(
+        self,
+        quantity: PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT],
+        qspec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            qspec, registry.formatter.default_format, registry.separate_format_defaults
+        )
+
+        joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+        return join_mu(
+            joint_fstring,
+            self.format_magnitude(quantity.magnitude, mspec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(quantity.unit_items(), uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )
+
+    def format_uncertainty(
+        self,
+        uncertainty,
+        unc_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        return format(uncertainty, unc_spec)
+
+    def format_measurement(
+        self,
+        measurement: Measurement,
+        meas_spec: str = "",
+        sort_func: SortFunc | None = None,
+        **babel_kwds: Unpack[BabelKwds],
+    ) -> str:
+        registry = self._registry
+
+        mspec, uspec = split_format(
+            meas_spec,
+            registry.formatter.default_format,
+            registry.separate_format_defaults,
+        )
+
+        unc_spec = remove_custom_flags(meas_spec)
+
+        joint_fstring = "{} {}"
+
+        return join_unc(
+            joint_fstring,
+            "(",
+            ")",
+            self.format_uncertainty(measurement.magnitude, unc_spec, **babel_kwds),
+            self.format_unit(measurement.units, uspec, sort_func, **babel_kwds),
+        )

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/txt_defparser/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.txt_defparser
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Parser for the original textual Pint Definition file.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .defparser import DefParser
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DefParser",
+]

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/txt_defparser/block.py

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.txt_defparser.block
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Classes for Pint Blocks, which are defined by:
+
+        @<block name>
+            <content>
+        @end
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from ..base_defparser import ParserConfig, PintParsedStatement
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class EndDirectiveBlock(PintParsedStatement):
+    """An EndDirectiveBlock is simply an "@end" statement."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[EndDirectiveBlock]:
+        if s == "@end":
+            return cls()
+        return None
+
+
+OPST = TypeVar("OPST", bound="PintParsedStatement")
+IPST = TypeVar("IPST", bound="PintParsedStatement")
+
+DefT = TypeVar("DefT")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DirectiveBlock(
+    Generic[DefT, OPST, IPST], fp.Block[OPST, IPST, EndDirectiveBlock, ParserConfig]
+):
+    """Directive blocks have beginning statement starting with a @ character.
+    and ending with a "@end" (captured using a EndDirectiveBlock).
+
+    Subclass this class for convenience.
+    """
+
+    def derive_definition(self) -> DefT: ...

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/txt_defparser/common.py

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.txt_defparser.common
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Definitions for parsing an Import Statement
+
+    Also DefinitionSyntaxError
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from ... import errors
+from ..base_defparser import ParserConfig
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DefinitionSyntaxError(errors.DefinitionSyntaxError, fp.ParsingError):
+    """A syntax error was found in a definition. Combines:
+
+    DefinitionSyntaxError: which provides a message placeholder.
+    fp.ParsingError: which provides raw text, and start and end column and row
+
+    and an extra location attribute in which the filename or reseource is stored.
+    """
+
+    location: str = field(init=False, default="")
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        msg = (
+            self.msg + "\n    " + (self.format_position or "") + " " + (self.raw or "")
+        )
+        if self.location:
+            msg += "\n    " + self.location
+        return msg
+
+    def set_location(self, value: str) -> None:
+        super().__setattr__("location", value)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ImportDefinition(fp.IncludeStatement[ParserConfig]):
+    value: str
+
+    @property
+    def target(self) -> str:
+        return self.value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[ImportDefinition]:
+        if s.startswith("@import"):
+            return ImportDefinition(s[len("@import") :].strip())
+        return None

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/txt_defparser/context.py

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.txt_defparser.context
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Definitions for parsing Context and their related objects
+
+    Notices that some of the checks are done within the
+    format agnostic parent definition class.
+
+    See each one for a slighly longer description of the
+    syntax.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numbers
+import re
+import typing as ty
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Union
+
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from ...facets.context import definitions
+from ..base_defparser import ParserConfig, PintParsedStatement
+from . import block, common, plain
+
+# TODO check syntax
+T = ty.TypeVar("T", bound="Union[ForwardRelation, BidirectionalRelation]")
+
+
+def _from_string_and_context_sep(
+    cls: type[T], s: str, config: ParserConfig, separator: str
+) -> T | None:
+    if separator not in s:
+        return None
+    if ":" not in s:
+        return None
+
+    rel, eq = s.split(":")
+
+    parts = rel.split(separator)
+
+    src, dst = (config.to_dimension_container(s) for s in parts)
+
+    return cls(src, dst, eq.strip())
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ForwardRelation(PintParsedStatement, definitions.ForwardRelation):
+    """A relation connecting a dimension to another via a transformation function.
+
+    <source dimension> -> <target dimension>: <transformation function>
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string_and_config(
+        cls, s: str, config: ParserConfig
+    ) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[ForwardRelation]:
+        return _from_string_and_context_sep(cls, s, config, "->")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BidirectionalRelation(PintParsedStatement, definitions.BidirectionalRelation):
+    """A bidirectional relation connecting a dimension to another
+    via a simple transformation function.
+
+        <source dimension> <-> <target dimension>: <transformation function>
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string_and_config(
+        cls, s: str, config: ParserConfig
+    ) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[BidirectionalRelation]:
+        return _from_string_and_context_sep(cls, s, config, "<->")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BeginContext(PintParsedStatement):
+    """Being of a context directive.
+
+    @context[(defaults)] <canonical name> [= <alias>] [= <alias>]
+    """
+
+    _header_re = re.compile(
+        r"@context\s*(?P<defaults>\(.*\))?\s+(?P<name>\w+)\s*(=(?P<aliases>.*))*"
+    )
+
+    name: str
+    aliases: tuple[str, ...]
+    defaults: dict[str, numbers.Number]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string_and_config(
+        cls, s: str, config: ParserConfig
+    ) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[BeginContext]:
+        try:
+            r = cls._header_re.search(s)
+            if r is None:
+                return None
+            name = r.groupdict()["name"].strip()
+            aliases = r.groupdict()["aliases"]
+            if aliases:
+                aliases = tuple(a.strip() for a in r.groupdict()["aliases"].split("="))
+            else:
+                aliases = ()
+            defaults = r.groupdict()["defaults"]
+        except Exception as exc:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                f"Could not parse the Context header '{s}': {exc}"
+            )
+
+        if defaults:
+            txt = defaults
+            try:
+                defaults = (part.split("=") for part in defaults.strip("()").split(","))
+                defaults = {str(k).strip(): config.to_number(v) for k, v in defaults}
+            except (ValueError, TypeError) as exc:
+                return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                    f"Could not parse Context definition defaults '{txt}' {exc}"
+                )
+        else:
+            defaults = {}
+
+        return cls(name, tuple(aliases), defaults)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ContextDefinition(
+    block.DirectiveBlock[
+        definitions.ContextDefinition,
+        BeginContext,
+        ty.Union[
+            plain.CommentDefinition,
+            BidirectionalRelation,
+            ForwardRelation,
+            plain.UnitDefinition,
+        ],
+    ]
+):
+    """Definition of a Context
+
+        @context[(defaults)] <canonical name> [= <alias>] [= <alias>]
+            # units can be redefined within the context
+            <redefined unit> = <relation to another unit>
+
+            # can establish unidirectional relationships between dimensions
+            <dimension 1> -> <dimension 2>: <transformation function>
+
+            # can establish bidirectionl relationships between dimensions
+            <dimension 3> <-> <dimension 4>: <transformation function>
+        @end
+
+    See BeginContext, Equality, ForwardRelation, BidirectionalRelation and
+    Comment for more parsing related information.
+
+    Example::
+
+        @context(n=1) spectroscopy = sp
+            # n index of refraction of the medium.
+            [length] <-> [frequency]: speed_of_light / n / value
+            [frequency] -> [energy]: planck_constant * value
+            [energy] -> [frequency]: value / planck_constant
+            # allow wavenumber / kayser
+            [wavenumber] <-> [length]: 1 / value
+        @end
+    """
+
+    def derive_definition(self) -> definitions.ContextDefinition:
+        return definitions.ContextDefinition(
+            self.name, self.aliases, self.defaults, self.relations, self.redefinitions
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        assert isinstance(self.opening, BeginContext)
+        return self.opening.name
+
+    @property
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        assert isinstance(self.opening, BeginContext)
+        return self.opening.aliases
+
+    @property
+    def defaults(self) -> dict[str, numbers.Number]:
+        assert isinstance(self.opening, BeginContext)
+        return self.opening.defaults
+
+    @property
+    def relations(self) -> tuple[BidirectionalRelation | ForwardRelation, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            r
+            for r in self.body
+            if isinstance(r, (ForwardRelation, BidirectionalRelation))
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def redefinitions(self) -> tuple[plain.UnitDefinition, ...]:
+        return tuple(r for r in self.body if isinstance(r, plain.UnitDefinition))

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/txt_defparser/defaults.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.txt_defparser.defaults
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Definitions for parsing Default sections.
+
+    See each one for a slighly longer description of the
+    syntax.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing as ty
+from dataclasses import dataclass, fields
+
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from ...facets.plain import definitions
+from ..base_defparser import PintParsedStatement
+from . import block, plain
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BeginDefaults(PintParsedStatement):
+    """Being of a defaults directive.
+
+    @defaults
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[BeginDefaults]:
+        if s.strip() == "@defaults":
+            return cls()
+        return None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DefaultsDefinition(
+    block.DirectiveBlock[
+        definitions.DefaultsDefinition,
+        BeginDefaults,
+        ty.Union[
+            plain.CommentDefinition,
+            plain.Equality,
+        ],
+    ]
+):
+    """Directive to store values.
+
+        @defaults
+            system = mks
+        @end
+
+    See Equality and Comment for more parsing related information.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _valid_fields(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(f.name for f in fields(definitions.DefaultsDefinition))
+
+    def derive_definition(self) -> definitions.DefaultsDefinition:
+        for definition in self.filter_by(plain.Equality):
+            if definition.lhs not in self._valid_fields:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"`{definition.lhs}` is not a valid key "
+                    f"for the default section. {self._valid_fields}"
+                )
+
+        return definitions.DefaultsDefinition(
+            *tuple(self.get_key(key) for key in self._valid_fields)
+        )
+
+    def get_key(self, key: str) -> str:
+        for stmt in self.body:
+            if isinstance(stmt, plain.Equality) and stmt.lhs == key:
+                return stmt.rhs
+        raise KeyError(key)

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/txt_defparser/defparser.py

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pathlib
+import typing as ty
+
+import flexcache as fc
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from ..base_defparser import ParserConfig
+from . import block, common, context, defaults, group, plain, system
+
+
+class PintRootBlock(
+    fp.RootBlock[
+        ty.Union[
+            plain.CommentDefinition,
+            common.ImportDefinition,
+            context.ContextDefinition,
+            defaults.DefaultsDefinition,
+            system.SystemDefinition,
+            group.GroupDefinition,
+            plain.AliasDefinition,
+            plain.DerivedDimensionDefinition,
+            plain.DimensionDefinition,
+            plain.PrefixDefinition,
+            plain.UnitDefinition,
+        ],
+        ParserConfig,
+    ]
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PintParser(fp.Parser[PintRootBlock, ParserConfig]):
+    """Parser for the original Pint definition file, with cache."""
+
+    _delimiters = {
+        "#": (
+            fp.DelimiterInclude.SPLIT_BEFORE,
+            fp.DelimiterAction.CAPTURE_NEXT_TIL_EOL,
+        ),
+        **fp.SPLIT_EOL,
+    }
+    _root_block_class = PintRootBlock
+    _strip_spaces = True
+
+    _diskcache: fc.DiskCache | None
+
+    def __init__(self, config: ParserConfig, *args: ty.Any, **kwargs: ty.Any):
+        self._diskcache = kwargs.pop("diskcache", None)
+        super().__init__(config, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def parse_file(
+        self, path: pathlib.Path
+    ) -> fp.ParsedSource[PintRootBlock, ParserConfig]:
+        if self._diskcache is None:
+            return super().parse_file(path)
+        content, _basename = self._diskcache.load(path, super().parse_file)
+        return content
+
+
+class DefParser:
+    skip_classes: tuple[type, ...] = (
+        fp.BOF,
+        fp.BOR,
+        fp.BOS,
+        fp.EOS,
+        plain.CommentDefinition,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, default_config: ParserConfig, diskcache: fc.DiskCache):
+        self._default_config = default_config
+        self._diskcache = diskcache
+
+    def iter_parsed_project(
+        self, parsed_project: fp.ParsedProject[PintRootBlock, ParserConfig]
+    ) -> ty.Generator[fp.ParsedStatement[ParserConfig], None, None]:
+        last_location = None
+        for stmt in parsed_project.iter_blocks():
+            if isinstance(stmt, fp.BOS):
+                if isinstance(stmt, fp.BOF):
+                    last_location = str(stmt.path)
+                    continue
+                elif isinstance(stmt, fp.BOR):
+                    last_location = (
+                        f"[package: {stmt.package}, resource: {stmt.resource_name}]"
+                    )
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    last_location = "orphan string"
+                    continue
+
+            if isinstance(stmt, self.skip_classes):
+                continue
+
+            assert isinstance(last_location, str)
+            if isinstance(stmt, common.DefinitionSyntaxError):
+                stmt.set_location(last_location)
+                raise stmt
+            elif isinstance(stmt, block.DirectiveBlock):
+                for exc in stmt.errors:
+                    exc = common.DefinitionSyntaxError(str(exc))
+                    exc.set_position(*stmt.get_position())
+                    exc.set_raw(
+                        (stmt.opening.raw or "") + " [...] " + (stmt.closing.raw or "")
+                    )
+                    exc.set_location(last_location)
+                    raise exc
+
+                try:
+                    yield stmt.derive_definition()
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    exc = common.DefinitionSyntaxError(str(exc))
+                    exc.set_position(*stmt.get_position())
+                    exc.set_raw(stmt.opening.raw + " [...] " + stmt.closing.raw)
+                    exc.set_location(last_location)
+                    raise exc
+            else:
+                yield stmt
+
+    def parse_file(
+        self, filename: pathlib.Path | str, cfg: ParserConfig | None = None
+    ) -> fp.ParsedProject[PintRootBlock, ParserConfig]:
+        return fp.parse(
+            filename,
+            _PintParser,
+            cfg or self._default_config,
+            diskcache=self._diskcache,
+            strip_spaces=True,
+            delimiters=_PintParser._delimiters,
+        )
+
+    def parse_string(
+        self, content: str, cfg: ParserConfig | None = None
+    ) -> fp.ParsedProject[PintRootBlock, ParserConfig]:
+        return fp.parse_bytes(
+            content.encode("utf-8"),
+            _PintParser,
+            cfg or self._default_config,
+            diskcache=self._diskcache,
+            strip_spaces=True,
+            delimiters=_PintParser._delimiters,
+        )

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/txt_defparser/group.py

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.txt_defparser.group
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Definitions for parsing Group and their related objects
+
+    Notices that some of the checks are done within the
+    format agnostic parent definition class.
+
+    See each one for a slighly longer description of the
+    syntax.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import typing as ty
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from ...facets.group import definitions
+from ..base_defparser import PintParsedStatement
+from . import block, common, plain
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BeginGroup(PintParsedStatement):
+    """Being of a group directive.
+
+    @group <name> [using <group 1>, ..., <group N>]
+    """
+
+    #: Regex to match the header parts of a definition.
+    _header_re = re.compile(r"@group\s+(?P<name>\w+)\s*(using\s(?P<used_groups>.*))*")
+
+    name: str
+    using_group_names: ty.Tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[BeginGroup]:
+        if not s.startswith("@group"):
+            return None
+
+        r = cls._header_re.search(s)
+
+        if r is None:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(f"Invalid Group header syntax: '{s}'")
+
+        name = r.groupdict()["name"].strip()
+        groups = r.groupdict()["used_groups"]
+        if groups:
+            parent_group_names = tuple(a.strip() for a in groups.split(","))
+        else:
+            parent_group_names = ()
+
+        return cls(name, parent_group_names)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class GroupDefinition(
+    block.DirectiveBlock[
+        definitions.GroupDefinition,
+        BeginGroup,
+        ty.Union[
+            plain.CommentDefinition,
+            plain.UnitDefinition,
+        ],
+    ]
+):
+    """Definition of a group.
+
+        @group <name> [using <group 1>, ..., <group N>]
+            <definition 1>
+            ...
+            <definition N>
+        @end
+
+    See UnitDefinition and Comment for more parsing related information.
+
+    Example::
+
+        @group AvoirdupoisUS using Avoirdupois
+            US_hundredweight = hundredweight = US_cwt
+            US_ton = ton
+            US_force_ton = force_ton = _ = US_ton_force
+        @end
+
+    """
+
+    def derive_definition(self) -> definitions.GroupDefinition:
+        return definitions.GroupDefinition(
+            self.name, self.using_group_names, self.definitions
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        assert isinstance(self.opening, BeginGroup)
+        return self.opening.name
+
+    @property
+    def using_group_names(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        assert isinstance(self.opening, BeginGroup)
+        return self.opening.using_group_names
+
+    @property
+    def definitions(self) -> tuple[plain.UnitDefinition, ...]:
+        return tuple(el for el in self.body if isinstance(el, plain.UnitDefinition))

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/txt_defparser/plain.py

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.txt_defparser.plain
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Definitions for parsing:
+    - Equality
+    - CommentDefinition
+    - PrefixDefinition
+    - UnitDefinition
+    - DimensionDefinition
+    - DerivedDimensionDefinition
+    - AliasDefinition
+
+    Notices that some of the checks are done within the
+    format agnostic parent definition class.
+
+    See each one for a slighly longer description of the
+    syntax.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from ...converters import Converter
+from ...facets.plain import definitions
+from ...util import UnitsContainer
+from ..base_defparser import ParserConfig, PintParsedStatement
+from . import common
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Equality(PintParsedStatement, definitions.Equality):
+    """An equality statement contains a left and right hand separated
+
+    lhs and rhs should be space stripped.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[Equality]:
+        if "=" not in s:
+            return None
+        parts = [p.strip() for p in s.split("=")]
+        if len(parts) != 2:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                f"Exactly two terms expected, not {len(parts)} (`{s}`)"
+            )
+        return cls(*parts)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class CommentDefinition(PintParsedStatement, definitions.CommentDefinition):
+    """Comments start with a # character.
+
+        # This is a comment.
+        ## This is also a comment.
+
+    Captured value does not include the leading # character and space stripped.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[CommentDefinition]:
+        if not s.startswith("#"):
+            return None
+        return cls(s[1:].strip())
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PrefixDefinition(PintParsedStatement, definitions.PrefixDefinition):
+    """Definition of a prefix::
+
+        <prefix>- = <value> [= <symbol>] [= <alias>] [ = <alias> ] [...]
+
+    Example::
+
+        deca- =  1e+1  = da- = deka-
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string_and_config(
+        cls, s: str, config: ParserConfig
+    ) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[PrefixDefinition]:
+        if "=" not in s:
+            return None
+
+        name, value, *aliases = s.split("=")
+
+        name = name.strip()
+        if not name.endswith("-"):
+            return None
+
+        name = name.rstrip("-")
+        aliases = tuple(alias.strip().rstrip("-") for alias in aliases)
+
+        defined_symbol = None
+        if aliases:
+            if aliases[0] == "_":
+                aliases = aliases[1:]
+            else:
+                defined_symbol, *aliases = aliases
+
+            aliases = tuple(alias for alias in aliases if alias not in ("", "_"))
+
+        try:
+            value = config.to_number(value)
+        except definitions.NotNumeric as ex:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                f"Prefix definition ('{name}') must contain only numbers, not {ex.value}"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            return cls(name, value, defined_symbol, aliases)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(str(exc))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class UnitDefinition(PintParsedStatement, definitions.UnitDefinition):
+    """Definition of a unit::
+
+        <canonical name> = <relation to another unit or dimension> [= <symbol>] [= <alias>] [ = <alias> ] [...]
+
+    Example::
+
+        millennium = 1e3 * year = _ = millennia
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    reference : UnitsContainer
+        Reference units.
+    is_base : bool
+        Indicates if it is a base unit.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string_and_config(
+        cls, s: str, config: ParserConfig
+    ) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[UnitDefinition]:
+        if "=" not in s:
+            return None
+
+        name, value, *aliases = (p.strip() for p in s.split("="))
+
+        defined_symbol = None
+        if aliases:
+            if aliases[0] == "_":
+                aliases = aliases[1:]
+            else:
+                defined_symbol, *aliases = aliases
+
+            aliases = tuple(alias for alias in aliases if alias not in ("", "_"))
+
+        if ";" in value:
+            [converter, modifiers] = value.split(";", 1)
+
+            try:
+                modifiers = {
+                    key.strip(): config.to_number(value)
+                    for key, value in (part.split(":") for part in modifiers.split(";"))
+                }
+            except definitions.NotNumeric as ex:
+                return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                    f"Unit definition ('{name}') must contain only numbers in modifier, not {ex.value}"
+                )
+
+        else:
+            converter = value
+            modifiers = {}
+
+        converter = config.to_scaled_units_container(converter)
+
+        try:
+            reference = UnitsContainer(converter)
+            # reference = converter.to_units_container()
+        except common.DefinitionSyntaxError as ex:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(f"While defining {name}: {ex}")
+
+        try:
+            converter = Converter.from_arguments(scale=converter.scale, **modifiers)
+        except Exception as ex:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                f"Unable to assign a converter to the unit {ex}"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            return cls(name, defined_symbol, tuple(aliases), converter, reference)
+        except Exception as ex:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(str(ex))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DimensionDefinition(PintParsedStatement, definitions.DimensionDefinition):
+    """Definition of a root dimension::
+
+        [dimension name]
+
+    Example::
+
+        [volume]
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[DimensionDefinition]:
+        s = s.strip()
+
+        if not (s.startswith("[") and "=" not in s):
+            return None
+
+        return cls(s)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DerivedDimensionDefinition(
+    PintParsedStatement, definitions.DerivedDimensionDefinition
+):
+    """Definition of a derived dimension::
+
+        [dimension name] = <relation to other dimensions>
+
+    Example::
+
+        [density] = [mass] / [volume]
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string_and_config(
+        cls, s: str, config: ParserConfig
+    ) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[DerivedDimensionDefinition]:
+        if not (s.startswith("[") and "=" in s):
+            return None
+
+        name, value, *aliases = s.split("=")
+
+        if aliases:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                "Derived dimensions cannot have aliases."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            reference = config.to_dimension_container(value)
+        except common.DefinitionSyntaxError as exc:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                f"In {name} derived dimensions must only be referenced "
+                f"to dimensions. {exc}"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            return cls(name.strip(), reference)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(str(exc))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AliasDefinition(PintParsedStatement, definitions.AliasDefinition):
+    """Additional alias(es) for an already existing unit::
+
+        @alias <canonical name or previous alias> = <alias> [ = <alias> ] [...]
+
+    Example::
+
+        @alias meter = my_meter
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[AliasDefinition]:
+        if not s.startswith("@alias "):
+            return None
+        name, *aliases = s[len("@alias ") :].split("=")
+
+        try:
+            return cls(name.strip(), tuple(alias.strip() for alias in aliases))
+        except Exception as exc:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(str(exc))

datasette/vendored/pint/delegates/txt_defparser/system.py

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+"""
+    pint.delegates.txt_defparser.system
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import typing as ty
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+import flexparser as fp
+
+from ...facets.system import definitions
+from ..base_defparser import PintParsedStatement
+from . import block, common, plain
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BaseUnitRule(PintParsedStatement, definitions.BaseUnitRule):
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[BaseUnitRule]:
+        if ":" not in s:
+            return cls(s.strip())
+        parts = [p.strip() for p in s.split(":")]
+        if len(parts) != 2:
+            return common.DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                f"Exactly two terms expected for rule, not {len(parts)} (`{s}`)"
+            )
+        return cls(*parts)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BeginSystem(PintParsedStatement):
+    """Being of a system directive.
+
+    @system <name> [using <group 1>, ..., <group N>]
+    """
+
+    #: Regex to match the header parts of a context.
+    _header_re = re.compile(r"@system\s+(?P<name>\w+)\s*(using\s(?P<used_groups>.*))*")
+
+    name: str
+    using_group_names: ty.Tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> fp.NullableParsedResult[BeginSystem]:
+        if not s.startswith("@system"):
+            return None
+
+        r = cls._header_re.search(s)
+
+        if r is None:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid System header syntax '%s'" % s)
+
+        name = r.groupdict()["name"].strip()
+        groups = r.groupdict()["used_groups"]
+
+        # If the systems has no group, it automatically uses the root group.
+        if groups:
+            group_names = tuple(a.strip() for a in groups.split(","))
+        else:
+            group_names = ("root",)
+
+        return cls(name, group_names)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SystemDefinition(
+    block.DirectiveBlock[
+        definitions.SystemDefinition,
+        BeginSystem,
+        ty.Union[plain.CommentDefinition, BaseUnitRule],
+    ]
+):
+    """Definition of a System:
+
+        @system <name> [using <group 1>, ..., <group N>]
+            <rule 1>
+            ...
+            <rule N>
+        @end
+
+    See Rule and Comment for more parsing related information.
+
+    The syntax for the rule is:
+
+        new_unit_name : old_unit_name
+
+    where:
+        - old_unit_name: a root unit part which is going to be removed from the system.
+        - new_unit_name: a non root unit which is going to replace the old_unit.
+
+    If the new_unit_name and the old_unit_name, the later and the colon can be omitted.
+    """
+
+    def derive_definition(self) -> definitions.SystemDefinition:
+        return definitions.SystemDefinition(
+            self.name, self.using_group_names, self.rules
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        assert isinstance(self.opening, BeginSystem)
+        return self.opening.name
+
+    @property
+    def using_group_names(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        assert isinstance(self.opening, BeginSystem)
+        return self.opening.using_group_names
+
+    @property
+    def rules(self) -> tuple[BaseUnitRule, ...]:
+        return tuple(el for el in self.body if isinstance(el, BaseUnitRule))

datasette/vendored/pint/errors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+"""
+    pint.errors
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Functions and classes related to unit definitions and conversions.
+
+    :copyright: 2016 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing as ty
+from dataclasses import dataclass, fields
+
+OFFSET_ERROR_DOCS_HTML = "https://pint.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user/nonmult.html"
+LOG_ERROR_DOCS_HTML = "https://pint.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user/log_units.html"
+
+MSG_INVALID_UNIT_NAME = "is not a valid unit name (must follow Python identifier rules)"
+MSG_INVALID_UNIT_SYMBOL = "is not a valid unit symbol (must not contain spaces)"
+MSG_INVALID_UNIT_ALIAS = "is not a valid unit alias (must not contain spaces)"
+
+MSG_INVALID_PREFIX_NAME = (
+    "is not a valid prefix name (must follow Python identifier rules)"
+)
+MSG_INVALID_PREFIX_SYMBOL = "is not a valid prefix symbol (must not contain spaces)"
+MSG_INVALID_PREFIX_ALIAS = "is not a valid prefix alias (must not contain spaces)"
+
+MSG_INVALID_DIMENSION_NAME = "is not a valid dimension name (must follow Python identifier rules and enclosed by square brackets)"
+MSG_INVALID_CONTEXT_NAME = (
+    "is not a valid context name (must follow Python identifier rules)"
+)
+MSG_INVALID_GROUP_NAME = "is not a valid group name (must not contain spaces)"
+MSG_INVALID_SYSTEM_NAME = (
+    "is not a valid system name (must follow Python identifier rules)"
+)
+
+
+def is_dim(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the name is flanked by square brackets `[` and `]`."""
+    return name[0] == "[" and name[-1] == "]"
+
+
+def is_valid_prefix_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the name is a valid python identifier or empty."""
+    return str.isidentifier(name) or name == ""
+
+
+is_valid_unit_name = is_valid_system_name = is_valid_context_name = str.isidentifier
+
+
+def _no_space(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Return False if the name contains a space in any position."""
+    return name.strip() == name and " " not in name
+
+
+is_valid_group_name = _no_space
+
+is_valid_unit_alias = is_valid_prefix_alias = is_valid_unit_symbol = (
+    is_valid_prefix_symbol
+) = _no_space
+
+
+def is_valid_dimension_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the name is consistent with a dimension name.
+
+    - flanked by square brackets.
+    - empty dimension name or identifier.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: shall we check also fro spaces?
+    return name == "[]" or (
+        len(name) > 1 and is_dim(name) and str.isidentifier(name[1:-1])
+    )
+
+
+class WithDefErr:
+    """Mixing class to make some classes more readable."""
+
+    def def_err(self, msg: str):
+        return DefinitionError(self.name, self.__class__, msg)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PintError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for all Pint errors."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DefinitionError(ValueError, PintError):
+    """Raised when a definition is not properly constructed."""
+
+    name: str
+    definition_type: type
+    msg: str
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        msg = f"Cannot define '{self.name}' ({self.definition_type}): {self.msg}"
+        return msg
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DefinitionSyntaxError(ValueError, PintError):
+    """Raised when a textual definition has a syntax error."""
+
+    msg: str
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.msg
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class RedefinitionError(ValueError, PintError):
+    """Raised when a unit or prefix is redefined."""
+
+    name: str
+    definition_type: type
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        msg = f"Cannot redefine '{self.name}' ({self.definition_type})"
+        return msg
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class UndefinedUnitError(AttributeError, PintError):
+    """Raised when the units are not defined in the unit registry."""
+
+    unit_names: str | tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.unit_names, str):
+            return f"'{self.unit_names}' is not defined in the unit registry"
+        if (
+            isinstance(self.unit_names, (tuple, list, set))
+            and len(self.unit_names) == 1
+        ):
+            return f"'{tuple(self.unit_names)[0]}' is not defined in the unit registry"
+        return f"{tuple(self.unit_names)} are not defined in the unit registry"
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PintTypeError(TypeError, PintError):
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DimensionalityError(PintTypeError):
+    """Raised when trying to convert between incompatible units."""
+
+    units1: ty.Any
+    units2: ty.Any
+    dim1: str = ""
+    dim2: str = ""
+    extra_msg: str = ""
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.dim1 or self.dim2:
+            dim1 = f" ({self.dim1})"
+            dim2 = f" ({self.dim2})"
+        else:
+            dim1 = ""
+            dim2 = ""
+
+        return (
+            f"Cannot convert from '{self.units1}'{dim1} to "
+            f"'{self.units2}'{dim2}{self.extra_msg}"
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class OffsetUnitCalculusError(PintTypeError):
+    """Raised on ambiguous operations with offset units."""
+
+    units1: ty.Any
+    units2: ty.Optional[ty.Any] = None
+
+    def yield_units(self):
+        yield self.units1
+        if self.units2:
+            yield self.units2
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return (
+            "Ambiguous operation with offset unit (%s)."
+            % ", ".join(str(u) for u in self.yield_units())
+            + " See "
+            + OFFSET_ERROR_DOCS_HTML
+            + " for guidance."
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class LogarithmicUnitCalculusError(PintTypeError):
+    """Raised on inappropriate operations with logarithmic units."""
+
+    units1: ty.Any
+    units2: ty.Optional[ty.Any] = None
+
+    def yield_units(self):
+        yield self.units1
+        if self.units2:
+            yield self.units2
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return (
+            "Ambiguous operation with logarithmic unit (%s)."
+            % ", ".join(str(u) for u in self.yield_units())
+            + " See "
+            + LOG_ERROR_DOCS_HTML
+            + " for guidance."
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class UnitStrippedWarning(UserWarning, PintError):
+    msg: str
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class UnexpectedScaleInContainer(Exception):
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class UndefinedBehavior(UserWarning, PintError):
+    msg: str
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, tuple(getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self))

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Facets are way to add a specific set of funcionalities to Pint. It is more
+    an organization logic than anything else. It aims to enable growth while
+    keeping each part small enough to be hackable.
+
+    Each facet contains one or more of the following modules:
+    - definitions: classes describing specific unit-related definitons.
+      These objects must be immutable, pickable and not reference the registry (e.g. ContextDefinition)
+    - objects: classes and functions that encapsulate behavior (e.g. Context)
+    - registry: implements a subclass of PlainRegistry or class that can be
+      mixed with it (e.g. ContextRegistry)
+
+    In certain cases, some of these modules might be collapsed into a single one
+    as the code is very short (like in dask) or expanded as the code is too long
+    (like in plain, where quantity and unit object are in their own module).
+    Additionally, certain facets might not have one of them.
+
+    An important part of this scheme is that each facet should export only a few
+    classes in the __init__.py and everything else should not be accessed by any
+    other module (except for testing). This is Python, so accessing it cannot be
+    really limited. So is more an agreement than a rule.
+
+    It is worth noticing that a Pint Quantity or Unit is always connected to a
+    *specific* registry. Therefore we need to provide a way in which functionality
+    can be added to a Quantity class in an easy way. This is achieved beautifully
+    using specific class attributes. For example, the NumpyRegistry looks like this:
+
+    class NumpyRegistry:
+
+        Quantity = NumpyQuantity
+        Unit = NumpyUnit
+
+    This tells pint that it should use NumpyQuantity as base class for a quantity
+    class that belongs to a registry that has NumpyRegistry as one of its bases.
+
+    Currently the folowing facets are implemented:
+
+    - plain: basic manipulation and calculation with multiplicative
+      dimensions, units and quantities (e.g. length, time, mass, etc).
+
+    - nonmultiplicative: manipulation and calculation with offset and
+      log units and quantities (e.g. temperature and decibel).
+
+    - measurement: manipulation and calculation of a quantity with
+      an uncertainty.
+
+    - numpy: using numpy array as magnitude and properly handling
+      numpy functions operating on quantities.
+
+    - dask: allows pint to interoperate with dask by implementing
+      dask magic methods.
+
+    - group: allow to make collections of units that can be then
+      addressed together.
+
+    - system: redefine base units for dimensions for a particular
+      collection of units (e.g. imperial)
+
+    - context: provides the means to interconvert between incompatible
+      units through well defined relations (e.g. spectroscopy allows
+      converting between spatial wavelength and temporal frequency)
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .context import ContextRegistry, GenericContextRegistry
+from .dask import DaskRegistry, GenericDaskRegistry
+from .group import GenericGroupRegistry, GroupRegistry
+from .measurement import GenericMeasurementRegistry, MeasurementRegistry
+from .nonmultiplicative import (
+    GenericNonMultiplicativeRegistry,
+    NonMultiplicativeRegistry,
+)
+from .numpy import GenericNumpyRegistry, NumpyRegistry
+from .plain import GenericPlainRegistry, MagnitudeT, PlainRegistry, QuantityT, UnitT
+from .system import GenericSystemRegistry, SystemRegistry
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ContextRegistry",
+    "DaskRegistry",
+    "FormattingRegistry",
+    "GroupRegistry",
+    "MeasurementRegistry",
+    "NonMultiplicativeRegistry",
+    "NumpyRegistry",
+    "PlainRegistry",
+    "SystemRegistry",
+    "GenericContextRegistry",
+    "GenericDaskRegistry",
+    "GenericFormattingRegistry",
+    "GenericGroupRegistry",
+    "GenericMeasurementRegistry",
+    "GenericNonMultiplicativeRegistry",
+    "GenericNumpyRegistry",
+    "GenericPlainRegistry",
+    "GenericSystemRegistry",
+    "QuantityT",
+    "UnitT",
+    "MagnitudeT",
+]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/context/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.context
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Adds pint the capability to contexts: predefined conversions
+    between incompatible dimensions.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .definitions import ContextDefinition
+from .objects import Context
+from .registry import ContextRegistry, GenericContextRegistry
+
+__all__ = ["ContextDefinition", "Context", "ContextRegistry", "GenericContextRegistry"]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/context/definitions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.context.definitions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import numbers
+import re
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from ... import errors
+from ..plain import UnitDefinition
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..._typing import Quantity, UnitsContainer
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Relation:
+    """Base class for a relation between different dimensionalities."""
+
+    _varname_re = re.compile(r"[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*")
+
+    #: Source dimensionality
+    src: UnitsContainer
+    #: Destination dimensionality
+    dst: UnitsContainer
+    #: Equation connecting both dimensionalities from which the tranformation
+    #: will be built.
+    equation: str
+
+    # Instead of defining __post_init__ here,
+    # it will be added to the container class
+    # so that the name and a meaningfull class
+    # could be used.
+
+    @property
+    def variables(self) -> set[str]:
+        """Find all variables names in the equation."""
+        return set(self._varname_re.findall(self.equation))
+
+    @property
+    def transformation(self) -> Callable[..., Quantity]:
+        """Return a transformation callable that uses the registry
+        to parse the transformation equation.
+        """
+        return lambda ureg, value, **kwargs: ureg.parse_expression(
+            self.equation, value=value, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def bidirectional(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ForwardRelation(Relation):
+    """A relation connecting a dimension to another via a transformation function.
+
+    <source dimension> -> <target dimension>: <transformation function>
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def bidirectional(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BidirectionalRelation(Relation):
+    """A bidirectional relation connecting a dimension to another
+    via a simple transformation function.
+
+        <source dimension> <-> <target dimension>: <transformation function>
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def bidirectional(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ContextDefinition(errors.WithDefErr):
+    """Definition of a Context"""
+
+    #: name of the context
+    name: str
+    #: other na
+    aliases: tuple[str, ...]
+    defaults: dict[str, numbers.Number]
+    relations: tuple[Relation, ...]
+    redefinitions: tuple[UnitDefinition, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def variables(self) -> set[str]:
+        """Return all variable names in all transformations."""
+        return set().union(*(r.variables for r in self.relations))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_lines(cls, lines: Iterable[str], non_int_type: type):
+        # TODO: this is to keep it backwards compatible
+        from ...delegates import ParserConfig, txt_defparser
+
+        cfg = ParserConfig(non_int_type)
+        parser = txt_defparser.DefParser(cfg, None)
+        pp = parser.parse_string("\n".join(lines) + "\n@end")
+        for definition in parser.iter_parsed_project(pp):
+            if isinstance(definition, cls):
+                return definition
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if not errors.is_valid_context_name(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(errors.MSG_INVALID_GROUP_NAME)
+
+        for k in self.aliases:
+            if not errors.is_valid_context_name(k):
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"refers to '{k}' that " + errors.MSG_INVALID_CONTEXT_NAME
+                )
+
+        for relation in self.relations:
+            invalid = tuple(
+                itertools.filterfalse(
+                    errors.is_valid_dimension_name, relation.src.keys()
+                )
+            ) + tuple(
+                itertools.filterfalse(
+                    errors.is_valid_dimension_name, relation.dst.keys()
+                )
+            )
+
+            if invalid:
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"relation refers to {', '.join(invalid)} that "
+                    + errors.MSG_INVALID_DIMENSION_NAME
+                )
+
+        for definition in self.redefinitions:
+            if definition.symbol != definition.name or definition.aliases:
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    "can't change a unit's symbol or aliases within a context"
+                )
+            if definition.is_base:
+                raise self.def_err("can't define plain units within a context")
+
+        missing_pars = set(self.defaults.keys()) - self.variables
+        if missing_pars:
+            raise self.def_err(
+                f"Context parameters {missing_pars} not found in any equation"
+            )

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/context/objects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.context.objects
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import weakref
+from collections import ChainMap, defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic, Protocol
+
+from ..._typing import Magnitude
+from ...facets.plain import MagnitudeT, PlainQuantity, PlainUnit, UnitDefinition
+from ...util import UnitsContainer, to_units_container
+from .definitions import ContextDefinition
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...registry import UnitRegistry
+
+
+class Transformation(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self, ureg: UnitRegistry, value: PlainQuantity, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> PlainQuantity: ...
+
+
+from ..._typing import UnitLike
+
+ToBaseFunc = Callable[[UnitsContainer], UnitsContainer]
+SrcDst = tuple[UnitsContainer, UnitsContainer]
+
+
+class ContextQuantity(Generic[MagnitudeT], PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT]):
+    pass
+
+
+class ContextUnit(PlainUnit):
+    pass
+
+
+class Context:
+    """A specialized container that defines transformation functions from one
+    dimension to another. Each Dimension are specified using a UnitsContainer.
+    Simple transformation are given with a function taking a single parameter.
+
+    Conversion functions may take optional keyword arguments and the context
+    can have default values for these arguments.
+
+    Additionally, a context may host redefinitions.
+
+    A redefinition must be performed among units that already exist in the registry. It
+    cannot change the dimensionality of a unit. The symbol and aliases are automatically
+    inherited from the registry.
+
+    See ContextDefinition for the definition file syntax.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name : str or None, optional
+        Name of the context (must be unique within the registry).
+        Use None for anonymous Context. (Default value = None).
+    aliases : iterable of str
+        Other names for the context.
+    defaults : None or dict
+        Maps variable names to values.
+
+    Example
+    -------
+
+    >>> from datasette.vendored.pint.util import UnitsContainer
+    >>> from datasette.vendored.pint import Context, UnitRegistry
+    >>> ureg = UnitRegistry()
+    >>> timedim = UnitsContainer({'[time]': 1})
+    >>> spacedim = UnitsContainer({'[length]': 1})
+    >>> def time_to_len(ureg, time):
+    ...     'Time to length converter'
+    ...     return 3. * time
+    >>> c = Context()
+    >>> c.add_transformation(timedim, spacedim, time_to_len)
+    >>> c.transform(timedim, spacedim, ureg, 2)
+    6.0
+    >>> def time_to_len_indexed(ureg, time, n=1):
+    ...     'Time to length converter, n is the index of refraction of the material'
+    ...     return 3. * time / n
+    >>> c = Context(defaults={'n':3})
+    >>> c.add_transformation(timedim, spacedim, time_to_len_indexed)
+    >>> c.transform(timedim, spacedim, ureg, 2)
+    2.0
+    >>> c.redefine("pound = 0.5 kg")
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        aliases: tuple[str, ...] = tuple(),
+        defaults: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.name: str | None = name
+        self.aliases: tuple[str, ...] = aliases
+
+        #: Maps (src, dst) -> transformation function
+        self.funcs: dict[SrcDst, Transformation] = {}
+
+        #: Maps defaults variable names to values
+        self.defaults: dict[str, Any] = defaults or {}
+
+        # Store Definition objects that are context-specific
+        # TODO: narrow type this if possible.
+        self.redefinitions: list[Any] = []
+
+        # Flag set to True by the Registry the first time the context is enabled
+        self.checked = False
+
+        #: Maps (src, dst) -> self
+        #: Used as a convenience dictionary to be composed by ContextChain
+        self.relation_to_context: weakref.WeakValueDictionary[SrcDst, Context] = (
+            weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_context(cls, context: Context, **defaults: Any) -> Context:
+        """Creates a new context that shares the funcs dictionary with the
+        original context. The default values are copied from the original
+        context and updated with the new defaults.
+
+        If defaults is empty, return the same context.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        context : pint.Context
+            Original context.
+        **defaults
+
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pint.Context
+        """
+        if defaults:
+            newdef = dict(context.defaults, **defaults)
+            c = cls(context.name, context.aliases, newdef)
+            c.funcs = context.funcs
+            c.redefinitions = context.redefinitions
+            for edge in context.funcs:
+                c.relation_to_context[edge] = c
+            return c
+        return context
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_lines(
+        cls,
+        lines: Iterable[str],
+        to_base_func: ToBaseFunc | None = None,
+        non_int_type: type = float,
+    ) -> Context:
+        context_definition = ContextDefinition.from_lines(lines, non_int_type)
+
+        if context_definition is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Could not define Context from from {lines}")
+
+        return cls.from_definition(context_definition, to_base_func)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_definition(
+        cls, cd: ContextDefinition, to_base_func: ToBaseFunc | None = None
+    ) -> Context:
+        ctx = cls(cd.name, cd.aliases, cd.defaults)
+
+        for definition in cd.redefinitions:
+            ctx._redefine(definition)
+
+        for relation in cd.relations:
+            try:
+                # TODO: check to_base_func. Is it a good API idea?
+                if to_base_func:
+                    src = to_base_func(relation.src)
+                    dst = to_base_func(relation.dst)
+                else:
+                    src, dst = relation.src, relation.dst
+                ctx.add_transformation(src, dst, relation.transformation)
+                if relation.bidirectional:
+                    ctx.add_transformation(dst, src, relation.transformation)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Could not add Context {cd.name} relation {relation}"
+                ) from exc
+
+        return ctx
+
+    def add_transformation(
+        self, src: UnitLike, dst: UnitLike, func: Transformation
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a transformation function to the context."""
+
+        _key = self.__keytransform__(src, dst)
+        self.funcs[_key] = func
+        self.relation_to_context[_key] = self
+
+    def remove_transformation(self, src: UnitLike, dst: UnitLike) -> None:
+        """Add a transformation function to the context."""
+
+        _key = self.__keytransform__(src, dst)
+        del self.funcs[_key]
+        del self.relation_to_context[_key]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __keytransform__(src: UnitLike, dst: UnitLike) -> SrcDst:
+        return to_units_container(src), to_units_container(dst)
+
+    def transform(
+        self, src: UnitLike, dst: UnitLike, registry: Any, value: Magnitude
+    ) -> Magnitude:
+        """Transform a value."""
+
+        _key = self.__keytransform__(src, dst)
+        func = self.funcs[_key]
+        return func(registry, value, **self.defaults)
+
+    def redefine(self, definition: str) -> None:
+        """Override the definition of a unit in the registry.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        definition : str
+            <unit> = <new definition>``, e.g. ``pound = 0.5 kg``
+        """
+        from ...delegates import ParserConfig, txt_defparser
+
+        # TODO: kept for backwards compatibility.
+        #       this is not a good idea as we have no way of known the correct non_int_type
+        cfg = ParserConfig(float)
+        parser = txt_defparser.DefParser(cfg, None)
+        pp = parser.parse_string(definition)
+        for definition in parser.iter_parsed_project(pp):
+            if isinstance(definition, UnitDefinition):
+                self._redefine(definition)
+
+    def _redefine(self, definition: UnitDefinition):
+        self.redefinitions.append(definition)
+
+    def hashable(
+        self,
+    ) -> tuple[
+        str | None,
+        tuple[str, ...],
+        frozenset[tuple[SrcDst, int]],
+        frozenset[tuple[str, Any]],
+        tuple[Any, ...],
+    ]:
+        """Generate a unique hashable and comparable representation of self, which can
+        be used as a key in a dict. This class cannot define ``__hash__`` because it is
+        mutable, and the Python interpreter does cache the output of ``__hash__``.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        tuple
+        """
+        return (
+            self.name,
+            tuple(self.aliases),
+            frozenset((k, id(v)) for k, v in self.funcs.items()),
+            frozenset(self.defaults.items()),
+            tuple(self.redefinitions),
+        )
+
+
+class ContextChain(ChainMap[SrcDst, Context]):
+    """A specialized ChainMap for contexts that simplifies finding rules
+    to transform from one dimension to another.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.contexts: list[Context] = []
+        self.maps.clear()  # Remove default empty map
+        self._graph: dict[SrcDst, set[UnitsContainer]] | None = None
+
+    def insert_contexts(self, *contexts: Context):
+        """Insert one or more contexts in reversed order the chained map.
+        (A rule in last context will take precedence)
+
+        To facilitate the identification of the context with the matching rule,
+        the *relation_to_context* dictionary of the context is used.
+        """
+
+        self.contexts = list(reversed(contexts)) + self.contexts
+        self.maps = [ctx.relation_to_context for ctx in reversed(contexts)] + self.maps
+        self._graph = None
+
+    def remove_contexts(self, n: int | None = None):
+        """Remove the last n inserted contexts from the chain.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n: int
+            (Default value = None)
+        """
+
+        del self.contexts[:n]
+        del self.maps[:n]
+        self._graph = None
+
+    @property
+    def defaults(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        for ctx in self.values():
+            return ctx.defaults
+        return {}
+
+    @property
+    def graph(self):
+        """The graph relating"""
+        if self._graph is None:
+            self._graph = defaultdict(set)
+            for fr_, to_ in self:
+                self._graph[fr_].add(to_)
+        return self._graph
+
+    # TODO: type registry
+    def transform(
+        self, src: UnitsContainer, dst: UnitsContainer, registry: Any, value: Magnitude
+    ):
+        """Transform the value, finding the rule in the chained context.
+        (A rule in last context will take precedence)
+        """
+        return self[(src, dst)].transform(src, dst, registry, value)
+
+    def hashable(self) -> tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """Generate a unique hashable and comparable representation of self, which can
+        be used as a key in a dict. This class cannot define ``__hash__`` because it is
+        mutable, and the Python interpreter does cache the output of ``__hash__``.
+        """
+        return tuple(ctx.hashable() for ctx in self.contexts)

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/context/registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.context.registry
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+from collections import ChainMap
+from collections.abc import Callable, Generator
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from typing import Any, Generic
+
+from ..._typing import F, Magnitude
+from ...compat import TypeAlias
+from ...errors import UndefinedUnitError
+from ...util import UnitsContainer, find_connected_nodes, find_shortest_path, logger
+from ..plain import GenericPlainRegistry, QuantityT, UnitDefinition, UnitT
+from . import objects
+from .definitions import ContextDefinition
+
+# TODO: Put back annotation when possible
+# registry_cache: "RegistryCache"
+
+
+class ContextCacheOverlay:
+    """Layer on top of the plain UnitRegistry cache, specific to a combination of
+    active contexts which contain unit redefinitions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, registry_cache) -> None:
+        self.dimensional_equivalents = registry_cache.dimensional_equivalents
+        self.root_units = {}
+        self.dimensionality = registry_cache.dimensionality
+        self.parse_unit = registry_cache.parse_unit
+        self.conversion_factor = {}
+
+
+class GenericContextRegistry(
+    Generic[QuantityT, UnitT], GenericPlainRegistry[QuantityT, UnitT]
+):
+    """Handle of Contexts.
+
+    Conversion between units with different dimensions according
+    to previously established relations (contexts).
+    (e.g. in the spectroscopy, conversion between frequency and energy is possible)
+
+    Capabilities:
+
+    - Register contexts.
+    - Enable and disable contexts.
+    - Parse @context directive.
+    """
+
+    Context: type[objects.Context] = objects.Context
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        # Map context name (string) or abbreviation to context.
+        self._contexts: dict[str, objects.Context] = {}
+        # Stores active contexts.
+        self._active_ctx = objects.ContextChain()
+        # Map context chain to cache
+        self._caches = {}
+        # Map context chain to units override
+        self._context_units = {}
+
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        # Allow contexts to add override layers to the units
+        self._units: ChainMap[str, UnitDefinition] = ChainMap(self._units)
+
+    def _register_definition_adders(self) -> None:
+        super()._register_definition_adders()
+        self._register_adder(ContextDefinition, self.add_context)
+
+    def add_context(self, context: objects.Context | ContextDefinition) -> None:
+        """Add a context object to the registry.
+
+        The context will be accessible by its name and aliases.
+
+        Notice that this method will NOT enable the context;
+        see :meth:`enable_contexts`.
+        """
+        if isinstance(context, ContextDefinition):
+            context = objects.Context.from_definition(context, self.get_dimensionality)
+
+        if not context.name:
+            raise ValueError("Can't add unnamed context to registry")
+        if context.name in self._contexts:
+            logger.warning(
+                "The name %s was already registered for another context.", context.name
+            )
+        self._contexts[context.name] = context
+        for alias in context.aliases:
+            if alias in self._contexts:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "The name %s was already registered for another context",
+                    context.name,
+                )
+            self._contexts[alias] = context
+
+    def remove_context(self, name_or_alias: str) -> objects.Context:
+        """Remove a context from the registry and return it.
+
+        Notice that this methods will not disable the context;
+        see :meth:`disable_contexts`.
+        """
+        context = self._contexts[name_or_alias]
+
+        del self._contexts[context.name]
+        for alias in context.aliases:
+            del self._contexts[alias]
+
+        return context
+
+    def _build_cache(self, loaded_files=None) -> None:
+        super()._build_cache(loaded_files)
+        self._caches[()] = self._cache
+
+    def _switch_context_cache_and_units(self) -> None:
+        """If any of the active contexts redefine units, create variant self._cache
+        and self._units specific to the combination of active contexts.
+        The next time this method is invoked with the same combination of contexts,
+        reuse the same variant self._cache and self._units as in the previous time.
+        """
+        del self._units.maps[:-1]
+        units_overlay = any(ctx.redefinitions for ctx in self._active_ctx.contexts)
+        if not units_overlay:
+            # Use the default _cache and _units
+            self._cache = self._caches[()]
+            return
+
+        key = self._active_ctx.hashable()
+        try:
+            self._cache = self._caches[key]
+            self._units.maps.insert(0, self._context_units[key])
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # First time using this specific combination of contexts and it contains
+        # unit redefinitions
+        base_cache = self._caches[()]
+        self._caches[key] = self._cache = ContextCacheOverlay(base_cache)
+
+        self._context_units[key] = units_overlay = {}
+        self._units.maps.insert(0, units_overlay)
+
+        on_redefinition_backup = self._on_redefinition
+        self._on_redefinition = "ignore"
+        try:
+            for ctx in reversed(self._active_ctx.contexts):
+                for definition in ctx.redefinitions:
+                    self._redefine(definition)
+        finally:
+            self._on_redefinition = on_redefinition_backup
+
+    def _redefine(self, definition: UnitDefinition) -> None:
+        """Redefine a unit from a context"""
+        # Find original definition in the UnitRegistry
+        candidates = self.parse_unit_name(definition.name)
+        if not candidates:
+            raise UndefinedUnitError(definition.name)
+        candidates_no_prefix = [c for c in candidates if not c[0]]
+        if not candidates_no_prefix:
+            raise ValueError(f"Can't redefine a unit with a prefix: {definition.name}")
+        assert len(candidates_no_prefix) == 1
+        _, name, _ = candidates_no_prefix[0]
+        try:
+            basedef = self._units[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise UndefinedUnitError(name)
+
+        # Rebuild definition as a variant of the plain
+        if basedef.is_base:
+            raise ValueError("Can't redefine a plain unit to a derived one")
+
+        dims_old = self._get_dimensionality(basedef.reference)
+        dims_new = self._get_dimensionality(definition.reference)
+        if dims_old != dims_new:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Can't change dimensionality of {basedef.name} "
+                f"from {dims_old} to {dims_new} in a context"
+            )
+
+        # Do not modify in place the original definition, as (1) the context may
+        # be shared by other registries, and (2) it would alter the cache key
+        definition = UnitDefinition(
+            name=basedef.name,
+            defined_symbol=basedef.symbol,
+            aliases=basedef.aliases,
+            reference=definition.reference,
+            converter=definition.converter,
+        )
+
+        # Write into the context-specific self._units.maps[0] and self._cache.root_units
+        self.define(definition)
+
+    def enable_contexts(
+        self, *names_or_contexts: str | objects.Context, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Enable contexts provided by name or by object.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        *names_or_contexts :
+            one or more contexts or context names/aliases
+        **kwargs :
+            keyword arguments for the context(s)
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        See :meth:`context`
+        """
+
+        # If present, copy the defaults from the containing contexts
+        if self._active_ctx.defaults:
+            kwargs = dict(self._active_ctx.defaults, **kwargs)
+
+        # For each name, we first find the corresponding context
+        ctxs = [
+            self._contexts[name] if isinstance(name, str) else name
+            for name in names_or_contexts
+        ]
+
+        # Check if the contexts have been checked first, if not we make sure
+        # that dimensions are expressed in terms of plain dimensions.
+        for ctx in ctxs:
+            if ctx.checked:
+                continue
+            funcs_copy = dict(ctx.funcs)
+            for (src, dst), func in funcs_copy.items():
+                src_ = self._get_dimensionality(src)
+                dst_ = self._get_dimensionality(dst)
+                if src != src_ or dst != dst_:
+                    ctx.remove_transformation(src, dst)
+                    ctx.add_transformation(src_, dst_, func)
+            ctx.checked = True
+
+        # and create a new one with the new defaults.
+        contexts = tuple(objects.Context.from_context(ctx, **kwargs) for ctx in ctxs)
+
+        # Finally we add them to the active context.
+        self._active_ctx.insert_contexts(*contexts)
+        self._switch_context_cache_and_units()
+
+    def disable_contexts(self, n: int | None = None) -> None:
+        """Disable the last n enabled contexts.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n : int
+            Number of contexts to disable. Default: disable all contexts.
+        """
+        self._active_ctx.remove_contexts(n)
+        self._switch_context_cache_and_units()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def context(
+        self: GenericContextRegistry[QuantityT, UnitT], *names: str, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Generator[GenericContextRegistry[QuantityT, UnitT], None, None]:
+        """Used as a context manager, this function enables to activate a context
+        which is removed after usage.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        *names : name(s) of the context(s).
+        **kwargs : keyword arguments for the contexts.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        Context can be called by their name:
+
+        >>> import pint.facets.context.objects
+        >>> import pint
+        >>> ureg = pint.UnitRegistry()
+        >>> ureg.add_context(pint.facets.context.objects.Context('one'))
+        >>> ureg.add_context(pint.facets.context.objects.Context('two'))
+        >>> with ureg.context('one'):
+        ...     pass
+
+        If a context has an argument, you can specify its value as a keyword argument:
+
+        >>> with ureg.context('one', n=1):
+        ...     pass
+
+        Multiple contexts can be entered in single call:
+
+        >>> with ureg.context('one', 'two', n=1):
+        ...     pass
+
+        Or nested allowing you to give different values to the same keyword argument:
+
+        >>> with ureg.context('one', n=1):
+        ...     with ureg.context('two', n=2):
+        ...         pass
+
+        A nested context inherits the defaults from the containing context:
+
+        >>> with ureg.context('one', n=1):
+        ...     # Here n takes the value of the outer context
+        ...     with ureg.context('two'):
+        ...         pass
+        """
+        # Enable the contexts.
+        self.enable_contexts(*names, **kwargs)
+
+        try:
+            # After adding the context and rebuilding the graph, the registry
+            # is ready to use.
+            yield self
+        finally:
+            # Upon leaving the with statement,
+            # the added contexts are removed from the active one.
+            self.disable_contexts(len(names))
+
+    def with_context(self, name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Callable[[F], F]:
+        """Decorator to wrap a function call in a Pint context.
+
+        Use it to ensure that a certain context is active when
+        calling a function.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        name :
+            name of the context.
+        **kwargs :
+            keyword arguments for the context
+
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        callable: the wrapped function.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> @ureg.with_context('sp')
+        ... def my_cool_fun(wavelength):
+        ...     print('This wavelength is equivalent to: %s', wavelength.to('terahertz'))
+        """
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            assigned = tuple(
+                attr for attr in functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS if hasattr(func, attr)
+            )
+            updated = tuple(
+                attr for attr in functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES if hasattr(func, attr)
+            )
+
+            @functools.wraps(func, assigned=assigned, updated=updated)
+            def wrapper(*values, **wrapper_kwargs):
+                with self.context(name, **kwargs):
+                    return func(*values, **wrapper_kwargs)
+
+            return wrapper
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def _convert(
+        self,
+        value: Magnitude,
+        src: UnitsContainer,
+        dst: UnitsContainer,
+        inplace: bool = False,
+    ) -> Magnitude:
+        """Convert value from some source to destination units.
+
+        In addition to what is done by the PlainRegistry,
+        converts between units with different dimensions by following
+        transformation rules defined in the context.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        value :
+            value
+        src : UnitsContainer
+            source units.
+        dst : UnitsContainer
+            destination units.
+        inplace :
+             (Default value = False)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        callable
+            converted value
+        """
+        # If there is an active context, we look for a path connecting source and
+        # destination dimensionality. If it exists, we transform the source value
+        # by applying sequentially each transformation of the path.
+        if self._active_ctx:
+            src_dim = self._get_dimensionality(src)
+            dst_dim = self._get_dimensionality(dst)
+
+            path = find_shortest_path(self._active_ctx.graph, src_dim, dst_dim)
+            if path:
+                src = self.Quantity(value, src)
+                for a, b in zip(path[:-1], path[1:]):
+                    src = self._active_ctx.transform(a, b, self, src)
+
+                value, src = src._magnitude, src._units
+
+        return super()._convert(value, src, dst, inplace)
+
+    def _get_compatible_units(
+        self, input_units: UnitsContainer, group_or_system: str | None = None
+    ):
+        src_dim = self._get_dimensionality(input_units)
+
+        ret = super()._get_compatible_units(input_units, group_or_system)
+
+        if self._active_ctx:
+            ret = ret.copy()  # Do not alter self._cache
+            nodes = find_connected_nodes(self._active_ctx.graph, src_dim)
+            if nodes:
+                for node in nodes:
+                    ret |= self._cache.dimensional_equivalents[node]
+
+        return ret
+
+
+class ContextRegistry(
+    GenericContextRegistry[objects.ContextQuantity[Any], objects.ContextUnit]
+):
+    Quantity: TypeAlias = objects.ContextQuantity[Any]
+    Unit: TypeAlias = objects.ContextUnit

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/dask/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.dask
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Adds pint the capability to interoperate with Dask
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+from typing import Any, Generic
+
+from ...compat import TypeAlias, compute, dask_array, persist, visualize
+from ..plain import (
+    GenericPlainRegistry,
+    MagnitudeT,
+    PlainQuantity,
+    PlainUnit,
+    QuantityT,
+    UnitT,
+)
+
+
+def check_dask_array(f):
+    @functools.wraps(f)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if isinstance(self._magnitude, dask_array.Array):
+            return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            msg = "Method {} only implemented for objects of {}, not {}".format(
+                f.__name__, dask_array.Array, self._magnitude.__class__
+            )
+            raise AttributeError(msg)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class DaskQuantity(Generic[MagnitudeT], PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT]):
+    # Dask.array.Array ducking
+    def __dask_graph__(self):
+        if isinstance(self._magnitude, dask_array.Array):
+            return self._magnitude.__dask_graph__()
+
+        return None
+
+    def __dask_keys__(self):
+        return self._magnitude.__dask_keys__()
+
+    def __dask_tokenize__(self):
+        from dask.base import tokenize
+
+        return (type(self), tokenize(self._magnitude), self.units)
+
+    @property
+    def __dask_optimize__(self):
+        return dask_array.Array.__dask_optimize__
+
+    @property
+    def __dask_scheduler__(self):
+        return dask_array.Array.__dask_scheduler__
+
+    def __dask_postcompute__(self):
+        func, args = self._magnitude.__dask_postcompute__()
+        return self._dask_finalize, (func, args, self.units)
+
+    def __dask_postpersist__(self):
+        func, args = self._magnitude.__dask_postpersist__()
+        return self._dask_finalize, (func, args, self.units)
+
+    def _dask_finalize(self, results, func, args, units):
+        values = func(results, *args)
+        return type(self)(values, units)
+
+    @check_dask_array
+    def compute(self, **kwargs):
+        """Compute the Dask array wrapped by pint.PlainQuantity.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        **kwargs : dict
+            Any keyword arguments to pass to ``dask.compute``.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pint.PlainQuantity
+            A pint.PlainQuantity wrapped numpy array.
+        """
+        (result,) = compute(self, **kwargs)
+        return result
+
+    @check_dask_array
+    def persist(self, **kwargs):
+        """Persist the Dask Array wrapped by pint.PlainQuantity.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        **kwargs : dict
+            Any keyword arguments to pass to ``dask.persist``.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pint.PlainQuantity
+            A pint.PlainQuantity wrapped Dask array.
+        """
+        (result,) = persist(self, **kwargs)
+        return result
+
+    @check_dask_array
+    def visualize(self, **kwargs):
+        """Produce a visual representation of the Dask graph.
+
+        The graphviz library is required.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        **kwargs : dict
+            Any keyword arguments to pass to ``dask.visualize``.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+
+        """
+        visualize(self, **kwargs)
+
+
+class DaskUnit(PlainUnit):
+    pass
+
+
+class GenericDaskRegistry(
+    Generic[QuantityT, UnitT], GenericPlainRegistry[QuantityT, UnitT]
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class DaskRegistry(GenericDaskRegistry[DaskQuantity[Any], DaskUnit]):
+    Quantity: TypeAlias = DaskQuantity[Any]
+    Unit: TypeAlias = DaskUnit

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/group/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.group
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Adds pint the capability to group units.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .definitions import GroupDefinition
+from .objects import Group, GroupQuantity, GroupUnit
+from .registry import GenericGroupRegistry, GroupRegistry
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GroupDefinition",
+    "Group",
+    "GroupRegistry",
+    "GenericGroupRegistry",
+    "GroupQuantity",
+    "GroupUnit",
+]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/group/definitions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.group.definitions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from ... import errors
+from ...compat import Self
+from .. import plain
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class GroupDefinition(errors.WithDefErr):
+    """Definition of a group."""
+
+    #: name of the group
+    name: str
+    #: unit groups that will be included within the group
+    using_group_names: tuple[str, ...]
+    #: definitions for the units existing within the group
+    definitions: tuple[plain.UnitDefinition, ...]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_lines(
+        cls: type[Self], lines: Iterable[str], non_int_type: type
+    ) -> Self | None:
+        # TODO: this is to keep it backwards compatible
+        from ...delegates import ParserConfig, txt_defparser
+
+        cfg = ParserConfig(non_int_type)
+        parser = txt_defparser.DefParser(cfg, None)
+        pp = parser.parse_string("\n".join(lines) + "\n@end")
+        for definition in parser.iter_parsed_project(pp):
+            if isinstance(definition, cls):
+                return definition
+
+    @property
+    def unit_names(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(el.name for el in self.definitions)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if not errors.is_valid_group_name(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(errors.MSG_INVALID_GROUP_NAME)
+
+        for k in self.using_group_names:
+            if not errors.is_valid_group_name(k):
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"refers to '{k}' that " + errors.MSG_INVALID_GROUP_NAME
+                )

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/group/objects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.group.objects
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic
+
+from ...util import SharedRegistryObject, getattr_maybe_raise
+from ..plain import MagnitudeT, PlainQuantity, PlainUnit
+from .definitions import GroupDefinition
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..plain import UnitDefinition
+
+    DefineFunc = Callable[
+        [
+            Any,
+        ],
+        None,
+    ]
+    AddUnitFunc = Callable[
+        [
+            UnitDefinition,
+        ],
+        None,
+    ]
+
+
+class GroupQuantity(Generic[MagnitudeT], PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT]):
+    pass
+
+
+class GroupUnit(PlainUnit):
+    pass
+
+
+class Group(SharedRegistryObject):
+    """A group is a set of units.
+
+    Units can be added directly or by including other groups.
+
+    Members are computed dynamically, that is if a unit is added to a group X
+    all groups that include X are affected.
+
+    The group belongs to one Registry.
+
+    See GroupDefinition for the definition file syntax.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name
+        If not given, a root Group will be created.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str):
+        # The name of the group.
+        self.name = name
+
+        #: Names of the units in this group.
+        #: :type: set[str]
+        self._unit_names: set[str] = set()
+
+        #: Names of the groups in this group.
+        self._used_groups: set[str] = set()
+
+        #: Names of the groups in which this group is contained.
+        self._used_by: set[str] = set()
+
+        # Add this group to the group dictionary
+        self._REGISTRY._groups[self.name] = self
+
+        if name != "root":
+            # All groups are added to root group
+            self._REGISTRY._groups["root"].add_groups(name)
+
+        #: A cache of the included units.
+        #: None indicates that the cache has been invalidated.
+        self._computed_members: frozenset[str] | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def members(self) -> frozenset[str]:
+        """Names of the units that are members of the group.
+
+        Calculated to include to all units in all included _used_groups.
+
+        """
+        if self._computed_members is None:
+            tmp = set(self._unit_names)
+
+            for _, group in self.iter_used_groups():
+                tmp |= group.members
+
+            self._computed_members = frozenset(tmp)
+
+        return self._computed_members
+
+    def invalidate_members(self) -> None:
+        """Invalidate computed members in this Group and all parent nodes."""
+        self._computed_members = None
+        d = self._REGISTRY._groups
+        for name in self._used_by:
+            d[name].invalidate_members()
+
+    def iter_used_groups(self) -> Generator[tuple[str, Group], None, None]:
+        pending = set(self._used_groups)
+        d = self._REGISTRY._groups
+        while pending:
+            name = pending.pop()
+            group = d[name]
+            pending |= group._used_groups
+            yield name, d[name]
+
+    def is_used_group(self, group_name: str) -> bool:
+        for name, _ in self.iter_used_groups():
+            if name == group_name:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def add_units(self, *unit_names: str) -> None:
+        """Add units to group."""
+        for unit_name in unit_names:
+            self._unit_names.add(unit_name)
+
+        self.invalidate_members()
+
+    @property
+    def non_inherited_unit_names(self) -> frozenset[str]:
+        return frozenset(self._unit_names)
+
+    def remove_units(self, *unit_names: str) -> None:
+        """Remove units from group."""
+        for unit_name in unit_names:
+            self._unit_names.remove(unit_name)
+
+        self.invalidate_members()
+
+    def add_groups(self, *group_names: str) -> None:
+        """Add groups to group."""
+        d = self._REGISTRY._groups
+        for group_name in group_names:
+            grp = d[group_name]
+
+            if grp.is_used_group(self.name):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Cyclic relationship found between %s and %s"
+                    % (self.name, group_name)
+                )
+
+            self._used_groups.add(group_name)
+            grp._used_by.add(self.name)
+
+        self.invalidate_members()
+
+    def remove_groups(self, *group_names: str) -> None:
+        """Remove groups from group."""
+        d = self._REGISTRY._groups
+        for group_name in group_names:
+            grp = d[group_name]
+
+            self._used_groups.remove(group_name)
+            grp._used_by.remove(self.name)
+
+        self.invalidate_members()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_lines(
+        cls, lines: Iterable[str], define_func: DefineFunc, non_int_type: type = float
+    ) -> Group:
+        """Return a Group object parsing an iterable of lines.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        lines : list[str]
+            iterable
+        define_func : callable
+            Function to define a unit in the registry; it must accept a single string as
+            a parameter.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+
+        """
+        group_definition = GroupDefinition.from_lines(lines, non_int_type)
+
+        if group_definition is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Could not define group from {lines}")
+
+        return cls.from_definition(group_definition, define_func)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_definition(
+        cls,
+        group_definition: GroupDefinition,
+        add_unit_func: AddUnitFunc | None = None,
+    ) -> Group:
+        grp = cls(group_definition.name)
+
+        add_unit_func = add_unit_func or grp._REGISTRY._add_unit
+
+        # We first add all units defined within the group
+        # to the registry.
+        for definition in group_definition.definitions:
+            add_unit_func(definition)
+
+        # Then we add all units defined within the group
+        # to this group (by name)
+        grp.add_units(*group_definition.unit_names)
+
+        # Finally, we add all grou0ps used by this group
+        # tho this group (by name)
+        if group_definition.using_group_names:
+            grp.add_groups(*group_definition.using_group_names)
+
+        return grp
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item: str):
+        getattr_maybe_raise(self, item)
+        return self._REGISTRY

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/group/registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.group.registry
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic
+
+from ... import errors
+from ...compat import TypeAlias
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..._typing import Unit, UnitsContainer
+
+from ...util import create_class_with_registry, to_units_container
+from ..plain import (
+    GenericPlainRegistry,
+    QuantityT,
+    UnitDefinition,
+    UnitT,
+)
+from . import objects
+from .definitions import GroupDefinition
+
+
+class GenericGroupRegistry(
+    Generic[QuantityT, UnitT], GenericPlainRegistry[QuantityT, UnitT]
+):
+    """Handle of Groups.
+
+    Group units
+
+    Capabilities:
+    - Register groups.
+    - Parse @group directive.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: Change this to Group: Group to specify class
+    # and use introspection to get system class as a way
+    # to enjoy typing goodies
+    Group = type[objects.Group]
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        #: Map group name to group.
+        self._groups: dict[str, objects.Group] = {}
+        self._groups["root"] = self.Group("root")
+
+    def _init_dynamic_classes(self) -> None:
+        """Generate subclasses on the fly and attach them to self"""
+        super()._init_dynamic_classes()
+        self.Group = create_class_with_registry(self, objects.Group)
+
+    def _after_init(self) -> None:
+        """Invoked at the end of ``__init__``.
+
+        - Create default group and add all orphan units to it
+        - Set default system
+        """
+        super()._after_init()
+
+        #: Copy units not defined in any group to the default group
+        if "group" in self._defaults:
+            grp = self.get_group(self._defaults["group"], True)
+            group_units = frozenset(
+                [
+                    member
+                    for group in self._groups.values()
+                    if group.name != "root"
+                    for member in group.members
+                ]
+            )
+            all_units = self.get_group("root", False).members
+            grp.add_units(*(all_units - group_units))
+
+    def _register_definition_adders(self) -> None:
+        super()._register_definition_adders()
+        self._register_adder(GroupDefinition, self._add_group)
+
+    def _add_unit(self, definition: UnitDefinition):
+        super()._add_unit(definition)
+        # TODO: delta units are missing
+        self.get_group("root").add_units(definition.name)
+
+    def _add_group(self, gd: GroupDefinition):
+        if gd.name in self._groups:
+            raise ValueError(f"Group {gd.name} already present in registry")
+        try:
+            # As a Group is a SharedRegistryObject
+            # it adds itself to the registry.
+            self.Group.from_definition(gd)
+        except KeyError as e:
+            raise errors.DefinitionSyntaxError(f"unknown dimension {e} in context")
+
+    def get_group(self, name: str, create_if_needed: bool = True) -> objects.Group:
+        """Return a Group.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        name : str
+            Name of the group to be
+        create_if_needed : bool
+            If True, create a group if not found. If False, raise an Exception.
+            (Default value = True)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Group
+            Group
+        """
+        if name in self._groups:
+            return self._groups[name]
+
+        if not create_if_needed:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown group %s" % name)
+
+        return self.Group(name)
+
+    def get_compatible_units(
+        self, input_units: UnitsContainer, group: str | None = None
+    ) -> frozenset[Unit]:
+        """ """
+        if group is None:
+            return super().get_compatible_units(input_units)
+
+        input_units = to_units_container(input_units)
+
+        equiv = self._get_compatible_units(input_units, group)
+
+        return frozenset(self.Unit(eq) for eq in equiv)
+
+    def _get_compatible_units(
+        self, input_units: UnitsContainer, group: str | None = None
+    ) -> frozenset[str]:
+        ret = super()._get_compatible_units(input_units)
+
+        if not group:
+            return ret
+
+        if group in self._groups:
+            members = self._groups[group].members
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown Group with name '%s'" % group)
+        return frozenset(ret & members)
+
+
+class GroupRegistry(
+    GenericGroupRegistry[objects.GroupQuantity[Any], objects.GroupUnit]
+):
+    Quantity: TypeAlias = objects.GroupQuantity[Any]
+    Unit: TypeAlias = objects.GroupUnit

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/measurement/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.measurement
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Adds pint the capability to handle measurements (quantities with uncertainties).
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .objects import Measurement, MeasurementQuantity
+from .registry import GenericMeasurementRegistry, MeasurementRegistry
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Measurement",
+    "MeasurementQuantity",
+    "MeasurementRegistry",
+    "GenericMeasurementRegistry",
+]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/measurement/objects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.measurement.objects
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import re
+from typing import Generic
+
+from ...compat import ufloat
+from ..plain import MagnitudeT, PlainQuantity, PlainUnit
+
+MISSING = object()
+
+
+class MeasurementQuantity(Generic[MagnitudeT], PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT]):
+    # Measurement support
+    def plus_minus(self, error, relative=False):
+        if isinstance(error, self.__class__):
+            if relative:
+                raise ValueError(f"{error} is not a valid relative error.")
+            error = error.to(self._units).magnitude
+        else:
+            if relative:
+                error = error * abs(self.magnitude)
+
+        return self._REGISTRY.Measurement(copy.copy(self.magnitude), error, self._units)
+
+
+class MeasurementUnit(PlainUnit):
+    pass
+
+
+class Measurement(PlainQuantity):
+    """Implements a class to describe a quantity with uncertainty.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    value : pint.Quantity or any numeric type
+        The expected value of the measurement
+    error : pint.Quantity or any numeric type
+        The error or uncertainty of the measurement
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, value, error=MISSING, units=MISSING):
+        if units is MISSING:
+            try:
+                value, units = value.magnitude, value.units
+            except AttributeError:
+                # if called with two arguments and the first looks like a ufloat
+                # then assume the second argument is the units, keep value intact
+                if hasattr(value, "nominal_value"):
+                    units = error
+                    error = MISSING  # used for check below
+                else:
+                    units = ""
+        if error is MISSING:
+            # We've already extracted the units from the Quantity above
+            mag = value
+        else:
+            try:
+                error = error.to(units).magnitude
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            if error < 0:
+                raise ValueError("The magnitude of the error cannot be negative")
+            else:
+                mag = ufloat(value, error)
+
+        inst = super().__new__(cls, mag, units)
+        return inst
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        return self._REGISTRY.Quantity(self.magnitude.nominal_value, self.units)
+
+    @property
+    def error(self):
+        return self._REGISTRY.Quantity(self.magnitude.std_dev, self.units)
+
+    @property
+    def rel(self):
+        return abs(self.magnitude.std_dev / self.magnitude.nominal_value)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # See notes in Quantity.__reduce__
+        from datasette.vendored.pint import _unpickle_measurement
+
+        return _unpickle_measurement, (Measurement, self.magnitude, self._units)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<Measurement({}, {}, {})>".format(
+            self.magnitude.nominal_value, self.magnitude.std_dev, self.units
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"{self}"
+
+    def __format__(self, spec):
+        spec = spec or self._REGISTRY.default_format
+        return self._REGISTRY.formatter.format_measurement(self, spec)
+
+    def old_format(self, spec):
+        # TODO: provisional
+        from ...formatting import _FORMATS, extract_custom_flags, siunitx_format_unit
+
+        # special cases
+        if "Lx" in spec:  # the LaTeX siunitx code
+            # the uncertainties module supports formatting
+            # numbers in value(unc) notation (i.e. 1.23(45) instead of 1.23 +/- 0.45),
+            # using type code 'S', which siunitx actually accepts as input.
+            # However, the implementation is incompatible with siunitx.
+            # Uncertainties will do 9.1(1.1), which is invalid, should be 9.1(11).
+            # TODO: add support for extracting options
+            #
+            # Get rid of this code, we'll deal with it here
+            spec = spec.replace("Lx", "")
+            # The most compatible format from uncertainties is the default format,
+            # but even this requires fixups.
+            # For one, SIUnitx does not except some formats that unc does, like 'P',
+            # and 'S' is broken as stated, so...
+            spec = spec.replace("S", "").replace("P", "")
+            # get SIunitx options
+            # TODO: allow user to set this value, somehow
+            opts = _FORMATS["Lx"]["siopts"]
+            if opts != "":
+                opts = r"[" + opts + r"]"
+            # SI requires space between "+-" (or "\pm") and the nominal value
+            # and uncertainty, and doesn't accept "+/-", so this setting
+            # selects the desired replacement.
+            pm_fmt = _FORMATS["Lx"]["pm_fmt"]
+            mstr = format(self.magnitude, spec).replace(r"+/-", pm_fmt)
+            # Also, SIunitx doesn't accept parentheses, which uncs uses with
+            # scientific notation ('e' or 'E' and sometimes 'g' or 'G').
+            mstr = mstr.replace("(", "").replace(")", " ")
+            ustr = siunitx_format_unit(self.units._units.items(), self._REGISTRY)
+            return rf"\SI{opts}{{{mstr}}}{{{ustr}}}"
+
+        # standard cases
+        if "L" in spec:
+            newpm = pm = r"  \pm  "
+            pars = _FORMATS["L"]["parentheses_fmt"]
+        elif "P" in spec:
+            newpm = pm = "±"
+            pars = _FORMATS["P"]["parentheses_fmt"]
+        else:
+            newpm = pm = "+/-"
+            pars = _FORMATS[""]["parentheses_fmt"]
+
+        if "C" in spec:
+            sp = ""
+            newspec = spec.replace("C", "")
+            pars = _FORMATS["C"]["parentheses_fmt"]
+        else:
+            sp = " "
+            newspec = spec
+
+        if "H" in spec:
+            newpm = "&plusmn;"
+            newspec = spec.replace("H", "")
+            pars = _FORMATS["H"]["parentheses_fmt"]
+
+        mag = format(self.magnitude, newspec).replace(pm, sp + newpm + sp)
+        if "(" in mag:
+            # Exponential format has its own parentheses
+            pars = "{}"
+
+        if "L" in newspec and "S" in newspec:
+            mag = mag.replace("(", r"\left(").replace(")", r"\right)")
+
+        if "L" in newspec:
+            space = r"\ "
+        else:
+            space = " "
+
+        uspec = extract_custom_flags(spec)
+        ustr = format(self.units, uspec)
+        if not ("uS" in newspec or "ue" in newspec or "u%" in newspec):
+            mag = pars.format(mag)
+
+        if "H" in spec:
+            # Fix exponential format
+            mag = re.sub(r"\)e\+0?(\d+)", r")×10<sup>\1</sup>", mag)
+            mag = re.sub(r"\)e-0?(\d+)", r")×10<sup>-\1</sup>", mag)
+
+        return mag + space + ustr

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/measurement/registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.measurement.registry
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Generic
+
+from ...compat import TypeAlias, ufloat
+from ...util import create_class_with_registry
+from ..plain import GenericPlainRegistry, QuantityT, UnitT
+from . import objects
+
+
+class GenericMeasurementRegistry(
+    Generic[QuantityT, UnitT], GenericPlainRegistry[QuantityT, UnitT]
+):
+    Measurement = objects.Measurement
+
+    def _init_dynamic_classes(self) -> None:
+        """Generate subclasses on the fly and attach them to self"""
+        super()._init_dynamic_classes()
+
+        if ufloat is not None:
+            self.Measurement = create_class_with_registry(self, self.Measurement)
+        else:
+
+            def no_uncertainties(*args, **kwargs):
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Pint requires the 'uncertainties' package to create a Measurement object."
+                )
+
+            self.Measurement = no_uncertainties
+
+
+class MeasurementRegistry(
+    GenericMeasurementRegistry[
+        objects.MeasurementQuantity[Any], objects.MeasurementUnit
+    ]
+):
+    Quantity: TypeAlias = objects.MeasurementQuantity[Any]
+    Unit: TypeAlias = objects.MeasurementUnit

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/nonmultiplicative/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.nonmultiplicative
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Adds pint the capability to handle nonmultiplicative units:
+    - offset
+    - logarithmic
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+# This import register LogarithmicConverter and OffsetConverter to be usable
+# (via subclassing)
+from .definitions import LogarithmicConverter, OffsetConverter  # noqa: F401
+from .registry import GenericNonMultiplicativeRegistry, NonMultiplicativeRegistry
+
+__all__ = ["NonMultiplicativeRegistry", "GenericNonMultiplicativeRegistry"]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/nonmultiplicative/definitions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.nonmultiplicative.definitions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from ..._typing import Magnitude
+from ...compat import HAS_NUMPY, exp, log
+from ..plain import ScaleConverter
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class OffsetConverter(ScaleConverter):
+    """An affine transformation."""
+
+    offset: float
+
+    @property
+    def is_multiplicative(self):
+        return self.offset == 0
+
+    def to_reference(self, value: Magnitude, inplace: bool = False) -> Magnitude:
+        if inplace:
+            value *= self.scale
+            value += self.offset
+        else:
+            value = value * self.scale + self.offset
+
+        return value
+
+    def from_reference(self, value: Magnitude, inplace: bool = False) -> Magnitude:
+        if inplace:
+            value -= self.offset
+            value /= self.scale
+        else:
+            value = (value - self.offset) / self.scale
+
+        return value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def preprocess_kwargs(cls, **kwargs):
+        if "offset" in kwargs and kwargs["offset"] == 0:
+            return {"scale": kwargs["scale"]}
+        return None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class LogarithmicConverter(ScaleConverter):
+    """Converts between linear units and logarithmic units, such as dB, octave, neper or pH.
+    Q_log = logfactor * log( Q_lin / scale ) / log(log_base)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    scale : float
+        unit of reference at denominator for logarithmic unit conversion
+    logbase : float
+        plain of logarithm used in the logarithmic unit conversion
+    logfactor : float
+        factor multiplied to logarithm for unit conversion
+    inplace : bool
+        controls if computation is done in place
+    """
+
+    # TODO: Can I use PintScalar here?
+    logbase: float
+    logfactor: float
+
+    @property
+    def is_multiplicative(self):
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_logarithmic(self):
+        return True
+
+    def from_reference(self, value: Magnitude, inplace: bool = False) -> Magnitude:
+        """Converts value from the reference unit to the logarithmic unit
+
+        dBm   <------   mW
+        y dBm = 10 log10( x / 1mW )
+        """
+        if inplace:
+            value /= self.scale
+            if HAS_NUMPY:
+                log(value, value)
+            else:
+                value = log(value)
+            value *= self.logfactor / log(self.logbase)
+        else:
+            value = self.logfactor * log(value / self.scale) / log(self.logbase)
+
+        return value
+
+    def to_reference(self, value: Magnitude, inplace: bool = False) -> Magnitude:
+        """Converts value to the reference unit from the logarithmic unit
+
+        dBm   ------>   mW
+        y dBm = 10 log10( x / 1mW )
+        """
+        if inplace:
+            value /= self.logfactor
+            value *= log(self.logbase)
+            if HAS_NUMPY:
+                exp(value, value)
+            else:
+                value = exp(value)
+            value *= self.scale
+        else:
+            value = self.scale * exp(log(self.logbase) * (value / self.logfactor))
+
+        return value

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/nonmultiplicative/objects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.nonmultiplicative.objects
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Generic
+
+from ..plain import MagnitudeT, PlainQuantity, PlainUnit
+
+
+class NonMultiplicativeQuantity(Generic[MagnitudeT], PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT]):
+    @property
+    def _is_multiplicative(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the PlainQuantity object has only multiplicative units."""
+        return not self._get_non_multiplicative_units()
+
+    def _get_non_multiplicative_units(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return a list of the of non-multiplicative units of the PlainQuantity object."""
+        return [
+            unit
+            for unit in self._units
+            if not self._get_unit_definition(unit).is_multiplicative
+        ]
+
+    def _get_delta_units(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return list of delta units ot the PlainQuantity object."""
+        return [u for u in self._units if u.startswith("delta_")]
+
+    def _has_compatible_delta(self, unit: str) -> bool:
+        """ "Check if PlainQuantity object has a delta_unit that is compatible with unit"""
+        deltas = self._get_delta_units()
+        if "delta_" + unit in deltas:
+            return True
+        # Look for delta units with same dimension as the offset unit
+        offset_unit_dim = self._get_unit_definition(unit).reference
+        return any(
+            self._get_unit_definition(d).reference == offset_unit_dim for d in deltas
+        )
+
+    def _ok_for_muldiv(self, no_offset_units: int | None = None) -> bool:
+        """Checks if PlainQuantity object can be multiplied or divided"""
+
+        is_ok = True
+        if no_offset_units is None:
+            no_offset_units = len(self._get_non_multiplicative_units())
+        if no_offset_units > 1:
+            is_ok = False
+        if no_offset_units == 1:
+            if len(self._units) > 1:
+                is_ok = False
+            if (
+                len(self._units) == 1
+                and not self._REGISTRY.autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit
+            ):
+                is_ok = False
+            if next(iter(self._units.values())) != 1:
+                is_ok = False
+        return is_ok
+
+
+class NonMultiplicativeUnit(PlainUnit):
+    pass

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/nonmultiplicative/registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.nonmultiplicative.registry
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar
+
+from ...compat import TypeAlias
+from ...errors import DimensionalityError, UndefinedUnitError
+from ...util import UnitsContainer, logger
+from ..plain import GenericPlainRegistry, QuantityT, UnitDefinition, UnitT
+from . import objects
+from .definitions import OffsetConverter, ScaleConverter
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class GenericNonMultiplicativeRegistry(
+    Generic[QuantityT, UnitT], GenericPlainRegistry[QuantityT, UnitT]
+):
+    """Handle of non multiplicative units (e.g. Temperature).
+
+    Capabilities:
+    - Register non-multiplicative units and their relations.
+    - Convert between non-multiplicative units.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    default_as_delta : bool
+        If True, non-multiplicative units are interpreted as
+        their *delta* counterparts in multiplications.
+    autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit : bool
+        If True, non-multiplicative units are
+        converted to plain units in multiplications.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default_as_delta: bool = True,
+        autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        #: When performing a multiplication of units, interpret
+        #: non-multiplicative units as their *delta* counterparts.
+        self.default_as_delta = default_as_delta
+
+        # Determines if quantities with offset units are converted to their
+        # plain units on multiplication and division.
+        self.autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit = autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit
+
+    def parse_units_as_container(
+        self,
+        input_string: str,
+        as_delta: bool | None = None,
+        case_sensitive: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> UnitsContainer:
+        """ """
+        if as_delta is None:
+            as_delta = self.default_as_delta
+
+        return super().parse_units_as_container(input_string, as_delta, case_sensitive)
+
+    def _add_unit(self, definition: UnitDefinition) -> None:
+        super()._add_unit(definition)
+
+        if definition.is_multiplicative:
+            return
+
+        if definition.is_logarithmic:
+            return
+
+        if not isinstance(definition.converter, OffsetConverter):
+            logger.debug(
+                "Cannot autogenerate delta version for a unit in "
+                "which the converter is not an OffsetConverter"
+            )
+            return
+
+        delta_name = "delta_" + definition.name
+        if definition.symbol:
+            delta_symbol = "Δ" + definition.symbol
+        else:
+            delta_symbol = None
+
+        delta_aliases = tuple("Δ" + alias for alias in definition.aliases) + tuple(
+            "delta_" + alias for alias in definition.aliases
+        )
+
+        delta_reference = self.UnitsContainer(
+            {ref: value for ref, value in definition.reference.items()}
+        )
+
+        delta_def = UnitDefinition(
+            delta_name,
+            delta_symbol,
+            delta_aliases,
+            ScaleConverter(definition.converter.scale),
+            delta_reference,
+        )
+        super()._add_unit(delta_def)
+
+    def _is_multiplicative(self, unit_name: str) -> bool:
+        """True if the unit is multiplicative.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        unit_name
+            Name of the unit to check.
+            Can be prefixed, pluralized or even an alias
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        UndefinedUnitError
+            If the unit is not in the registry.
+        """
+        if unit_name in self._units:
+            return self._units[unit_name].is_multiplicative
+
+        # If the unit is not in the registry might be because it is not
+        # registered with its prefixed version.
+        # TODO: Might be better to register them.
+        names = self.parse_unit_name(unit_name)
+        assert len(names) == 1
+        _, base_name, _ = names[0]
+        try:
+            return self._units[base_name].is_multiplicative
+        except KeyError:
+            raise UndefinedUnitError(unit_name)
+
+    def _validate_and_extract(self, units: UnitsContainer) -> str | None:
+        """Used to check if a given units is suitable for a simple
+        conversion.
+
+        Return None if all units are non-multiplicative
+        Return the unit name if a single non-multiplicative unit is found
+        and is raised to a power equals to 1.
+
+        Otherwise, raise an Exception.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        units
+            Compound dictionary.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ValueError
+            If the more than a single non-multiplicative unit is present,
+            or a single one is present but raised to a power different from 1.
+
+        """
+
+        # TODO: document what happens if autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit
+        # TODO: Clarify docs
+
+        # u is for unit, e is for exponent
+        nonmult_units = [
+            (u, e) for u, e in units.items() if not self._is_multiplicative(u)
+        ]
+
+        # Let's validate source offset units
+        if len(nonmult_units) > 1:
+            # More than one src offset unit is not allowed
+            raise ValueError("more than one offset unit.")
+
+        elif len(nonmult_units) == 1:
+            # A single src offset unit is present. Extract it
+            # But check that:
+            # - the exponent is 1
+            # - is not used in multiplicative context
+            nonmult_unit, exponent = nonmult_units.pop()
+
+            if exponent != 1:
+                raise ValueError("offset units in higher order.")
+
+            if len(units) > 1 and not self.autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit:
+                raise ValueError("offset unit used in multiplicative context.")
+
+            return nonmult_unit
+
+        return None
+
+    def _add_ref_of_log_or_offset_unit(
+        self, offset_unit: str, all_units: UnitsContainer
+    ) -> UnitsContainer:
+        slct_unit = self._units[offset_unit]
+        if slct_unit.is_logarithmic:
+            # Extract reference unit
+            slct_ref = slct_unit.reference
+
+            # TODO: Check that reference is None
+
+            # If reference unit is not dimensionless
+            if slct_ref != UnitsContainer():
+                # Extract reference unit
+                (u, e) = [(u, e) for u, e in slct_ref.items()].pop()
+                # Add it back to the unit list
+                return all_units.add(u, e)
+
+        if not slct_unit.is_multiplicative:  # is offset unit
+            # Extract reference unit
+            return slct_unit.reference
+
+        # Otherwise, return the units unmodified
+        return all_units
+
+    def _convert(
+        self, value: T, src: UnitsContainer, dst: UnitsContainer, inplace: bool = False
+    ) -> T:
+        """Convert value from some source to destination units.
+
+        In addition to what is done by the PlainRegistry,
+        converts between non-multiplicative units.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        value :
+            value
+        src : UnitsContainer
+            source units.
+        dst : UnitsContainer
+            destination units.
+        inplace :
+             (Default value = False)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        type
+            converted value
+
+        """
+
+        # Conversion needs to consider if non-multiplicative (AKA offset
+        # units) are involved. Conversion is only possible if src and dst
+        # have at most one offset unit per dimension. Other rules are applied
+        # by validate and extract.
+        try:
+            src_offset_unit = self._validate_and_extract(src)
+        except ValueError as ex:
+            raise DimensionalityError(src, dst, extra_msg=f" - In source units, {ex}")
+
+        try:
+            dst_offset_unit = self._validate_and_extract(dst)
+        except ValueError as ex:
+            raise DimensionalityError(
+                src, dst, extra_msg=f" - In destination units, {ex}"
+            )
+
+        # convert if no offset units are present
+        if not (src_offset_unit or dst_offset_unit):
+            return super()._convert(value, src, dst, inplace)
+
+        src_dim = self._get_dimensionality(src)
+        dst_dim = self._get_dimensionality(dst)
+
+        # If the source and destination dimensionality are different,
+        # then the conversion cannot be performed.
+        if src_dim != dst_dim:
+            raise DimensionalityError(src, dst, src_dim, dst_dim)
+
+        # clean src from offset units by converting to reference
+        if src_offset_unit:
+            if any(u.startswith("delta_") for u in dst):
+                raise DimensionalityError(src, dst)
+            value = self._units[src_offset_unit].converter.to_reference(value, inplace)
+            src = src.remove([src_offset_unit])
+            # Add reference unit for multiplicative section
+            src = self._add_ref_of_log_or_offset_unit(src_offset_unit, src)
+
+        # clean dst units from offset units
+        if dst_offset_unit:
+            if any(u.startswith("delta_") for u in src):
+                raise DimensionalityError(src, dst)
+            dst = dst.remove([dst_offset_unit])
+            # Add reference unit for multiplicative section
+            dst = self._add_ref_of_log_or_offset_unit(dst_offset_unit, dst)
+
+        # Convert non multiplicative units to the dst.
+        value = super()._convert(value, src, dst, inplace, False)
+
+        # Finally convert to offset units specified in destination
+        if dst_offset_unit:
+            value = self._units[dst_offset_unit].converter.from_reference(
+                value, inplace
+            )
+
+        return value
+
+
+class NonMultiplicativeRegistry(
+    GenericNonMultiplicativeRegistry[
+        objects.NonMultiplicativeQuantity[Any], objects.NonMultiplicativeUnit
+    ]
+):
+    Quantity: TypeAlias = objects.NonMultiplicativeQuantity[Any]
+    Unit: TypeAlias = objects.NonMultiplicativeUnit

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/numpy/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.numpy
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Adds pint the capability to interoperate with NumPy
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .registry import GenericNumpyRegistry, NumpyRegistry
+
+__all__ = ["NumpyRegistry", "GenericNumpyRegistry"]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/numpy/quantity.py

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.numpy.quantity
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import math
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Generic
+
+from ..._typing import Shape
+from ...compat import HAS_NUMPY, _to_magnitude, np
+from ...errors import DimensionalityError, PintTypeError, UnitStrippedWarning
+from ..plain import MagnitudeT, PlainQuantity
+from .numpy_func import (
+    HANDLED_UFUNCS,
+    copy_units_output_ufuncs,
+    get_op_output_unit,
+    matching_input_copy_units_output_ufuncs,
+    matching_input_set_units_output_ufuncs,
+    numpy_wrap,
+    op_units_output_ufuncs,
+    set_units_ufuncs,
+)
+
+try:
+    import uncertainties.unumpy as unp
+    from uncertainties import UFloat, ufloat
+
+    HAS_UNCERTAINTIES = True
+except ImportError:
+    unp = np
+    ufloat = Ufloat = None
+    HAS_UNCERTAINTIES = False
+
+
+def method_wraps(numpy_func):
+    if isinstance(numpy_func, str):
+        numpy_func = getattr(np, numpy_func, None)
+
+    def wrapper(func):
+        func.__wrapped__ = numpy_func
+
+        return func
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class NumpyQuantity(Generic[MagnitudeT], PlainQuantity[MagnitudeT]):
+    """ """
+
+    # NumPy function/ufunc support
+    __array_priority__ = 17
+
+    def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+        if method != "__call__":
+            # Only handle ufuncs as callables
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        # Replicate types from __array_function__
+        types = {
+            type(arg)
+            for arg in list(inputs) + list(kwargs.values())
+            if hasattr(arg, "__array_ufunc__")
+        }
+
+        return numpy_wrap("ufunc", ufunc, inputs, kwargs, types)
+
+    def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
+        return numpy_wrap("function", func, args, kwargs, types)
+
+    _wrapped_numpy_methods = ["flatten", "astype", "item"]
+
+    def _numpy_method_wrap(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Convenience method to wrap on the fly NumPy ndarray methods taking
+        care of the units.
+        """
+
+        # Set input units if needed
+        if func.__name__ in set_units_ufuncs:
+            self.__ito_if_needed(set_units_ufuncs[func.__name__][0])
+
+        value = func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Set output units as needed
+        if func.__name__ in (
+            matching_input_copy_units_output_ufuncs
+            + copy_units_output_ufuncs
+            + self._wrapped_numpy_methods
+        ):
+            output_unit = self._units
+        elif func.__name__ in set_units_ufuncs:
+            output_unit = set_units_ufuncs[func.__name__][1]
+        elif func.__name__ in matching_input_set_units_output_ufuncs:
+            output_unit = matching_input_set_units_output_ufuncs[func.__name__]
+        elif func.__name__ in op_units_output_ufuncs:
+            output_unit = get_op_output_unit(
+                op_units_output_ufuncs[func.__name__],
+                self.units,
+                list(args) + list(kwargs.values()),
+                self._magnitude.size,
+            )
+        else:
+            output_unit = None
+
+        if output_unit is not None:
+            return self.__class__(value, output_unit)
+
+        return value
+
+    def __array__(self, t=None) -> np.ndarray:
+        if HAS_NUMPY and isinstance(self._magnitude, np.ndarray):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The unit of the quantity is stripped when downcasting to ndarray.",
+                UnitStrippedWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        return _to_magnitude(self._magnitude, force_ndarray=True)
+
+    def clip(self, min=None, max=None, out=None, **kwargs):
+        if min is not None:
+            if isinstance(min, self.__class__):
+                min = min.to(self).magnitude
+            elif self.dimensionless:
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise DimensionalityError("dimensionless", self._units)
+
+        if max is not None:
+            if isinstance(max, self.__class__):
+                max = max.to(self).magnitude
+            elif self.dimensionless:
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise DimensionalityError("dimensionless", self._units)
+        return self.__class__(self.magnitude.clip(min, max, out, **kwargs), self._units)
+
+    def fill(self: NumpyQuantity, value) -> None:
+        self._units = value._units
+        return self.magnitude.fill(value.magnitude)
+
+    def put(self: NumpyQuantity, indices, values, mode="raise") -> None:
+        if isinstance(values, self.__class__):
+            values = values.to(self).magnitude
+        elif self.dimensionless:
+            values = self.__class__(values, "").to(self)
+        else:
+            raise DimensionalityError("dimensionless", self._units)
+        self.magnitude.put(indices, values, mode)
+
+    @property
+    def real(self) -> NumpyQuantity:
+        return self.__class__(self._magnitude.real, self._units)
+
+    @property
+    def imag(self) -> NumpyQuantity:
+        return self.__class__(self._magnitude.imag, self._units)
+
+    @property
+    def T(self):
+        return self.__class__(self._magnitude.T, self._units)
+
+    @property
+    def flat(self):
+        for v in self._magnitude.flat:
+            yield self.__class__(v, self._units)
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self) -> Shape:
+        return self._magnitude.shape
+
+    @property
+    def dtype(self):
+        return self._magnitude.dtype
+
+    @shape.setter
+    def shape(self, value):
+        self._magnitude.shape = value
+
+    def searchsorted(self, v, side="left", sorter=None):
+        if isinstance(v, self.__class__):
+            v = v.to(self).magnitude
+        elif self.dimensionless:
+            v = self.__class__(v, "").to(self)
+        else:
+            raise DimensionalityError("dimensionless", self._units)
+        return self.magnitude.searchsorted(v, side)
+
+    def dot(self, b):
+        """Dot product of two arrays.
+
+        Wraps np.dot().
+        """
+
+        return np.dot(self, b)
+
+    @method_wraps("prod")
+    def prod(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Return the product of quantity elements over a given axis
+
+        Wraps np.prod().
+        """
+        return np.prod(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __ito_if_needed(self, to_units):
+        if self.unitless and to_units == "radian":
+            return
+
+        self.ito(to_units)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._magnitude)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item) -> Any:
+        if item.startswith("__array_"):
+            # Handle array protocol attributes other than `__array__`
+            raise AttributeError(f"Array protocol attribute {item} not available.")
+        elif item in HANDLED_UFUNCS or item in self._wrapped_numpy_methods:
+            magnitude_as_duck_array = _to_magnitude(
+                self._magnitude, force_ndarray_like=True
+            )
+            try:
+                attr = getattr(magnitude_as_duck_array, item)
+                return functools.partial(self._numpy_method_wrap, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    f"NumPy method {item} not available on {type(magnitude_as_duck_array)}"
+                )
+            except TypeError as exc:
+                if "not callable" in str(exc):
+                    raise AttributeError(
+                        f"NumPy method {item} not callable on {type(magnitude_as_duck_array)}"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise exc
+        elif (
+            HAS_UNCERTAINTIES and item == "ndim" and isinstance(self._magnitude, UFloat)
+        ):
+            # Dimensionality of a single UFloat is 0, like any other scalar
+            return 0
+
+        try:
+            return getattr(self._magnitude, item)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Neither Quantity object nor its magnitude ({}) "
+                "has attribute '{}'".format(self._magnitude, item)
+            )
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return type(self)(self._magnitude[key], self._units)
+        except PintTypeError:
+            raise
+        except TypeError:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Neither Quantity object nor its magnitude ({})"
+                "supports indexing".format(self._magnitude)
+            )
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        try:
+            # If we're dealing with a masked single value or a nan, set it
+            if (
+                isinstance(self._magnitude, np.ma.MaskedArray)
+                and np.ma.is_masked(value)
+                and getattr(value, "size", 0) == 1
+            ) or (getattr(value, "ndim", 0) == 0 and math.isnan(value)):
+                self._magnitude[key] = value
+                return
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            if isinstance(value, self.__class__):
+                factor = self.__class__(
+                    value.magnitude, value._units / self._units
+                ).to_root_units()
+            else:
+                factor = self.__class__(value, self._units ** (-1)).to_root_units()
+
+            if isinstance(factor, self.__class__):
+                if not factor.dimensionless:
+                    raise DimensionalityError(
+                        value,
+                        self.units,
+                        extra_msg=". Assign a quantity with the same dimensionality "
+                        "or access the magnitude directly as "
+                        f"`obj.magnitude[{key}] = {value}`.",
+                    )
+                self._magnitude[key] = factor.magnitude
+            else:
+                self._magnitude[key] = factor
+
+        except PintTypeError:
+            raise
+        except TypeError as exc:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Neither Quantity object nor its magnitude ({self._magnitude}) "
+                "supports indexing"
+            ) from exc

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/numpy/registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.numpy.registry
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Generic
+
+from ...compat import TypeAlias
+from ..plain import GenericPlainRegistry, QuantityT, UnitT
+from .quantity import NumpyQuantity
+from .unit import NumpyUnit
+
+
+class GenericNumpyRegistry(
+    Generic[QuantityT, UnitT], GenericPlainRegistry[QuantityT, UnitT]
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class NumpyRegistry(GenericPlainRegistry[NumpyQuantity[Any], NumpyUnit]):
+    Quantity: TypeAlias = NumpyQuantity[Any]
+    Unit: TypeAlias = NumpyUnit

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/numpy/unit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.numpy.unit
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ...compat import is_upcast_type
+from ..plain import PlainUnit
+
+
+class NumpyUnit(PlainUnit):
+    __array_priority__ = 17
+
+    def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+        if method != "__call__":
+            # Only handle ufuncs as callables
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        # Check types and return NotImplemented when upcast type encountered
+        types = {
+            type(arg)
+            for arg in list(inputs) + list(kwargs.values())
+            if hasattr(arg, "__array_ufunc__")
+        }
+        if any(is_upcast_type(other) for other in types):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        # Act on limited implementations by conversion to multiplicative identity
+        # Quantity
+        if ufunc.__name__ in ("true_divide", "divide", "floor_divide", "multiply"):
+            return ufunc(
+                *tuple(
+                    self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, self._units) if arg is self else arg
+                    for arg in inputs
+                ),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+        return NotImplemented

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/plain/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.plain
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Base implementation for registry, units and quantities.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .definitions import (
+    AliasDefinition,
+    DefaultsDefinition,
+    DimensionDefinition,
+    PrefixDefinition,
+    ScaleConverter,
+    UnitDefinition,
+)
+from .objects import PlainQuantity, PlainUnit
+from .quantity import MagnitudeT
+from .registry import GenericPlainRegistry, PlainRegistry, QuantityT, UnitT
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GenericPlainRegistry",
+    "PlainUnit",
+    "PlainQuantity",
+    "PlainRegistry",
+    "AliasDefinition",
+    "DefaultsDefinition",
+    "DimensionDefinition",
+    "PrefixDefinition",
+    "ScaleConverter",
+    "UnitDefinition",
+    "QuantityT",
+    "UnitT",
+    "MagnitudeT",
+]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/plain/definitions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.plain.definitions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import numbers
+import typing as ty
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import cached_property
+from typing import Any
+
+from ... import errors
+from ..._typing import Magnitude
+from ...converters import Converter
+from ...util import UnitsContainer
+
+
+class NotNumeric(Exception):
+    """Internal exception. Do not expose outside Pint"""
+
+    def __init__(self, value: Any):
+        self.value = value
+
+
+########################
+# Convenience functions
+########################
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Equality:
+    """An equality statement contains a left and right hand separated
+    by and equal (=) sign.
+
+        lhs = rhs
+
+    lhs and rhs are space stripped.
+    """
+
+    lhs: str
+    rhs: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class CommentDefinition:
+    """A comment"""
+
+    comment: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DefaultsDefinition:
+    """Directive to store default values."""
+
+    group: ty.Optional[str]
+    system: ty.Optional[str]
+
+    def items(self):
+        if self.group is not None:
+            yield "group", self.group
+        if self.system is not None:
+            yield "system", self.system
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class NamedDefinition:
+    #: name of the prefix
+    name: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PrefixDefinition(NamedDefinition, errors.WithDefErr):
+    """Definition of a prefix."""
+
+    #: scaling value for this prefix
+    value: numbers.Number
+    #: canonical symbol
+    defined_symbol: str | None = ""
+    #: additional names for the same prefix
+    aliases: ty.Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+
+    @property
+    def symbol(self) -> str:
+        return self.defined_symbol or self.name
+
+    @property
+    def has_symbol(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.defined_symbol)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def converter(self) -> ScaleConverter:
+        return ScaleConverter(self.value)
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if not errors.is_valid_prefix_name(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(errors.MSG_INVALID_PREFIX_NAME)
+
+        if self.defined_symbol and not errors.is_valid_prefix_symbol(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(
+                f"the symbol {self.defined_symbol} " + errors.MSG_INVALID_PREFIX_SYMBOL
+            )
+
+        for alias in self.aliases:
+            if not errors.is_valid_prefix_alias(alias):
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"the alias {alias} " + errors.MSG_INVALID_PREFIX_ALIAS
+                )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class UnitDefinition(NamedDefinition, errors.WithDefErr):
+    """Definition of a unit."""
+
+    #: canonical symbol
+    defined_symbol: str | None
+    #: additional names for the same unit
+    aliases: tuple[str, ...]
+    #: A functiont that converts a value in these units into the reference units
+    # TODO: this has changed as converter is now annotated as converter.
+    # Briefly, in several places converter attributes like as_multiplicative were
+    # accesed. So having a generic function is a no go.
+    # I guess this was never used as errors where not raised.
+    converter: Converter | None
+    #: Reference units.
+    reference: UnitsContainer | None
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if not errors.is_valid_unit_name(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(errors.MSG_INVALID_UNIT_NAME)
+
+        # TODO: check why  reference: Optional[UnitsContainer]
+        assert isinstance(self.reference, UnitsContainer)
+
+        if not any(map(errors.is_dim, self.reference.keys())):
+            invalid = tuple(
+                itertools.filterfalse(errors.is_valid_unit_name, self.reference.keys())
+            )
+            if invalid:
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"refers to {', '.join(invalid)} that "
+                    + errors.MSG_INVALID_UNIT_NAME
+                )
+            is_base = False
+
+        elif all(map(errors.is_dim, self.reference.keys())):
+            invalid = tuple(
+                itertools.filterfalse(
+                    errors.is_valid_dimension_name, self.reference.keys()
+                )
+            )
+            if invalid:
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"refers to {', '.join(invalid)} that "
+                    + errors.MSG_INVALID_DIMENSION_NAME
+                )
+
+            is_base = True
+            scale = getattr(self.converter, "scale", 1)
+            if scale != 1:
+                return self.def_err(
+                    "Base unit definitions cannot have a scale different to 1. "
+                    f"(`{scale}` found)"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise self.def_err(
+                "Cannot mix dimensions and units in the same definition. "
+                "Base units must be referenced only to dimensions. "
+                "Derived units must be referenced only to units."
+            )
+
+        super.__setattr__(self, "_is_base", is_base)
+
+        if self.defined_symbol and not errors.is_valid_unit_symbol(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(
+                f"the symbol {self.defined_symbol} " + errors.MSG_INVALID_UNIT_SYMBOL
+            )
+
+        for alias in self.aliases:
+            if not errors.is_valid_unit_alias(alias):
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"the alias {alias} " + errors.MSG_INVALID_UNIT_ALIAS
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def is_base(self) -> bool:
+        """Indicates if it is a base unit."""
+
+        # TODO: This is set in __post_init__
+        return self._is_base
+
+    @property
+    def is_multiplicative(self) -> bool:
+        # TODO: Check how to avoid this check
+        assert isinstance(self.converter, Converter)
+        return self.converter.is_multiplicative
+
+    @property
+    def is_logarithmic(self) -> bool:
+        # TODO: Check how to avoid this check
+        assert isinstance(self.converter, Converter)
+        return self.converter.is_logarithmic
+
+    @property
+    def symbol(self) -> str:
+        return self.defined_symbol or self.name
+
+    @property
+    def has_symbol(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.defined_symbol)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DimensionDefinition(NamedDefinition, errors.WithDefErr):
+    """Definition of a root dimension"""
+
+    @property
+    def is_base(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if not errors.is_valid_dimension_name(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(errors.MSG_INVALID_DIMENSION_NAME)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DerivedDimensionDefinition(DimensionDefinition):
+    """Definition of a derived dimension."""
+
+    #: reference dimensions.
+    reference: UnitsContainer
+
+    @property
+    def is_base(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if not errors.is_valid_dimension_name(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(errors.MSG_INVALID_DIMENSION_NAME)
+
+        if not all(map(errors.is_dim, self.reference.keys())):
+            return self.def_err(
+                "derived dimensions must only reference other dimensions"
+            )
+
+        invalid = tuple(
+            itertools.filterfalse(errors.is_valid_dimension_name, self.reference.keys())
+        )
+
+        if invalid:
+            raise self.def_err(
+                f"refers to {', '.join(invalid)} that "
+                + errors.MSG_INVALID_DIMENSION_NAME
+            )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AliasDefinition(errors.WithDefErr):
+    """Additional alias(es) for an already existing unit."""
+
+    #: name of the already existing unit
+    name: str
+    #: aditional names for the same unit
+    aliases: ty.Tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if not errors.is_valid_unit_name(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(errors.MSG_INVALID_UNIT_NAME)
+
+        for alias in self.aliases:
+            if not errors.is_valid_unit_alias(alias):
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"the alias {alias} " + errors.MSG_INVALID_UNIT_ALIAS
+                )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ScaleConverter(Converter):
+    """A linear transformation without offset."""
+
+    scale: float
+
+    def to_reference(self, value: Magnitude, inplace: bool = False) -> Magnitude:
+        if inplace:
+            value *= self.scale
+        else:
+            value = value * self.scale
+
+        return value
+
+    def from_reference(self, value: Magnitude, inplace: bool = False) -> Magnitude:
+        if inplace:
+            value /= self.scale
+        else:
+            value = value / self.scale
+
+        return value

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/plain/objects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.plain.objects
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .quantity import PlainQuantity
+from .unit import PlainUnit, UnitsContainer
+
+__all__ = ["PlainUnit", "PlainQuantity", "UnitsContainer"]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/plain/qto.py

@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import bisect
+import math
+import numbers
+import warnings
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from ...compat import (
+    mip_INF,
+    mip_INTEGER,
+    mip_Model,
+    mip_model,
+    mip_OptimizationStatus,
+    mip_xsum,
+)
+from ...errors import UndefinedBehavior
+from ...util import infer_base_unit
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..._typing import UnitLike
+    from ...util import UnitsContainer
+    from .quantity import PlainQuantity
+
+
+def _get_reduced_units(
+    quantity: PlainQuantity, units: UnitsContainer
+) -> UnitsContainer:
+    # loop through individual units and compare to each other unit
+    # can we do better than a nested loop here?
+    for unit1, exp in units.items():
+        # make sure it wasn't already reduced to zero exponent on prior pass
+        if unit1 not in units:
+            continue
+        for unit2 in units:
+            # get exponent after reduction
+            exp = units[unit1]
+            if unit1 != unit2:
+                power = quantity._REGISTRY._get_dimensionality_ratio(unit1, unit2)
+                if power:
+                    units = units.add(unit2, exp / power).remove([unit1])
+                    break
+    return units
+
+
+def ito_reduced_units(quantity: PlainQuantity) -> None:
+    """Return PlainQuantity scaled in place to reduced units, i.e. one unit per
+    dimension. This will not reduce compound units (e.g., 'J/kg' will not
+    be reduced to m**2/s**2), nor can it make use of contexts at this time.
+    """
+
+    # shortcuts in case we're dimensionless or only a single unit
+    if quantity.dimensionless:
+        return quantity.ito({})
+    if len(quantity._units) == 1:
+        return None
+
+    units = quantity._units.copy()
+    new_units = _get_reduced_units(quantity, units)
+
+    return quantity.ito(new_units)
+
+
+def to_reduced_units(
+    quantity: PlainQuantity,
+) -> PlainQuantity:
+    """Return PlainQuantity scaled in place to reduced units, i.e. one unit per
+    dimension. This will not reduce compound units (intentionally), nor
+    can it make use of contexts at this time.
+    """
+
+    # shortcuts in case we're dimensionless or only a single unit
+    if quantity.dimensionless:
+        return quantity.to({})
+    if len(quantity._units) == 1:
+        return quantity
+
+    units = quantity._units.copy()
+    new_units = _get_reduced_units(quantity, units)
+
+    return quantity.to(new_units)
+
+
+def to_compact(
+    quantity: PlainQuantity, unit: UnitsContainer | None = None
+) -> PlainQuantity:
+    """ "Return PlainQuantity rescaled to compact, human-readable units.
+
+    To get output in terms of a different unit, use the unit parameter.
+
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> import pint
+    >>> ureg = pint.UnitRegistry()
+    >>> (200e-9*ureg.s).to_compact()
+    <Quantity(200.0, 'nanosecond')>
+    >>> (1e-2*ureg('kg m/s^2')).to_compact('N')
+    <Quantity(10.0, 'millinewton')>
+    """
+
+    if not isinstance(quantity.magnitude, numbers.Number) and not hasattr(
+        quantity.magnitude, "nominal_value"
+    ):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "to_compact applied to non numerical types has an undefined behavior.",
+            UndefinedBehavior,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return quantity
+
+    if (
+        quantity.unitless
+        or quantity.magnitude == 0
+        or math.isnan(quantity.magnitude)
+        or math.isinf(quantity.magnitude)
+    ):
+        return quantity
+
+    SI_prefixes: dict[int, str] = {}
+    for prefix in quantity._REGISTRY._prefixes.values():
+        try:
+            scale = prefix.converter.scale
+            # Kludgy way to check if this is an SI prefix
+            log10_scale = int(math.log10(scale))
+            if log10_scale == math.log10(scale):
+                SI_prefixes[log10_scale] = prefix.name
+        except Exception:
+            SI_prefixes[0] = ""
+
+    SI_prefixes_list = sorted(SI_prefixes.items())
+    SI_powers = [item[0] for item in SI_prefixes_list]
+    SI_bases = [item[1] for item in SI_prefixes_list]
+
+    if unit is None:
+        unit = infer_base_unit(quantity, registry=quantity._REGISTRY)
+    else:
+        unit = infer_base_unit(quantity.__class__(1, unit), registry=quantity._REGISTRY)
+
+    q_base = quantity.to(unit)
+
+    magnitude = q_base.magnitude
+    # Support uncertainties
+    if hasattr(magnitude, "nominal_value"):
+        magnitude = magnitude.nominal_value
+
+    units = list(q_base._units.items())
+    units_numerator = [a for a in units if a[1] > 0]
+
+    if len(units_numerator) > 0:
+        unit_str, unit_power = units_numerator[0]
+    else:
+        unit_str, unit_power = units[0]
+
+    if unit_power > 0:
+        power = math.floor(math.log10(abs(magnitude)) / float(unit_power) / 3) * 3
+    else:
+        power = math.ceil(math.log10(abs(magnitude)) / float(unit_power) / 3) * 3
+
+    index = bisect.bisect_left(SI_powers, power)
+
+    if index >= len(SI_bases):
+        index = -1
+
+    prefix_str = SI_bases[index]
+
+    new_unit_str = prefix_str + unit_str
+    new_unit_container = q_base._units.rename(unit_str, new_unit_str)
+
+    return quantity.to(new_unit_container)
+
+
+def to_preferred(
+    quantity: PlainQuantity, preferred_units: list[UnitLike] | None = None
+) -> PlainQuantity:
+    """Return Quantity converted to a unit composed of the preferred units.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> import pint
+    >>> ureg = pint.UnitRegistry()
+    >>> (1*ureg.acre).to_preferred([ureg.meters])
+    <Quantity(4046.87261, 'meter ** 2')>
+    >>> (1*(ureg.force_pound*ureg.m)).to_preferred([ureg.W])
+    <Quantity(4.44822162, 'watt * second')>
+    """
+
+    units = _get_preferred(quantity, preferred_units)
+    return quantity.to(units)
+
+
+def ito_preferred(
+    quantity: PlainQuantity, preferred_units: list[UnitLike] | None = None
+) -> PlainQuantity:
+    """Return Quantity converted to a unit composed of the preferred units.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> import pint
+    >>> ureg = pint.UnitRegistry()
+    >>> (1*ureg.acre).to_preferred([ureg.meters])
+    <Quantity(4046.87261, 'meter ** 2')>
+    >>> (1*(ureg.force_pound*ureg.m)).to_preferred([ureg.W])
+    <Quantity(4.44822162, 'watt * second')>
+    """
+
+    units = _get_preferred(quantity, preferred_units)
+    return quantity.ito(units)
+
+
+def _get_preferred(
+    quantity: PlainQuantity, preferred_units: list[UnitLike] | None = None
+) -> PlainQuantity:
+    if preferred_units is None:
+        preferred_units = quantity._REGISTRY.default_preferred_units
+
+    if not quantity.dimensionality:
+        return quantity._units.copy()
+
+    # The optimizer isn't perfect, and will sometimes miss obvious solutions.
+    # This sub-algorithm is less powerful, but always finds the very simple solutions.
+    def find_simple():
+        best_ratio = None
+        best_unit = None
+        self_dims = sorted(quantity.dimensionality)
+        self_exps = [quantity.dimensionality[d] for d in self_dims]
+        s_exps_head, *s_exps_tail = self_exps
+        n = len(s_exps_tail)
+        for preferred_unit in preferred_units:
+            dims = sorted(preferred_unit.dimensionality)
+            if dims == self_dims:
+                p_exps_head, *p_exps_tail = (
+                    preferred_unit.dimensionality[d] for d in dims
+                )
+                if all(
+                    s_exps_tail[i] * p_exps_head == p_exps_tail[i] ** s_exps_head
+                    for i in range(n)
+                ):
+                    ratio = p_exps_head / s_exps_head
+                    ratio = max(ratio, 1 / ratio)
+                    if best_ratio is None or ratio < best_ratio:
+                        best_ratio = ratio
+                        best_unit = preferred_unit ** (s_exps_head / p_exps_head)
+        return best_unit
+
+    simple = find_simple()
+    if simple is not None:
+        return simple
+
+    # For each dimension (e.g. T(ime), L(ength), M(ass)), assign a default base unit from
+    # the collection of base units
+
+    unit_selections = {
+        base_unit.dimensionality: base_unit
+        for base_unit in map(quantity._REGISTRY.Unit, quantity._REGISTRY._base_units)
+    }
+
+    # Override the default unit of each dimension with the 1D-units used in this Quantity
+    unit_selections.update(
+        {
+            unit.dimensionality: unit
+            for unit in map(quantity._REGISTRY.Unit, quantity._units.keys())
+        }
+    )
+
+    # Determine the preferred unit for each dimensionality from the preferred_units
+    # (A prefered unit doesn't have to be only one dimensional, e.g. Watts)
+    preferred_dims = {
+        preferred_unit.dimensionality: preferred_unit
+        for preferred_unit in map(quantity._REGISTRY.Unit, preferred_units)
+    }
+
+    # Combine the defaults and preferred, favoring the preferred
+    unit_selections.update(preferred_dims)
+
+    # This algorithm has poor asymptotic time complexity, so first reduce the considered
+    # dimensions and units to only those that are useful to the problem
+
+    # The dimensions (without powers) of this Quantity
+    dimension_set = set(quantity.dimensionality)
+
+    # Getting zero exponents in dimensions not in dimension_set can be facilitated
+    # by units that interact with that dimension and one or more dimension_set members.
+    # For example MT^1 * LT^-1 lets you get MLT^0 when T is not in dimension_set.
+    # For each candidate unit that interacts with a dimension_set member, add the
+    # candidate unit's other dimensions to dimension_set, and repeat until no more
+    # dimensions are selected.
+
+    discovery_done = False
+    while not discovery_done:
+        discovery_done = True
+        for d in unit_selections:
+            unit_dimensions = set(d)
+            intersection = unit_dimensions.intersection(dimension_set)
+            if 0 < len(intersection) < len(unit_dimensions):
+                # there are dimensions in this unit that are in dimension set
+                # and others that are not in dimension set
+                dimension_set = dimension_set.union(unit_dimensions)
+                discovery_done = False
+                break
+
+    # filter out dimensions and their unit selections that don't interact with any
+    # dimension_set members
+    unit_selections = {
+        dimensionality: unit
+        for dimensionality, unit in unit_selections.items()
+        if set(dimensionality).intersection(dimension_set)
+    }
+
+    # update preferred_units with the selected units that were originally preferred
+    preferred_units = list(
+        {u for d, u in unit_selections.items() if d in preferred_dims}
+    )
+    preferred_units.sort(key=str)  # for determinism
+
+    # and unpreferred_units are the selected units that weren't originally preferred
+    unpreferred_units = list(
+        {u for d, u in unit_selections.items() if d not in preferred_dims}
+    )
+    unpreferred_units.sort(key=str)  # for determinism
+
+    # for indexability
+    dimensions = list(dimension_set)
+    dimensions.sort()  # for determinism
+
+    # the powers for each elemet of dimensions (the list) for this Quantity
+    dimensionality = [quantity.dimensionality[dimension] for dimension in dimensions]
+
+    # Now that the input data is minimized, setup the optimization problem
+
+    # use mip to select units from preferred units
+
+    model = mip_Model()
+    model.verbose = 0
+
+    # Make one variable for each candidate unit
+
+    vars = [
+        model.add_var(str(unit), lb=-mip_INF, ub=mip_INF, var_type=mip_INTEGER)
+        for unit in (preferred_units + unpreferred_units)
+    ]
+
+    # where [u1 ... uN] are powers of N candidate units (vars)
+    # and [d1(uI) ... dK(uI)] are the K dimensional exponents of candidate unit I
+    # and [t1 ... tK] are the dimensional exponents of the quantity (quantity)
+    # create the following constraints
+    #
+    #                ⎡ d1(u1) ⋯ dK(u1) ⎤
+    # [ u1 ⋯ uN ] * ⎢    ⋮    ⋱         ⎢ = [ t1 ⋯ tK ]
+    #                ⎣ d1(uN)    dK(uN) ⎦
+    #
+    # in English, the units we choose, and their exponents, when combined, must have the
+    # target dimensionality
+
+    matrix = [
+        [preferred_unit.dimensionality[dimension] for dimension in dimensions]
+        for preferred_unit in (preferred_units + unpreferred_units)
+    ]
+
+    # Do the matrix multiplication with mip_model.xsum for performance and create constraints
+    for i in range(len(dimensions)):
+        dot = mip_model.xsum([var * vector[i] for var, vector in zip(vars, matrix)])
+        # add constraint to the model
+        model += dot == dimensionality[i]
+
+    # where [c1 ... cN] are costs, 1 when a preferred variable, and a large value when not
+    # minimize sum(abs(u1) * c1 ... abs(uN) * cN)
+
+    # linearize the optimization variable via a proxy
+    objective = model.add_var("objective", lb=0, ub=mip_INF, var_type=mip_INTEGER)
+
+    # Constrain the objective to be equal to the sums of the absolute values of the preferred
+    # unit powers. Do this by making a separate constraint for each permutation of signedness.
+    # Also apply the cost coefficient, which causes the output to prefer the preferred units
+
+    # prefer units that interact with fewer dimensions
+    cost = [len(p.dimensionality) for p in preferred_units]
+
+    # set the cost for non preferred units to a higher number
+    bias = (
+        max(map(abs, dimensionality)) * max((1, *cost)) * 10
+    )  # arbitrary, just needs to be larger
+    cost.extend([bias] * len(unpreferred_units))
+
+    for i in range(1 << len(vars)):
+        sum = mip_xsum(
+            [
+                (-1 if i & 1 << (len(vars) - j - 1) else 1) * cost[j] * var
+                for j, var in enumerate(vars)
+            ]
+        )
+        model += objective >= sum
+
+    model.objective = objective
+
+    # run the mips minimizer and extract the result if successful
+    if model.optimize() == mip_OptimizationStatus.OPTIMAL:
+        optimal_units = []
+        min_objective = float("inf")
+        for i in range(model.num_solutions):
+            if model.objective_values[i] < min_objective:
+                min_objective = model.objective_values[i]
+                optimal_units.clear()
+            elif model.objective_values[i] > min_objective:
+                continue
+
+            temp_unit = quantity._REGISTRY.Unit("")
+            for var in vars:
+                if var.xi(i):
+                    temp_unit *= quantity._REGISTRY.Unit(var.name) ** var.xi(i)
+            optimal_units.append(temp_unit)
+
+        sorting_keys = {tuple(sorted(unit._units)): unit for unit in optimal_units}
+        min_key = sorted(sorting_keys)[0]
+        result_unit = sorting_keys[min_key]
+
+        return result_unit
+
+    # for whatever reason, a solution wasn't found
+    # return the original quantity
+    return quantity._units.copy()

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/plain/unit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.plain.unit
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2016 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import locale
+import operator
+from numbers import Number
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from ..._typing import UnitLike
+from ...compat import NUMERIC_TYPES, deprecated
+from ...errors import DimensionalityError
+from ...util import PrettyIPython, SharedRegistryObject, UnitsContainer
+from .definitions import UnitDefinition
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..context import Context
+
+
+class PlainUnit(PrettyIPython, SharedRegistryObject):
+    """Implements a class to describe a unit supporting math operations."""
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # See notes in Quantity.__reduce__
+        from datasette.vendored.pint import _unpickle_unit
+
+        return _unpickle_unit, (PlainUnit, self._units)
+
+    def __init__(self, units: UnitLike) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        if isinstance(units, (UnitsContainer, UnitDefinition)):
+            self._units = units
+        elif isinstance(units, str):
+            self._units = self._REGISTRY.parse_units(units)._units
+        elif isinstance(units, PlainUnit):
+            self._units = units._units
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "units must be of type str, Unit or "
+                "UnitsContainer; not {}.".format(type(units))
+            )
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> PlainUnit:
+        ret = self.__class__(self._units)
+        return ret
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo) -> PlainUnit:
+        ret = self.__class__(copy.deepcopy(self._units, memo))
+        return ret
+
+    @deprecated(
+        "This function will be removed in future versions of pint.\n"
+        "Use ureg.formatter.format_unit_babel"
+    )
+    def format_babel(self, spec: str = "", **kwspec: Any) -> str:
+        return self._REGISTRY.formatter.format_unit_babel(self, spec, **kwspec)
+
+    def __format__(self, spec: str) -> str:
+        return self._REGISTRY.formatter.format_unit(self, spec)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._REGISTRY.formatter.format_unit(self)
+
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        return str(self).encode(locale.getpreferredencoding())
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Unit('{self._units}')>"
+
+    @property
+    def dimensionless(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the PlainUnit is dimensionless; False otherwise."""
+        return not bool(self.dimensionality)
+
+    @property
+    def dimensionality(self) -> UnitsContainer:
+        """
+        Returns
+        -------
+        dict
+            Dimensionality of the PlainUnit, e.g. ``{length: 1, time: -1}``
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._dimensionality
+        except AttributeError:
+            dim = self._REGISTRY._get_dimensionality(self._units)
+            self._dimensionality = dim
+
+        return self._dimensionality
+
+    def compatible_units(self, *contexts):
+        if contexts:
+            with self._REGISTRY.context(*contexts):
+                return self._REGISTRY.get_compatible_units(self)
+
+        return self._REGISTRY.get_compatible_units(self)
+
+    def is_compatible_with(
+        self, other: Any, *contexts: str | Context, **ctx_kwargs: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        """check if the other object is compatible
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other
+            The object to check. Treated as dimensionless if not a
+            Quantity, PlainUnit or str.
+        *contexts : str or pint.Context
+            Contexts to use in the transformation.
+        **ctx_kwargs :
+            Values for the Context/s
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
+        from .quantity import PlainQuantity
+
+        if contexts or self._REGISTRY._active_ctx:
+            try:
+                (1 * self).to(other, *contexts, **ctx_kwargs)
+                return True
+            except DimensionalityError:
+                return False
+
+        if isinstance(other, (PlainQuantity, PlainUnit)):
+            return self.dimensionality == other.dimensionality
+
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            return (
+                self.dimensionality == self._REGISTRY.parse_units(other).dimensionality
+            )
+
+        return self.dimensionless
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if self._check(other):
+            if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+                return self.__class__(self._units * other._units)
+            else:
+                qself = self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, self._units)
+                return qself * other
+
+        if isinstance(other, Number) and other == 1:
+            return self._REGISTRY.Quantity(other, self._units)
+
+        return self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, self._units) * other
+
+    __rmul__ = __mul__
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        if self._check(other):
+            if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+                return self.__class__(self._units / other._units)
+            else:
+                qself = 1 * self
+                return qself / other
+
+        return self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1 / other, self._units)
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        # As PlainUnit and Quantity both handle truediv with each other rtruediv can
+        # only be called for something different.
+        if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
+            return self._REGISTRY.Quantity(other, 1 / self._units)
+        elif isinstance(other, UnitsContainer):
+            return self.__class__(other / self._units)
+
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    __div__ = __truediv__
+    __rdiv__ = __rtruediv__
+
+    def __pow__(self, other) -> PlainUnit:
+        if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
+            return self.__class__(self._units**other)
+
+        else:
+            mess = f"Cannot power PlainUnit by {type(other)}"
+            raise TypeError(mess)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return self._units.__hash__()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
+        # We compare to the plain class of PlainUnit because each PlainUnit class is
+        # unique.
+        if self._check(other):
+            if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+                return self._units == other._units
+            else:
+                return other == self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, self._units)
+
+        elif isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
+            return other == self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, self._units)
+
+        else:
+            return self._units == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other) -> bool:
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def compare(self, other, op) -> bool:
+        self_q = self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, self)
+
+        if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
+            return self_q.compare(other, op)
+        elif isinstance(other, (PlainUnit, UnitsContainer, dict)):
+            return self_q.compare(self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, other), op)
+
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    __lt__ = lambda self, other: self.compare(other, op=operator.lt)
+    __le__ = lambda self, other: self.compare(other, op=operator.le)
+    __ge__ = lambda self, other: self.compare(other, op=operator.ge)
+    __gt__ = lambda self, other: self.compare(other, op=operator.gt)
+
+    def __int__(self) -> int:
+        return int(self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, self._units))
+
+    def __float__(self) -> float:
+        return float(self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, self._units))
+
+    def __complex__(self) -> complex:
+        return complex(self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, self._units))
+
+    @property
+    def systems(self):
+        out = set()
+        for uname in self._units.keys():
+            for sname, sys in self._REGISTRY._systems.items():
+                if uname in sys.members:
+                    out.add(sname)
+        return frozenset(out)
+
+    def from_(self, value, strict=True, name="value"):
+        """Converts a numerical value or quantity to this unit
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        value :
+            a Quantity (or numerical value if strict=False) to convert
+        strict :
+            boolean to indicate that only quantities are accepted (Default value = True)
+        name :
+            descriptive name to use if an exception occurs (Default value = "value")
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        type
+            The converted value as this unit
+
+        """
+        if self._check(value):
+            if not isinstance(value, self._REGISTRY.Quantity):
+                value = self._REGISTRY.Quantity(1, value)
+            return value.to(self)
+        elif strict:
+            raise ValueError("%s must be a Quantity" % value)
+        else:
+            return value * self
+
+    def m_from(self, value, strict=True, name="value"):
+        """Converts a numerical value or quantity to this unit, then returns
+        the magnitude of the converted value
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        value :
+            a Quantity (or numerical value if strict=False) to convert
+        strict :
+            boolean to indicate that only quantities are accepted (Default value = True)
+        name :
+            descriptive name to use if an exception occurs (Default value = "value")
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        type
+            The magnitude of the converted value
+
+        """
+        return self.from_(value, strict=strict, name=name).magnitude

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/system/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.system
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Adds pint the capability to system of units.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .definitions import SystemDefinition
+from .objects import System
+from .registry import GenericSystemRegistry, SystemRegistry
+
+__all__ = ["SystemDefinition", "System", "SystemRegistry", "GenericSystemRegistry"]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/system/definitions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.systems.definitions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from ... import errors
+from ...compat import Self
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BaseUnitRule:
+    """A rule to define a base unit within a system."""
+
+    #: name of the unit to become base unit
+    #: (must exist in the registry)
+    new_unit_name: str
+    #: name of the unit to be kicked out to make room for the new base uni
+    #: If None, the current base unit with the same dimensionality will be used
+    old_unit_name: str | None = None
+
+    # Instead of defining __post_init__ here,
+    # it will be added to the container class
+    # so that the name and a meaningfull class
+    # could be used.
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SystemDefinition(errors.WithDefErr):
+    """Definition of a System."""
+
+    #: name of the system
+    name: str
+    #: unit groups that will be included within the system
+    using_group_names: tuple[str, ...]
+    #: rules to define new base unit within the system.
+    rules: tuple[BaseUnitRule, ...]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_lines(
+        cls: type[Self], lines: Iterable[str], non_int_type: type
+    ) -> Self | None:
+        # TODO: this is to keep it backwards compatible
+        # TODO: check when is None returned.
+        from ...delegates import ParserConfig, txt_defparser
+
+        cfg = ParserConfig(non_int_type)
+        parser = txt_defparser.DefParser(cfg, None)
+        pp = parser.parse_string("\n".join(lines) + "\n@end")
+        for definition in parser.iter_parsed_project(pp):
+            if isinstance(definition, cls):
+                return definition
+
+    @property
+    def unit_replacements(self) -> tuple[tuple[str, str | None], ...]:
+        # TODO: check if None can be dropped.
+        return tuple((el.new_unit_name, el.old_unit_name) for el in self.rules)
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if not errors.is_valid_system_name(self.name):
+            raise self.def_err(errors.MSG_INVALID_SYSTEM_NAME)
+
+        for k in self.using_group_names:
+            if not errors.is_valid_group_name(k):
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"refers to '{k}' that " + errors.MSG_INVALID_GROUP_NAME
+                )
+
+        for ndx, rule in enumerate(self.rules, 1):
+            if not errors.is_valid_unit_name(rule.new_unit_name):
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"rule #{ndx} refers to '{rule.new_unit_name}' that "
+                    + errors.MSG_INVALID_UNIT_NAME
+                )
+            if rule.old_unit_name and not errors.is_valid_unit_name(rule.old_unit_name):
+                raise self.def_err(
+                    f"rule #{ndx} refers to '{rule.old_unit_name}' that "
+                    + errors.MSG_INVALID_UNIT_NAME
+                )

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/system/objects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.systems.objects
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numbers
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from numbers import Number
+from typing import Any, Generic
+
+from ..._typing import UnitLike
+from ...babel_names import _babel_systems
+from ...compat import babel_parse
+from ...util import (
+    SharedRegistryObject,
+    getattr_maybe_raise,
+    logger,
+    to_units_container,
+)
+from .. import group
+from ..plain import MagnitudeT
+from .definitions import SystemDefinition
+
+GetRootUnits = Callable[[UnitLike, bool], tuple[Number, UnitLike]]
+
+
+class SystemQuantity(Generic[MagnitudeT], group.GroupQuantity[MagnitudeT]):
+    pass
+
+
+class SystemUnit(group.GroupUnit):
+    pass
+
+
+class System(SharedRegistryObject):
+    """A system is a Group plus a set of plain units.
+
+    Members are computed dynamically, that is if a unit is added to a group X
+    all groups that include X are affected.
+
+    The System belongs to one Registry.
+
+    See SystemDefinition for the definition file syntax.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name
+        Name of the group.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str):
+        #: Name of the system
+        #: :type: str
+        self.name = name
+
+        #: Maps root unit names to a dict indicating the new unit and its exponent.
+        self.base_units: dict[str, dict[str, numbers.Number]] = {}
+
+        #: Derived unit names.
+        self.derived_units: set[str] = set()
+
+        #: Names of the _used_groups in used by this system.
+        self._used_groups: set[str] = set()
+
+        self._computed_members: frozenset[str] | None = None
+
+        # Add this system to the system dictionary
+        self._REGISTRY._systems[self.name] = self
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return list(self.members)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+        getattr_maybe_raise(self, item)
+        u = getattr(self._REGISTRY, self.name + "_" + item, None)
+        if u is not None:
+            return u
+        return getattr(self._REGISTRY, item)
+
+    @property
+    def members(self):
+        d = self._REGISTRY._groups
+        if self._computed_members is None:
+            tmp: set[str] = set()
+
+            for group_name in self._used_groups:
+                try:
+                    tmp |= d[group_name].members
+                except KeyError:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Could not resolve {} in System {}".format(
+                            group_name, self.name
+                        )
+                    )
+
+            self._computed_members = frozenset(tmp)
+
+        return self._computed_members
+
+    def invalidate_members(self):
+        """Invalidate computed members in this Group and all parent nodes."""
+        self._computed_members = None
+
+    def add_groups(self, *group_names: str) -> None:
+        """Add groups to group."""
+        self._used_groups |= set(group_names)
+
+        self.invalidate_members()
+
+    def remove_groups(self, *group_names: str) -> None:
+        """Remove groups from group."""
+        self._used_groups -= set(group_names)
+
+        self.invalidate_members()
+
+    def format_babel(self, locale: str) -> str:
+        """translate the name of the system."""
+        if locale and self.name in _babel_systems:
+            name = _babel_systems[self.name]
+            locale = babel_parse(locale)
+            return locale.measurement_systems[name]
+        return self.name
+
+    # TODO: When 3.11 is minimal version, use Self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_lines(
+        cls: type[System],
+        lines: Iterable[str],
+        get_root_func: GetRootUnits,
+        non_int_type: type = float,
+    ) -> System:
+        # TODO: we changed something here it used to be
+        # system_definition = SystemDefinition.from_lines(lines, get_root_func)
+        system_definition = SystemDefinition.from_lines(lines, non_int_type)
+
+        if system_definition is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Could not define System from from {lines}")
+
+        return cls.from_definition(system_definition, get_root_func)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_definition(
+        cls: type[System],
+        system_definition: SystemDefinition,
+        get_root_func: GetRootUnits | None = None,
+    ) -> System:
+        if get_root_func is None:
+            # TODO: kept for backwards compatibility
+            get_root_func = cls._REGISTRY.get_root_units
+        base_unit_names = {}
+        derived_unit_names = []
+        for new_unit, old_unit in system_definition.unit_replacements:
+            if old_unit is None:
+                old_unit_dict = to_units_container(get_root_func(new_unit)[1])
+
+                if len(old_unit_dict) != 1:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "The new unit must be a root dimension if not discarded unit is specified."
+                    )
+
+                old_unit, value = dict(old_unit_dict).popitem()
+
+                base_unit_names[old_unit] = {new_unit: 1 / value}
+            else:
+                # The old unit MUST be a root unit, if not raise an error.
+                if old_unit != str(get_root_func(old_unit)[1]):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"The old unit {old_unit} must be a root unit "
+                        f"in order to be replaced by new unit {new_unit}"
+                    )
+
+                # Here we find new_unit expanded in terms of root_units
+                new_unit_expanded = to_units_container(
+                    get_root_func(new_unit)[1], cls._REGISTRY
+                )
+
+                # We require that the old unit is present in the new_unit expanded
+                if old_unit not in new_unit_expanded:
+                    raise ValueError("Old unit must be a component of new unit")
+
+                # Here we invert the equation, in other words
+                # we write old units in terms new unit and expansion
+                new_unit_dict = {
+                    new_unit: -1 / value
+                    for new_unit, value in new_unit_expanded.items()
+                    if new_unit != old_unit
+                }
+                new_unit_dict[new_unit] = 1 / new_unit_expanded[old_unit]
+
+                base_unit_names[old_unit] = new_unit_dict
+
+        system = cls(system_definition.name)
+        system.add_groups(*system_definition.using_group_names)
+        system.base_units.update(**base_unit_names)
+        system.derived_units |= set(derived_unit_names)
+
+        return system
+
+
+class Lister:
+    def __init__(self, d: dict[str, Any]):
+        self.d = d
+
+    def __dir__(self) -> list[str]:
+        return list(self.d.keys())
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+        getattr_maybe_raise(self, item)
+        return self.d[item]

datasette/vendored/pint/facets/system/registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+"""
+    pint.facets.systems.registry
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from numbers import Number
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic
+
+from ... import errors
+from ...compat import TypeAlias
+from ..plain import QuantityT, UnitT
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..._typing import Quantity, Unit
+
+from ..._typing import UnitLike
+from ...util import UnitsContainer as UnitsContainerT
+from ...util import (
+    create_class_with_registry,
+    to_units_container,
+)
+from ..group import GenericGroupRegistry
+from . import objects
+from .definitions import SystemDefinition
+
+
+class GenericSystemRegistry(
+    Generic[QuantityT, UnitT], GenericGroupRegistry[QuantityT, UnitT]
+):
+    """Handle of Systems.
+
+    Conversion between units with different dimensions according
+    to previously established relations (contexts).
+    (e.g. in the spectroscopy, conversion between frequency and energy is possible)
+
+    Capabilities:
+
+    - Register systems.
+    - List systems
+    - Get or get the default system.
+    - Parse @group directive.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: Change this to System: System to specify class
+    # and use introspection to get system class as a way
+    # to enjoy typing goodies
+    System: type[objects.System]
+
+    def __init__(self, system: str | None = None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        #: Map system name to system.
+        self._systems: dict[str, objects.System] = {}
+
+        #: Maps dimensionality (UnitsContainer) to Dimensionality (UnitsContainer)
+        self._base_units_cache: dict[UnitsContainerT, UnitsContainerT] = {}
+
+        self._default_system_name: str | None = system
+
+    def _init_dynamic_classes(self) -> None:
+        """Generate subclasses on the fly and attach them to self"""
+        super()._init_dynamic_classes()
+        self.System = create_class_with_registry(self, objects.System)
+
+    def _after_init(self) -> None:
+        """Invoked at the end of ``__init__``.
+
+        - Create default group and add all orphan units to it
+        - Set default system
+        """
+        super()._after_init()
+
+        #: System name to be used by default.
+        self._default_system_name = self._default_system_name or self._defaults.get(
+            "system", None
+        )
+
+    def _register_definition_adders(self) -> None:
+        super()._register_definition_adders()
+        self._register_adder(SystemDefinition, self._add_system)
+
+    def _add_system(self, sd: SystemDefinition) -> None:
+        if sd.name in self._systems:
+            raise ValueError(f"System {sd.name} already present in registry")
+
+        try:
+            # As a System is a SharedRegistryObject
+            # it adds itself to the registry.
+            self.System.from_definition(sd)
+        except KeyError as e:
+            # TODO: fix this error message
+            raise errors.DefinitionError(f"unknown dimension {e} in context")
+
+    @property
+    def sys(self):
+        return objects.Lister(self._systems)
+
+    @property
+    def default_system(self) -> str | None:
+        return self._default_system_name
+
+    @default_system.setter
+    def default_system(self, name: str) -> None:
+        if name:
+            if name not in self._systems:
+                raise ValueError("Unknown system %s" % name)
+
+            self._base_units_cache = {}
+
+        self._default_system_name = name
+
+    def get_system(self, name: str, create_if_needed: bool = True) -> objects.System:
+        """Return a Group.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        name : str
+            Name of the group to be.
+        create_if_needed : bool
+            If True, create a group if not found. If False, raise an Exception.
+            (Default value = True)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        type
+            System
+
+        """
+        if name in self._systems:
+            return self._systems[name]
+
+        if not create_if_needed:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown system %s" % name)
+
+        return self.System(name)
+
+    def get_base_units(
+        self,
+        input_units: UnitLike | Quantity,
+        check_nonmult: bool = True,
+        system: str | objects.System | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[Number, Unit]:
+        """Convert unit or dict of units to the plain units.
+
+        If any unit is non multiplicative and check_converter is True,
+        then None is returned as the multiplicative factor.
+
+        Unlike PlainRegistry, in this registry root_units might be different
+        from base_units
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        input_units : UnitsContainer or str
+            units
+        check_nonmult : bool
+            if True, None will be returned as the
+            multiplicative factor if a non-multiplicative
+            units is found in the final Units. (Default value = True)
+        system :
+             (Default value = None)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        type
+            multiplicative factor, plain units
+
+        """
+
+        input_units = to_units_container(input_units)
+
+        f, units = self._get_base_units(input_units, check_nonmult, system)
+
+        return f, self.Unit(units)
+
+    def _get_base_units(
+        self,
+        input_units: UnitsContainerT,
+        check_nonmult: bool = True,
+        system: str | objects.System | None = None,
+    ):
+        if system is None:
+            system = self._default_system_name
+
+        # The cache is only done for check_nonmult=True and the current system.
+        if (
+            check_nonmult
+            and system == self._default_system_name
+            and input_units in self._base_units_cache
+        ):
+            return self._base_units_cache[input_units]
+
+        factor, units = self.get_root_units(input_units, check_nonmult)
+
+        if not system:
+            return factor, units
+
+        # This will not be necessary after integration with the registry
+        # as it has a UnitsContainer intermediate
+        units = to_units_container(units, self)
+
+        destination_units = self.UnitsContainer()
+
+        bu = self.get_system(system, False).base_units
+
+        for unit, value in units.items():
+            if unit in bu:
+                new_unit = bu[unit]
+                new_unit = to_units_container(new_unit, self)
+                destination_units *= new_unit**value
+            else:
+                destination_units *= self.UnitsContainer({unit: value})
+
+        base_factor = self.convert(factor, units, destination_units)
+
+        if check_nonmult:
+            self._base_units_cache[input_units] = base_factor, destination_units
+
+        return base_factor, destination_units
+
+    def get_compatible_units(
+        self, input_units: UnitsContainerT, group_or_system: str | None = None
+    ) -> frozenset[Unit]:
+        """ """
+
+        group_or_system = group_or_system or self._default_system_name
+
+        if group_or_system is None:
+            return super().get_compatible_units(input_units)
+
+        input_units = to_units_container(input_units)
+
+        equiv = self._get_compatible_units(input_units, group_or_system)
+
+        return frozenset(self.Unit(eq) for eq in equiv)
+
+    def _get_compatible_units(
+        self, input_units: UnitsContainerT, group_or_system: str | None = None
+    ) -> frozenset[Unit]:
+        if group_or_system and group_or_system in self._systems:
+            members = self._systems[group_or_system].members
+            # group_or_system has been handled by System
+            return frozenset(members & super()._get_compatible_units(input_units))
+
+        try:
+            # This will be handled by groups
+            return super()._get_compatible_units(input_units, group_or_system)
+        except ValueError as ex:
+            # It might be also a system
+            if "Unknown Group" in str(ex):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Unknown Group o System with name '%s'" % group_or_system
+                ) from ex
+            raise ex
+
+
+class SystemRegistry(
+    GenericSystemRegistry[objects.SystemQuantity[Any], objects.SystemUnit]
+):
+    Quantity: TypeAlias = objects.SystemQuantity[Any]
+    Unit: TypeAlias = objects.SystemUnit

datasette/vendored/pint/formatting.py

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+"""
+    pint.formatter
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Format units for pint.
+
+    :copyright: 2016 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from numbers import Number
+from typing import Iterable
+
+from .delegates.formatter._format_helpers import (
+    _PRETTY_EXPONENTS,  # noqa: F401
+)
+from .delegates.formatter._format_helpers import (
+    join_u as _join,  # noqa: F401
+)
+from .delegates.formatter._format_helpers import (
+    pretty_fmt_exponent as _pretty_fmt_exponent,  # noqa: F401
+)
+from .delegates.formatter._spec_helpers import (
+    _BASIC_TYPES,  # noqa: F401
+    FORMATTER,  # noqa: F401
+    REGISTERED_FORMATTERS,
+    extract_custom_flags,  # noqa: F401
+    remove_custom_flags,  # noqa: F401
+)
+from .delegates.formatter._spec_helpers import (
+    parse_spec as _parse_spec,  # noqa: F401
+)
+from .delegates.formatter._spec_helpers import (
+    split_format as split_format,  # noqa: F401
+)
+
+# noqa
+from .delegates.formatter._to_register import register_unit_format  # noqa: F401
+
+# Backwards compatiblity stuff
+from .delegates.formatter.latex import (
+    _EXP_PATTERN,  # noqa: F401
+    latex_escape,  # noqa: F401
+    matrix_to_latex,  # noqa: F401
+    ndarray_to_latex,  # noqa: F401
+    ndarray_to_latex_parts,  # noqa: F401
+    siunitx_format_unit,  # noqa: F401
+    vector_to_latex,  # noqa: F401
+)
+
+
+def formatter(
+    items: Iterable[tuple[str, Number]],
+    as_ratio: bool = True,
+    single_denominator: bool = False,
+    product_fmt: str = " * ",
+    division_fmt: str = " / ",
+    power_fmt: str = "{} ** {}",
+    parentheses_fmt: str = "({0})",
+    exp_call: FORMATTER = "{:n}".format,
+    sort: bool = True,
+) -> str:
+    """Format a list of (name, exponent) pairs.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    items : list
+        a list of (name, exponent) pairs.
+    as_ratio : bool, optional
+        True to display as ratio, False as negative powers. (Default value = True)
+    single_denominator : bool, optional
+        all with terms with negative exponents are
+        collected together. (Default value = False)
+    product_fmt : str
+        the format used for multiplication. (Default value = " * ")
+    division_fmt : str
+        the format used for division. (Default value = " / ")
+    power_fmt : str
+        the format used for exponentiation. (Default value = "{} ** {}")
+    parentheses_fmt : str
+        the format used for parenthesis. (Default value = "({0})")
+    exp_call : callable
+         (Default value = lambda x: f"{x:n}")
+    sort : bool, optional
+        True to sort the formatted units alphabetically (Default value = True)
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    str
+        the formula as a string.
+
+    """
+
+    join_u = _join
+
+    if sort is False:
+        items = tuple(items)
+    else:
+        items = sorted(items)
+
+    if not items:
+        return ""
+
+    if as_ratio:
+        fun = lambda x: exp_call(abs(x))
+    else:
+        fun = exp_call
+
+    pos_terms, neg_terms = [], []
+
+    for key, value in items:
+        if value == 1:
+            pos_terms.append(key)
+        elif value > 0:
+            pos_terms.append(power_fmt.format(key, fun(value)))
+        elif value == -1 and as_ratio:
+            neg_terms.append(key)
+        else:
+            neg_terms.append(power_fmt.format(key, fun(value)))
+
+    if not as_ratio:
+        # Show as Product: positive * negative terms ** -1
+        return _join(product_fmt, pos_terms + neg_terms)
+
+    # Show as Ratio: positive terms / negative terms
+    pos_ret = _join(product_fmt, pos_terms) or "1"
+
+    if not neg_terms:
+        return pos_ret
+
+    if single_denominator:
+        neg_ret = join_u(product_fmt, neg_terms)
+        if len(neg_terms) > 1:
+            neg_ret = parentheses_fmt.format(neg_ret)
+    else:
+        neg_ret = join_u(division_fmt, neg_terms)
+
+    # TODO: first or last pos_ret should be pluralized
+
+    return _join(division_fmt, [pos_ret, neg_ret])
+
+
+def format_unit(unit, spec: str, registry=None, **options):
+    # registry may be None to allow formatting `UnitsContainer` objects
+    # in that case, the spec may not be "Lx"
+
+    if not unit:
+        if spec.endswith("%"):
+            return ""
+        else:
+            return "dimensionless"
+
+    if not spec:
+        spec = "D"
+
+    if registry is None:
+        _formatter = REGISTERED_FORMATTERS.get(spec, None)
+    else:
+        try:
+            _formatter = registry.formatter._formatters[spec]
+        except Exception:
+            _formatter = registry.formatter._formatters.get(spec, None)
+
+    if _formatter is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown conversion specified: {spec}")
+
+    return _formatter.format_unit(unit)

datasette/vendored/pint/matplotlib.py

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+"""
+    pint.matplotlib
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Functions and classes related to working with Matplotlib's support
+    for plotting with units.
+
+    :copyright: 2017 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import matplotlib.units
+
+from .util import iterable, sized
+
+
+class PintAxisInfo(matplotlib.units.AxisInfo):
+    """Support default axis and tick labeling and default limits."""
+
+    def __init__(self, units):
+        """Set the default label to the pretty-print of the unit."""
+        formatter = units._REGISTRY.mpl_formatter
+        super().__init__(label=formatter.format(units))
+
+
+class PintConverter(matplotlib.units.ConversionInterface):
+    """Implement support for pint within matplotlib's unit conversion framework."""
+
+    def __init__(self, registry):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._reg = registry
+
+    def convert(self, value, unit, axis):
+        """Convert :`Quantity` instances for matplotlib to use."""
+        # Short circuit for arrays
+        if hasattr(value, "units"):
+            return value.to(unit).magnitude
+        if iterable(value):
+            return [self._convert_value(v, unit, axis) for v in value]
+
+        return self._convert_value(value, unit, axis)
+
+    def _convert_value(self, value, unit, axis):
+        """Handle converting using attached unit or falling back to axis units."""
+        if hasattr(value, "units"):
+            return value.to(unit).magnitude
+
+        return self._reg.Quantity(value, axis.get_units()).to(unit).magnitude
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def axisinfo(unit, axis):
+        """Return axis information for this particular unit."""
+
+        return PintAxisInfo(unit)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def default_units(x, axis):
+        """Get the default unit to use for the given combination of unit and axis."""
+        if iterable(x) and sized(x):
+            return getattr(x[0], "units", None)
+        return getattr(x, "units", None)
+
+
+def setup_matplotlib_handlers(registry, enable):
+    """Set up matplotlib's unit support to handle units from a registry.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    registry : pint.UnitRegistry
+        The registry that will be used.
+    enable : bool
+        Whether support should be enabled or disabled.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+
+    """
+    if matplotlib.__version__ < "2.0":
+        raise RuntimeError("Matplotlib >= 2.0 required to work with pint.")
+
+    if enable:
+        matplotlib.units.registry[registry.Quantity] = PintConverter(registry)
+    else:
+        matplotlib.units.registry.pop(registry.Quantity, None)

datasette/vendored/pint/pint_convert.py

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""
+    pint-convert
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    :copyright: 2020 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import contextlib
+import re
+
+from datasette.vendored.pint import UnitRegistry
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Unit converter.", usage=argparse.SUPPRESS)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-s",
+    "--system",
+    metavar="sys",
+    default="SI",
+    help="unit system to convert to (default: SI)",
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-p",
+    "--prec",
+    metavar="n",
+    type=int,
+    default=12,
+    help="number of maximum significant figures (default: 12)",
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-u",
+    "--prec-unc",
+    metavar="n",
+    type=int,
+    default=2,
+    help="number of maximum uncertainty digits (default: 2)",
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-U",
+    "--with-unc",
+    dest="unc",
+    action="store_true",
+    help="consider uncertainties in constants",
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-C",
+    "--no-corr",
+    dest="corr",
+    action="store_false",
+    help="ignore correlations between constants",
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "fr", metavar="from", type=str, help="unit or quantity to convert from"
+)
+parser.add_argument("to", type=str, nargs="?", help="unit to convert to")
+try:
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+except SystemExit:
+    parser.print_help()
+    raise
+
+ureg = UnitRegistry()
+ureg.auto_reduce_dimensions = True
+ureg.autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit = True
+ureg.enable_contexts("Gau", "ESU", "sp", "energy", "boltzmann")
+ureg.default_system = args.system
+
+
+def _set(key: str, value):
+    obj = ureg._units[key].converter
+    object.__setattr__(obj, "scale", value)
+
+
+if args.unc:
+    try:
+        import uncertainties
+    except ImportError:
+        raise Exception(
+            "Failed to import uncertainties library!\n Please install uncertainties package"
+        )
+
+    # Measured constants subject to correlation
+    #  R_i: Rydberg constant
+    #  g_e: Electron g factor
+    #  m_u: Atomic mass constant
+    #  m_e: Electron mass
+    #  m_p: Proton mass
+    #  m_n: Neutron mass
+    R_i = (ureg._units["R_inf"].converter.scale, 0.0000000000021e7)
+    g_e = (ureg._units["g_e"].converter.scale, 0.00000000000035)
+    m_u = (ureg._units["m_u"].converter.scale, 0.00000000050e-27)
+    m_e = (ureg._units["m_e"].converter.scale, 0.00000000028e-30)
+    m_p = (ureg._units["m_p"].converter.scale, 0.00000000051e-27)
+    m_n = (ureg._units["m_n"].converter.scale, 0.00000000095e-27)
+    if args.corr:
+        # Correlation matrix between measured constants (to be completed below)
+        #          R_i       g_e       m_u       m_e       m_p       m_n
+        corr = [
+            [1.0, -0.00206, 0.00369, 0.00436, 0.00194, 0.00233],  # R_i
+            [-0.00206, 1.0, 0.99029, 0.99490, 0.97560, 0.52445],  # g_e
+            [0.00369, 0.99029, 1.0, 0.99536, 0.98516, 0.52959],  # m_u
+            [0.00436, 0.99490, 0.99536, 1.0, 0.98058, 0.52714],  # m_e
+            [0.00194, 0.97560, 0.98516, 0.98058, 1.0, 0.51521],  # m_p
+            [0.00233, 0.52445, 0.52959, 0.52714, 0.51521, 1.0],
+        ]  # m_n
+        try:
+            (R_i, g_e, m_u, m_e, m_p, m_n) = uncertainties.correlated_values_norm(
+                [R_i, g_e, m_u, m_e, m_p, m_n], corr
+            )
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise Exception(
+                "Correlation cannot be calculated!\n  Please install numpy package"
+            )
+    else:
+        R_i = uncertainties.ufloat(*R_i)
+        g_e = uncertainties.ufloat(*g_e)
+        m_u = uncertainties.ufloat(*m_u)
+        m_e = uncertainties.ufloat(*m_e)
+        m_p = uncertainties.ufloat(*m_p)
+        m_n = uncertainties.ufloat(*m_n)
+
+    _set("R_inf", R_i)
+    _set("g_e", g_e)
+    _set("m_u", m_u)
+    _set("m_e", m_e)
+    _set("m_p", m_p)
+    _set("m_n", m_n)
+
+    # Measured constants with zero correlation
+    _set(
+        "gravitational_constant",
+        uncertainties.ufloat(
+            ureg._units["gravitational_constant"].converter.scale, 0.00015e-11
+        ),
+    )
+
+    _set(
+        "d_220",
+        uncertainties.ufloat(ureg._units["d_220"].converter.scale, 0.000000032e-10),
+    )
+
+    _set(
+        "K_alpha_Cu_d_220",
+        uncertainties.ufloat(
+            ureg._units["K_alpha_Cu_d_220"].converter.scale, 0.00000022
+        ),
+    )
+
+    _set(
+        "K_alpha_Mo_d_220",
+        uncertainties.ufloat(
+            ureg._units["K_alpha_Mo_d_220"].converter.scale, 0.00000019
+        ),
+    )
+
+    _set(
+        "K_alpha_W_d_220",
+        uncertainties.ufloat(
+            ureg._units["K_alpha_W_d_220"].converter.scale, 0.000000098
+        ),
+    )
+
+    ureg._root_units_cache = {}
+    ureg._build_cache()
+
+
+def convert(u_from, u_to=None, unc=None, factor=None):
+    prec_unc = 0
+    q = ureg.Quantity(u_from)
+    fmt = f".{args.prec}g"
+    if unc:
+        q = q.plus_minus(unc)
+    if u_to:
+        nq = q.to(u_to)
+    else:
+        nq = q.to_base_units()
+    if factor:
+        q *= ureg.Quantity(factor)
+        nq *= ureg.Quantity(factor).to_base_units()
+    if args.unc:
+        prec_unc = use_unc(nq.magnitude, fmt, args.prec_unc)
+    if prec_unc > 0:
+        fmt = f".{prec_unc}uS"
+    else:
+        with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+            nq = nq.magnitude.n * nq.units
+
+    fmt = "{:" + fmt + "} {:~P}"
+    print(("{:} = " + fmt).format(q, nq.magnitude, nq.units))
+
+
+def use_unc(num, fmt, prec_unc):
+    unc = 0
+    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+        if isinstance(num, uncertainties.UFloat):
+            full = ("{:" + fmt + "}").format(num)
+            unc = re.search(r"\+/-[0.]*([\d.]*)", full).group(1)
+            unc = len(unc.replace(".", ""))
+
+    return max(0, min(prec_unc, unc))
+
+
+def main():
+    convert(args.fr, args.to)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

datasette/vendored/pint/pint_eval.py

@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+"""
+    pint.pint_eval
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    An expression evaluator to be used as a safe replacement for builtin eval.
+
+    :copyright: 2016 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import token as tokenlib
+import tokenize
+from io import BytesIO
+from tokenize import TokenInfo
+from typing import Any
+
+try:
+    from uncertainties import ufloat
+
+    HAS_UNCERTAINTIES = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_UNCERTAINTIES = False
+    ufloat = None
+
+from .errors import DefinitionSyntaxError
+
+# For controlling order of operations
+_OP_PRIORITY = {
+    "+/-": 4,
+    "**": 3,
+    "^": 3,
+    "unary": 2,
+    "*": 1,
+    "": 1,  # operator for implicit ops
+    "//": 1,
+    "/": 1,
+    "%": 1,
+    "+": 0,
+    "-": 0,
+}
+
+
+def _ufloat(left, right):
+    if HAS_UNCERTAINTIES:
+        return ufloat(left, right)
+    raise TypeError("Could not import support for uncertainties")
+
+
+def _power(left: Any, right: Any) -> Any:
+    from . import Quantity
+    from .compat import is_duck_array
+
+    if (
+        isinstance(left, Quantity)
+        and is_duck_array(left.magnitude)
+        and left.dtype.kind not in "cf"
+        and right < 0
+    ):
+        left = left.astype(float)
+
+    return operator.pow(left, right)
+
+
+# https://stackoverflow.com/a/1517965/1291237
+class tokens_with_lookahead:
+    def __init__(self, iter):
+        self.iter = iter
+        self.buffer = []
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self.buffer:
+            return self.buffer.pop(0)
+        else:
+            return self.iter.__next__()
+
+    def lookahead(self, n):
+        """Return an item n entries ahead in the iteration."""
+        while n >= len(self.buffer):
+            try:
+                self.buffer.append(self.iter.__next__())
+            except StopIteration:
+                return None
+        return self.buffer[n]
+
+
+def _plain_tokenizer(input_string):
+    for tokinfo in tokenize.tokenize(BytesIO(input_string.encode("utf-8")).readline):
+        if tokinfo.type != tokenlib.ENCODING:
+            yield tokinfo
+
+
+def uncertainty_tokenizer(input_string):
+    def _number_or_nan(token):
+        if token.type == tokenlib.NUMBER or (
+            token.type == tokenlib.NAME and token.string == "nan"
+        ):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def _get_possible_e(toklist, e_index):
+        possible_e_token = toklist.lookahead(e_index)
+        if (
+            possible_e_token.string[0] == "e"
+            and len(possible_e_token.string) > 1
+            and possible_e_token.string[1].isdigit()
+        ):
+            end = possible_e_token.end
+            possible_e = tokenize.TokenInfo(
+                type=tokenlib.STRING,
+                string=possible_e_token.string,
+                start=possible_e_token.start,
+                end=end,
+                line=possible_e_token.line,
+            )
+        elif (
+            possible_e_token.string[0] in ["e", "E"]
+            and toklist.lookahead(e_index + 1).string in ["+", "-"]
+            and toklist.lookahead(e_index + 2).type == tokenlib.NUMBER
+        ):
+            # Special case: Python allows a leading zero for exponents (i.e., 042) but not for numbers
+            if (
+                toklist.lookahead(e_index + 2).string == "0"
+                and toklist.lookahead(e_index + 3).type == tokenlib.NUMBER
+            ):
+                exp_number = toklist.lookahead(e_index + 3).string
+                end = toklist.lookahead(e_index + 3).end
+            else:
+                exp_number = toklist.lookahead(e_index + 2).string
+                end = toklist.lookahead(e_index + 2).end
+            possible_e = tokenize.TokenInfo(
+                type=tokenlib.STRING,
+                string=f"e{toklist.lookahead(e_index+1).string}{exp_number}",
+                start=possible_e_token.start,
+                end=end,
+                line=possible_e_token.line,
+            )
+        else:
+            possible_e = None
+        return possible_e
+
+    def _apply_e_notation(mantissa, exponent):
+        if mantissa.string == "nan":
+            return mantissa
+        if float(mantissa.string) == 0.0:
+            return mantissa
+        return tokenize.TokenInfo(
+            type=tokenlib.NUMBER,
+            string=f"{mantissa.string}{exponent.string}",
+            start=mantissa.start,
+            end=exponent.end,
+            line=exponent.line,
+        )
+
+    def _finalize_e(nominal_value, std_dev, toklist, possible_e):
+        nominal_value = _apply_e_notation(nominal_value, possible_e)
+        std_dev = _apply_e_notation(std_dev, possible_e)
+        next(toklist)  # consume 'e' and positive exponent value
+        if possible_e.string[1] in ["+", "-"]:
+            next(toklist)  # consume "+" or "-" in exponent
+            exp_number = next(toklist)  # consume exponent value
+            if (
+                exp_number.string == "0"
+                and toklist.lookahead(0).type == tokenlib.NUMBER
+            ):
+                exp_number = next(toklist)
+                assert exp_number.end == end
+                # We've already applied the number, we're just consuming all the tokens
+        return nominal_value, std_dev
+
+    # when tokenize encounters whitespace followed by an unknown character,
+    # (such as ±) it proceeds to mark every character of the whitespace as ERRORTOKEN,
+    # in addition to marking the unknown character as ERRORTOKEN.  Rather than
+    # wading through all that vomit, just eliminate the problem
+    # in the input by rewriting ± as +/-.
+    input_string = input_string.replace("±", "+/-")
+    toklist = tokens_with_lookahead(_plain_tokenizer(input_string))
+    for tokinfo in toklist:
+        line = tokinfo.line
+        start = tokinfo.start
+        if (
+            tokinfo.string == "+"
+            and toklist.lookahead(0).string == "/"
+            and toklist.lookahead(1).string == "-"
+        ):
+            plus_minus_op = tokenize.TokenInfo(
+                type=tokenlib.OP,
+                string="+/-",
+                start=start,
+                end=toklist.lookahead(1).end,
+                line=line,
+            )
+            for i in range(-1, 1):
+                next(toklist)
+            yield plus_minus_op
+        elif (
+            tokinfo.string == "("
+            and ((seen_minus := 1 if toklist.lookahead(0).string == "-" else 0) or True)
+            and _number_or_nan(toklist.lookahead(seen_minus))
+            and toklist.lookahead(seen_minus + 1).string == "+"
+            and toklist.lookahead(seen_minus + 2).string == "/"
+            and toklist.lookahead(seen_minus + 3).string == "-"
+            and _number_or_nan(toklist.lookahead(seen_minus + 4))
+            and toklist.lookahead(seen_minus + 5).string == ")"
+        ):
+            # ( NUM_OR_NAN +/- NUM_OR_NAN ) POSSIBLE_E_NOTATION
+            possible_e = _get_possible_e(toklist, seen_minus + 6)
+            if possible_e:
+                end = possible_e.end
+            else:
+                end = toklist.lookahead(seen_minus + 5).end
+            if seen_minus:
+                minus_op = next(toklist)
+                yield minus_op
+            nominal_value = next(toklist)
+            tokinfo = next(toklist)  # consume '+'
+            next(toklist)  # consume '/'
+            plus_minus_op = tokenize.TokenInfo(
+                type=tokenlib.OP,
+                string="+/-",
+                start=tokinfo.start,
+                end=next(toklist).end,  # consume '-'
+                line=line,
+            )
+            std_dev = next(toklist)
+            next(toklist)  # consume final ')'
+            if possible_e:
+                nominal_value, std_dev = _finalize_e(
+                    nominal_value, std_dev, toklist, possible_e
+                )
+            yield nominal_value
+            yield plus_minus_op
+            yield std_dev
+        elif (
+            tokinfo.type == tokenlib.NUMBER
+            and toklist.lookahead(0).string == "("
+            and toklist.lookahead(1).type == tokenlib.NUMBER
+            and toklist.lookahead(2).string == ")"
+        ):
+            # NUM_OR_NAN ( NUM_OR_NAN ) POSSIBLE_E_NOTATION
+            possible_e = _get_possible_e(toklist, 3)
+            if possible_e:
+                end = possible_e.end
+            else:
+                end = toklist.lookahead(2).end
+            nominal_value = tokinfo
+            tokinfo = next(toklist)  # consume '('
+            plus_minus_op = tokenize.TokenInfo(
+                type=tokenlib.OP,
+                string="+/-",
+                start=tokinfo.start,
+                end=tokinfo.end,  # this is funky because there's no "+/-" in nominal(std_dev) notation
+                line=line,
+            )
+            std_dev = next(toklist)
+            if "." not in std_dev.string:
+                std_dev = tokenize.TokenInfo(
+                    type=std_dev.type,
+                    string="0." + std_dev.string,
+                    start=std_dev.start,
+                    end=std_dev.end,
+                    line=line,
+                )
+            next(toklist)  # consume final ')'
+            if possible_e:
+                nominal_value, std_dev = _finalize_e(
+                    nominal_value, std_dev, toklist, possible_e
+                )
+            yield nominal_value
+            yield plus_minus_op
+            yield std_dev
+        else:
+            yield tokinfo
+
+
+if HAS_UNCERTAINTIES:
+    tokenizer = uncertainty_tokenizer
+else:
+    tokenizer = _plain_tokenizer
+
+import typing
+
+UnaryOpT = typing.Callable[
+    [
+        Any,
+    ],
+    Any,
+]
+BinaryOpT = typing.Callable[[Any, Any], Any]
+
+_UNARY_OPERATOR_MAP: dict[str, UnaryOpT] = {"+": lambda x: x, "-": lambda x: x * -1}
+
+_BINARY_OPERATOR_MAP: dict[str, BinaryOpT] = {
+    "+/-": _ufloat,
+    "**": _power,
+    "*": operator.mul,
+    "": operator.mul,  # operator for implicit ops
+    "/": operator.truediv,
+    "+": operator.add,
+    "-": operator.sub,
+    "%": operator.mod,
+    "//": operator.floordiv,
+}
+
+
+class EvalTreeNode:
+    """Single node within an evaluation tree
+
+    left + operator + right --> binary op
+    left + operator --> unary op
+    left + right --> implicit op
+    left --> single value
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        left: EvalTreeNode | TokenInfo,
+        operator: TokenInfo | None = None,
+        right: EvalTreeNode | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.left = left
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.right = right
+
+    def to_string(self) -> str:
+        # For debugging purposes
+        if self.right:
+            assert isinstance(self.left, EvalTreeNode), "self.left not EvalTreeNode (1)"
+            comps = [self.left.to_string()]
+            if self.operator:
+                comps.append(self.operator.string)
+            comps.append(self.right.to_string())
+        elif self.operator:
+            assert isinstance(self.left, EvalTreeNode), "self.left not EvalTreeNode (2)"
+            comps = [self.operator.string, self.left.to_string()]
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(self.left, TokenInfo), "self.left not TokenInfo (1)"
+            return self.left.string
+        return "(%s)" % " ".join(comps)
+
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        define_op: typing.Callable[
+            [
+                Any,
+            ],
+            Any,
+        ],
+        bin_op: dict[str, BinaryOpT] | None = None,
+        un_op: dict[str, UnaryOpT] | None = None,
+    ):
+        """Evaluate node.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        define_op : callable
+            Translates tokens into objects.
+        bin_op : dict or None, optional
+             (Default value = _BINARY_OPERATOR_MAP)
+        un_op : dict or None, optional
+             (Default value = _UNARY_OPERATOR_MAP)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+
+        """
+
+        bin_op = bin_op or _BINARY_OPERATOR_MAP
+        un_op = un_op or _UNARY_OPERATOR_MAP
+
+        if self.right:
+            assert isinstance(self.left, EvalTreeNode), "self.left not EvalTreeNode (3)"
+            # binary or implicit operator
+            op_text = self.operator.string if self.operator else ""
+            if op_text not in bin_op:
+                raise DefinitionSyntaxError(f"missing binary operator '{op_text}'")
+
+            return bin_op[op_text](
+                self.left.evaluate(define_op, bin_op, un_op),
+                self.right.evaluate(define_op, bin_op, un_op),
+            )
+        elif self.operator:
+            assert isinstance(self.left, EvalTreeNode), "self.left not EvalTreeNode (4)"
+            # unary operator
+            op_text = self.operator.string
+            if op_text not in un_op:
+                raise DefinitionSyntaxError(f"missing unary operator '{op_text}'")
+            return un_op[op_text](self.left.evaluate(define_op, bin_op, un_op))
+
+        # single value
+        return define_op(self.left)
+
+
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+
+
+def _build_eval_tree(
+    tokens: list[TokenInfo],
+    op_priority: dict[str, int],
+    index: int = 0,
+    depth: int = 0,
+    prev_op: str = "<none>",
+) -> tuple[EvalTreeNode, int]:
+    """Build an evaluation tree from a set of tokens.
+
+    Params:
+    Index, depth, and prev_op used recursively, so don't touch.
+    Tokens is an iterable of tokens from an expression to be evaluated.
+
+    Transform the tokens from an expression into a recursive parse tree, following order
+    of operations. Operations can include binary ops (3 + 4), implicit ops (3 kg), or
+    unary ops (-1).
+
+    General Strategy:
+    1) Get left side of operator
+    2) If no tokens left, return final result
+    3) Get operator
+    4) Use recursion to create tree starting at token on right side of operator (start at step #1)
+    4.1) If recursive call encounters an operator with lower or equal priority to step #2, exit recursion
+    5) Combine left side, operator, and right side into a new left side
+    6) Go back to step #2
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    DefinitionSyntaxError
+        If there is a syntax error.
+
+    """
+
+    result = None
+
+    while True:
+        current_token = tokens[index]
+        token_type = current_token.type
+        token_text = current_token.string
+
+        if token_type == tokenlib.OP:
+            if token_text == ")":
+                if prev_op == "<none>":
+                    raise DefinitionSyntaxError(
+                        f"unopened parentheses in tokens: {current_token}"
+                    )
+                elif prev_op == "(":
+                    # close parenthetical group
+                    assert result is not None
+                    return result, index
+                else:
+                    # parenthetical group ending, but we need to close sub-operations within group
+                    assert result is not None
+                    return result, index - 1
+            elif token_text == "(":
+                # gather parenthetical group
+                right, index = _build_eval_tree(
+                    tokens, op_priority, index + 1, 0, token_text
+                )
+                if not tokens[index][1] == ")":
+                    raise DefinitionSyntaxError("weird exit from parentheses")
+                if result:
+                    # implicit op with a parenthetical group, i.e. "3 (kg ** 2)"
+                    result = EvalTreeNode(left=result, right=right)
+                else:
+                    # get first token
+                    result = right
+            elif token_text in op_priority:
+                if result:
+                    # equal-priority operators are grouped in a left-to-right order,
+                    # unless they're exponentiation, in which case they're grouped
+                    # right-to-left this allows us to get the expected behavior for
+                    # multiple exponents
+                    #     (2^3^4)  --> (2^(3^4))
+                    #     (2 * 3 / 4) --> ((2 * 3) / 4)
+                    if op_priority[token_text] <= op_priority.get(
+                        prev_op, -1
+                    ) and token_text not in ("**", "^"):
+                        # previous operator is higher priority, so end previous binary op
+                        return result, index - 1
+                    # get right side of binary op
+                    right, index = _build_eval_tree(
+                        tokens, op_priority, index + 1, depth + 1, token_text
+                    )
+                    result = EvalTreeNode(
+                        left=result, operator=current_token, right=right
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # unary operator
+                    right, index = _build_eval_tree(
+                        tokens, op_priority, index + 1, depth + 1, "unary"
+                    )
+                    result = EvalTreeNode(left=right, operator=current_token)
+        elif token_type in (tokenlib.NUMBER, tokenlib.NAME):
+            if result:
+                # tokens with an implicit operation i.e. "1 kg"
+                if op_priority[""] <= op_priority.get(prev_op, -1):
+                    # previous operator is higher priority than implicit, so end
+                    # previous binary op
+                    return result, index - 1
+                right, index = _build_eval_tree(
+                    tokens, op_priority, index, depth + 1, ""
+                )
+                result = EvalTreeNode(left=result, right=right)
+            else:
+                # get first token
+                result = EvalTreeNode(left=current_token)
+
+        if tokens[index][0] == tokenlib.ENDMARKER:
+            if prev_op == "(":
+                raise DefinitionSyntaxError("unclosed parentheses in tokens")
+            if depth > 0 or prev_op:
+                # have to close recursion
+                assert result is not None
+                return result, index
+            else:
+                # recursion all closed, so just return the final result
+                assert result is not None
+                return result, -1
+
+        if index + 1 >= len(tokens):
+            # should hit ENDMARKER before this ever happens
+            raise DefinitionSyntaxError("unexpected end to tokens")
+
+        index += 1
+
+
+def build_eval_tree(
+    tokens: Iterable[TokenInfo],
+    op_priority: dict[str, int] | None = None,
+) -> EvalTreeNode:
+    """Build an evaluation tree from a set of tokens.
+
+    Params:
+    Index, depth, and prev_op used recursively, so don't touch.
+    Tokens is an iterable of tokens from an expression to be evaluated.
+
+    Transform the tokens from an expression into a recursive parse tree, following order
+    of operations. Operations can include binary ops (3 + 4), implicit ops (3 kg), or
+    unary ops (-1).
+
+    General Strategy:
+    1) Get left side of operator
+    2) If no tokens left, return final result
+    3) Get operator
+    4) Use recursion to create tree starting at token on right side of operator (start at step #1)
+    4.1) If recursive call encounters an operator with lower or equal priority to step #2, exit recursion
+    5) Combine left side, operator, and right side into a new left side
+    6) Go back to step #2
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    DefinitionSyntaxError
+        If there is a syntax error.
+
+    """
+
+    if op_priority is None:
+        op_priority = _OP_PRIORITY
+
+    if not isinstance(tokens, list):
+        # ensure tokens is list so we can access by index
+        tokens = list(tokens)
+
+    result, _ = _build_eval_tree(tokens, op_priority, 0, 0)
+
+    return result

datasette/vendored/pint/registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+"""
+    pint.registry
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Defines the UnitRegistry, a class to contain units and their relations.
+
+    This registry contains all pint capabilities, but you can build your
+    customized registry by picking only the features that you actually
+    need.
+
+    :copyright: 2022 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Generic
+
+from . import facets, registry_helpers
+from .compat import TypeAlias
+from .util import logger, pi_theorem
+
+# To build the Quantity and Unit classes
+# we follow the UnitRegistry bases
+# but
+
+
+class Quantity(
+    facets.SystemRegistry.Quantity,
+    facets.ContextRegistry.Quantity,
+    facets.DaskRegistry.Quantity,
+    facets.NumpyRegistry.Quantity,
+    facets.MeasurementRegistry.Quantity,
+    facets.NonMultiplicativeRegistry.Quantity,
+    facets.PlainRegistry.Quantity,
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class Unit(
+    facets.SystemRegistry.Unit,
+    facets.ContextRegistry.Unit,
+    facets.DaskRegistry.Unit,
+    facets.NumpyRegistry.Unit,
+    facets.MeasurementRegistry.Unit,
+    facets.NonMultiplicativeRegistry.Unit,
+    facets.PlainRegistry.Unit,
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class GenericUnitRegistry(
+    Generic[facets.QuantityT, facets.UnitT],
+    facets.GenericSystemRegistry[facets.QuantityT, facets.UnitT],
+    facets.GenericContextRegistry[facets.QuantityT, facets.UnitT],
+    facets.GenericDaskRegistry[facets.QuantityT, facets.UnitT],
+    facets.GenericNumpyRegistry[facets.QuantityT, facets.UnitT],
+    facets.GenericMeasurementRegistry[facets.QuantityT, facets.UnitT],
+    facets.GenericNonMultiplicativeRegistry[facets.QuantityT, facets.UnitT],
+    facets.GenericPlainRegistry[facets.QuantityT, facets.UnitT],
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class UnitRegistry(GenericUnitRegistry[Quantity, Unit]):
+    """The unit registry stores the definitions and relationships between units.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    filename :
+        path of the units definition file to load or line-iterable object.
+        Empty string to load the default definition file. (default)
+        None to leave the UnitRegistry empty.
+    force_ndarray : bool
+        convert any input, scalar or not to a numpy.ndarray.
+        (Default: False)
+    force_ndarray_like : bool
+        convert all inputs other than duck arrays to a numpy.ndarray.
+        (Default: False)
+    default_as_delta :
+        In the context of a multiplication of units, interpret
+        non-multiplicative units as their *delta* counterparts.
+        (Default: False)
+    autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit :
+        If True converts offset units in quantities are
+        converted to their plain units in multiplicative
+        context. If False no conversion happens. (Default: False)
+    on_redefinition : str
+        action to take in case a unit is redefined.
+        'warn', 'raise', 'ignore' (Default: 'raise')
+    auto_reduce_dimensions :
+        If True, reduce dimensionality on appropriate operations.
+        (Default: False)
+    autoconvert_to_preferred :
+        If True, converts preferred units on appropriate operations.
+        (Default: False)
+    preprocessors :
+        list of callables which are iteratively ran on any input expression
+        or unit string or None for no preprocessor.
+        (Default=None)
+    fmt_locale :
+        locale identifier string, used in `format_babel` or None.
+        (Default=None)
+    case_sensitive : bool, optional
+        Control default case sensitivity of unit parsing. (Default: True)
+    cache_folder : str or pathlib.Path or None, optional
+        Specify the folder in which cache files are saved and loaded from.
+        If None, the cache is disabled. (default)
+    """
+
+    Quantity: TypeAlias = Quantity
+    Unit: TypeAlias = Unit
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        filename="",
+        force_ndarray: bool = False,
+        force_ndarray_like: bool = False,
+        default_as_delta: bool = True,
+        autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit: bool = False,
+        on_redefinition: str = "warn",
+        system=None,
+        auto_reduce_dimensions=False,
+        autoconvert_to_preferred=False,
+        preprocessors=None,
+        fmt_locale=None,
+        non_int_type=float,
+        case_sensitive: bool = True,
+        cache_folder=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            filename=filename,
+            force_ndarray=force_ndarray,
+            force_ndarray_like=force_ndarray_like,
+            on_redefinition=on_redefinition,
+            default_as_delta=default_as_delta,
+            autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit=autoconvert_offset_to_baseunit,
+            system=system,
+            auto_reduce_dimensions=auto_reduce_dimensions,
+            autoconvert_to_preferred=autoconvert_to_preferred,
+            preprocessors=preprocessors,
+            fmt_locale=fmt_locale,
+            non_int_type=non_int_type,
+            case_sensitive=case_sensitive,
+            cache_folder=cache_folder,
+        )
+
+    def pi_theorem(self, quantities):
+        """Builds dimensionless quantities using the Buckingham π theorem
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        quantities : dict
+            mapping between variable name and units
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        list
+            a list of dimensionless quantities expressed as dicts
+
+        """
+        return pi_theorem(quantities, self)
+
+    def setup_matplotlib(self, enable: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Set up handlers for matplotlib's unit support.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        enable : bool
+            whether support should be enabled or disabled (Default value = True)
+
+        """
+        # Delays importing matplotlib until it's actually requested
+        from .matplotlib import setup_matplotlib_handlers
+
+        setup_matplotlib_handlers(self, enable)
+
+    wraps = registry_helpers.wraps
+
+    check = registry_helpers.check
+
+
+class LazyRegistry(Generic[facets.QuantityT, facets.UnitT]):
+    def __init__(self, args=None, kwargs=None):
+        self.__dict__["params"] = args or (), kwargs or {}
+
+    def __init(self):
+        args, kwargs = self.__dict__["params"]
+        kwargs["on_redefinition"] = "raise"
+        self.__class__ = UnitRegistry
+        self.__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._after_init()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item == "_on_redefinition":
+            return "raise"
+        self.__init()
+        return getattr(self, item)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+        if key == "__class__":
+            super().__setattr__(key, value)
+        else:
+            self.__init()
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        self.__init()
+        return self[item]
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.__init()
+        return self(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ApplicationRegistry:
+    """A wrapper class used to distribute changes to the application registry."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["_registry"]
+
+    def __init__(self, registry):
+        self._registry = registry
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Get the wrapped registry"""
+        return self._registry
+
+    def set(self, new_registry):
+        """Set the new registry
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        new_registry : ApplicationRegistry or LazyRegistry or UnitRegistry
+            The new registry.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        set_application_registry
+        """
+        if isinstance(new_registry, type(self)):
+            new_registry = new_registry.get()
+
+        if not isinstance(new_registry, (LazyRegistry, UnitRegistry)):
+            raise TypeError("Expected UnitRegistry; got %s" % type(new_registry))
+        logger.debug(
+            "Changing app registry from %r to %r.", self._registry, new_registry
+        )
+        self._registry = new_registry
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._registry, name)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        if name in self.__slots__:
+            super().__setattr__(name, value)
+        else:
+            setattr(self._registry, name, value)
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return dir(self._registry)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return self._registry[item]
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self._registry(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self._registry.__contains__(item)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._registry)

datasette/vendored/pint/registry_helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+"""
+    pint.registry_helpers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Miscellaneous methods of the registry written as separate functions.
+
+    :copyright: 2016 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details..
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from inspect import Parameter, signature
+from itertools import zip_longest
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar
+
+from ._typing import F
+from .errors import DimensionalityError
+from .util import UnitsContainer, to_units_container
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import Quantity, Unit
+    from .registry import UnitRegistry
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+def _replace_units(original_units, values_by_name):
+    """Convert a unit compatible type to a UnitsContainer.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    original_units :
+        a UnitsContainer instance.
+    values_by_name :
+        a map between original names and the new values.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+
+    """
+    q = 1
+    for arg_name, exponent in original_units.items():
+        q = q * values_by_name[arg_name] ** exponent
+
+    return getattr(q, "_units", UnitsContainer({}))
+
+
+def _to_units_container(a, registry=None):
+    """Convert a unit compatible type to a UnitsContainer,
+    checking if it is string field prefixed with an equal
+    (which is considered a reference)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a :
+
+    registry :
+         (Default value = None)
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    UnitsContainer, bool
+
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(a, str) and "=" in a:
+        return to_units_container(a.split("=", 1)[1]), True
+    return to_units_container(a, registry), False
+
+
+def _parse_wrap_args(args, registry=None):
+    # Arguments which contain definitions
+    # (i.e. names that appear alone and for the first time)
+    defs_args = set()
+    defs_args_ndx = set()
+
+    # Arguments which depend on others
+    dependent_args_ndx = set()
+
+    # Arguments which have units.
+    unit_args_ndx = set()
+
+    # _to_units_container
+    args_as_uc = [_to_units_container(arg, registry) for arg in args]
+
+    # Check for references in args, remove None values
+    for ndx, (arg, is_ref) in enumerate(args_as_uc):
+        if arg is None:
+            continue
+        elif is_ref:
+            if len(arg) == 1:
+                [(key, value)] = arg.items()
+                if value == 1 and key not in defs_args:
+                    # This is the first time that
+                    # a variable is used => it is a definition.
+                    defs_args.add(key)
+                    defs_args_ndx.add(ndx)
+                    args_as_uc[ndx] = (key, True)
+                else:
+                    # The variable was already found elsewhere,
+                    # we consider it a dependent variable.
+                    dependent_args_ndx.add(ndx)
+            else:
+                dependent_args_ndx.add(ndx)
+        else:
+            unit_args_ndx.add(ndx)
+
+    # Check that all valid dependent variables
+    for ndx in dependent_args_ndx:
+        arg, is_ref = args_as_uc[ndx]
+        if not isinstance(arg, dict):
+            continue
+        if not set(arg.keys()) <= defs_args:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Found a missing token while wrapping a function: "
+                "Not all variable referenced in %s are defined using !" % args[ndx]
+            )
+
+    def _converter(ureg, sig, values, kw, strict):
+        len_initial_values = len(values)
+
+        # pack kwargs
+        for i, param_name in enumerate(sig.parameters):
+            if i >= len_initial_values:
+                values.append(kw[param_name])
+
+        values_by_name = {}
+
+        # first pass: Grab named values
+        for ndx in defs_args_ndx:
+            value = values[ndx]
+            values_by_name[args_as_uc[ndx][0]] = value
+            values[ndx] = getattr(value, "_magnitude", value)
+
+        # second pass: calculate derived values based on named values
+        for ndx in dependent_args_ndx:
+            value = values[ndx]
+            assert _replace_units(args_as_uc[ndx][0], values_by_name) is not None
+            values[ndx] = ureg._convert(
+                getattr(value, "_magnitude", value),
+                getattr(value, "_units", UnitsContainer({})),
+                _replace_units(args_as_uc[ndx][0], values_by_name),
+            )
+
+        # third pass: convert other arguments
+        for ndx in unit_args_ndx:
+            if isinstance(values[ndx], ureg.Quantity):
+                values[ndx] = ureg._convert(
+                    values[ndx]._magnitude, values[ndx]._units, args_as_uc[ndx][0]
+                )
+            else:
+                if strict:
+                    if isinstance(values[ndx], str):
+                        # if the value is a string, we try to parse it
+                        tmp_value = ureg.parse_expression(values[ndx])
+                        values[ndx] = ureg._convert(
+                            tmp_value._magnitude, tmp_value._units, args_as_uc[ndx][0]
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "A wrapped function using strict=True requires "
+                            "quantity or a string for all arguments with not None units. "
+                            "(error found for {}, {})".format(
+                                args_as_uc[ndx][0], values[ndx]
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        # unpack kwargs
+        for i, param_name in enumerate(sig.parameters):
+            if i >= len_initial_values:
+                kw[param_name] = values[i]
+
+        return values[:len_initial_values], kw, values_by_name
+
+    return _converter
+
+
+def _apply_defaults(sig, args, kwargs):
+    """Apply default keyword arguments.
+
+    Named keywords may have been left blank. This function applies the default
+    values so that every argument is defined.
+    """
+
+    for i, param in enumerate(sig.parameters.values()):
+        if (
+            i >= len(args)
+            and param.default != Parameter.empty
+            and param.name not in kwargs
+        ):
+            kwargs[param.name] = param.default
+    return list(args), kwargs
+
+
+def wraps(
+    ureg: UnitRegistry,
+    ret: str | Unit | Iterable[str | Unit | None] | None,
+    args: str | Unit | Iterable[str | Unit | None] | None,
+    strict: bool = True,
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Quantity]]:
+    """Wraps a function to become pint-aware.
+
+    Use it when a function requires a numerical value but in some specific
+    units. The wrapper function will take a pint quantity, convert to the units
+    specified in `args` and then call the wrapped function with the resulting
+    magnitude.
+
+    The value returned by the wrapped function will be converted to the units
+    specified in `ret`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ureg : pint.UnitRegistry
+        a UnitRegistry instance.
+    ret : str, pint.Unit, or iterable of str or pint.Unit
+        Units of each of the return values. Use `None` to skip argument conversion.
+    args : str, pint.Unit, or iterable of str or pint.Unit
+        Units of each of the input arguments. Use `None` to skip argument conversion.
+    strict : bool
+        Indicates that only quantities are accepted. (Default value = True)
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    callable
+        the wrapper function.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    TypeError
+        if the number of given arguments does not match the number of function parameters.
+        if any of the provided arguments is not a unit a string or Quantity
+
+    """
+
+    if not isinstance(args, (list, tuple)):
+        args = (args,)
+
+    for arg in args:
+        if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, (ureg.Unit, str)):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "wraps arguments must by of type str or Unit, not %s (%s)"
+                % (type(arg), arg)
+            )
+
+    converter = _parse_wrap_args(args)
+
+    is_ret_container = isinstance(ret, (list, tuple))
+    if is_ret_container:
+        for arg in ret:
+            if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, (ureg.Unit, str)):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "wraps 'ret' argument must by of type str or Unit, not %s (%s)"
+                    % (type(arg), arg)
+                )
+        ret = ret.__class__([_to_units_container(arg, ureg) for arg in ret])
+    else:
+        if ret is not None and not isinstance(ret, (ureg.Unit, str)):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "wraps 'ret' argument must by of type str or Unit, not %s (%s)"
+                % (type(ret), ret)
+            )
+        ret = _to_units_container(ret, ureg)
+
+    def decorator(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Quantity]:
+        sig = signature(func)
+        count_params = len(sig.parameters)
+        if len(args) != count_params:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%s takes %i parameters, but %i units were passed"
+                % (func.__name__, count_params, len(args))
+            )
+
+        assigned = tuple(
+            attr for attr in functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS if hasattr(func, attr)
+        )
+        updated = tuple(
+            attr for attr in functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES if hasattr(func, attr)
+        )
+
+        @functools.wraps(func, assigned=assigned, updated=updated)
+        def wrapper(*values, **kw) -> Quantity:
+            values, kw = _apply_defaults(sig, values, kw)
+
+            # In principle, the values are used as is
+            # When then extract the magnitudes when needed.
+            new_values, new_kw, values_by_name = converter(
+                ureg, sig, values, kw, strict
+            )
+
+            result = func(*new_values, **new_kw)
+
+            if is_ret_container:
+                out_units = (
+                    _replace_units(r, values_by_name) if is_ref else r
+                    for (r, is_ref) in ret
+                )
+                return ret.__class__(
+                    res if unit is None else ureg.Quantity(res, unit)
+                    for unit, res in zip_longest(out_units, result)
+                )
+
+            if ret[0] is None:
+                return result
+
+            return ureg.Quantity(
+                result, _replace_units(ret[0], values_by_name) if ret[1] else ret[0]
+            )
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def check(
+    ureg: UnitRegistry, *args: str | UnitsContainer | Unit | None
+) -> Callable[[F], F]:
+    """Decorator to for quantity type checking for function inputs.
+
+    Use it to ensure that the decorated function input parameters match
+    the expected dimension of pint quantity.
+
+    The wrapper function raises:
+      - `pint.DimensionalityError` if an argument doesn't match the required dimensions.
+
+    ureg : UnitRegistry
+        a UnitRegistry instance.
+    args : str or UnitContainer or None
+        Dimensions of each of the input arguments.
+        Use `None` to skip argument conversion.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    callable
+        the wrapped function.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    TypeError
+        If the number of given dimensions does not match the number of function
+        parameters.
+    ValueError
+        If the any of the provided dimensions cannot be parsed as a dimension.
+    """
+    dimensions = [
+        ureg.get_dimensionality(dim) if dim is not None else None for dim in args
+    ]
+
+    def decorator(func):
+        sig = signature(func)
+        count_params = len(sig.parameters)
+        if len(dimensions) != count_params:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%s takes %i parameters, but %i dimensions were passed"
+                % (func.__name__, count_params, len(dimensions))
+            )
+
+        assigned = tuple(
+            attr for attr in functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS if hasattr(func, attr)
+        )
+        updated = tuple(
+            attr for attr in functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES if hasattr(func, attr)
+        )
+
+        @functools.wraps(func, assigned=assigned, updated=updated)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            list_args, kw = _apply_defaults(sig, args, kwargs)
+
+            for i, param_name in enumerate(sig.parameters):
+                if i >= len(args):
+                    list_args.append(kw[param_name])
+
+            for dim, value in zip(dimensions, list_args):
+                if dim is None:
+                    continue
+
+                if not ureg.Quantity(value).check(dim):
+                    val_dim = ureg.get_dimensionality(value)
+                    raise DimensionalityError(value, "a quantity of", val_dim, dim)
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator

datasette/vendored/pint/toktest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import tokenize
+
+from datasette.vendored.pint.pint_eval import _plain_tokenizer, uncertainty_tokenizer
+
+tokenizer = _plain_tokenizer
+
+input_lines = [
+    "( 8.0 + / - 4.0 ) e6 m",
+    "( 8.0 ± 4.0 ) e6 m",
+    "( 8.0 + / - 4.0 ) e-6 m",
+    "( nan + / - 0 ) e6 m",
+    "( nan ± 4.0 ) m",
+    "8.0 + / - 4.0 m",
+    "8.0 ± 4.0 m",
+    "8.0(4)m",
+    "8.0(.4)m",
+    "8.0(-4)m",  # error!
+    "pint == wonderfulness ^ N + - + / - * ± m J s",
+]
+
+for line in input_lines:
+    result = []
+    g = list(uncertainty_tokenizer(line))  # tokenize the string
+    for toknum, tokval, _, _, _ in g:
+        result.append((toknum, tokval))
+
+    print("====")
+    print(f"input line: {line}")
+    print(result)
+    print(tokenize.untokenize(result))

datasette/vendored/pint/xtranslated.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+# a few unit definitions added to use the translations by unicode cldr
+
+dietary_calorie = 1000 * calorie = Cal = Calorie
+metric_cup = liter / 4
+square_meter = meter ** 2 = sq_m
+square_kilometer = kilometer ** 2 = sq_km
+mile_scandinavian = 10000 * meter
+cubic_mile = 1 * mile ** 3 = cu_mile = cubic_miles
+cubic_meter = 1 * meter ** 3 = cu_m
+cubic_kilometer = 1 * kilometer ** 3 = cu_km
+
+[consumption] = [volume] / [length]
+liter_per_kilometer = liter / kilometer
+liter_per_100kilometers = liter / (100 * kilometers)
+
+[US_consumption] = [length] / [volume]
+MPG = mile / gallon

datasette/version.py

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-__version__ = "0.63.1"
+__version__ = "0.65.1"
 __version_info__ = tuple(__version__.split("."))

datasette/views/base.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import urllib
 from markupsafe import escape
 
 
-import pint
+from datasette.vendored import pint
 
 from datasette import __version__
 from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
@@ -308,9 +308,11 @@ class DataView(BaseView):
                                     if cell is None:
                                         new_row.extend(("", ""))
                                     else:
-                                        assert isinstance(cell, dict)
+                                        if not isinstance(cell, dict):
-                                        new_row.append(cell["value"])
+                                            new_row.extend((cell, ""))
-                                        new_row.append(cell["label"])
+                                        else:
+                                            new_row.append(cell["value"])
+                                            new_row.append(cell["label"])
                                 else:
                                     new_row.append(cell)
                             await writer.writerow(new_row)
@@ -340,7 +342,7 @@ class DataView(BaseView):
         try:
             db = self.ds.get_database(route=database_route)
         except KeyError:
-            raise NotFound("Database not found: {}".format(database_route))
+            raise NotFound("Database not found")
         database = db.name
 
         _format = request.url_vars["format"]

datasette/views/database.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class DatabaseView(DataView):
         try:
             db = self.ds.get_database(route=database_route)
         except KeyError:
-            raise NotFound("Database not found: {}".format(database_route))
+            raise NotFound("Database not found")
         database = db.name
 
         visible, private = await self.ds.check_visibility(
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class QueryView(DataView):
         try:
             db = self.ds.get_database(route=database_route)
         except KeyError:
-            raise NotFound("Database not found: {}".format(database_route))
+            raise NotFound("Database not found")
         database = db.name
         params = {key: request.args.get(key) for key in request.args}
         if "sql" in params:
@@ -431,9 +431,11 @@ class QueryView(DataView):
                             display_value = markupsafe.Markup(
                                 '<a class="blob-download" href="{}"{}>&lt;Binary:&nbsp;{:,}&nbsp;byte{}&gt;</a>'.format(
                                     blob_url,
-                                    ' title="{}"'.format(formatted)
+                                    (
-                                    if "bytes" not in formatted
+                                        ' title="{}"'.format(formatted)
-                                    else "",
+                                        if "bytes" not in formatted
+                                        else ""
+                                    ),
                                     len(value),
                                     "" if len(value) == 1 else "s",
                                 )

datasette/views/index.py

@@ -105,9 +105,11 @@ class IndexView(BaseView):
                 {
                     "name": name,
                     "hash": db.hash,
-                    "color": db.hash[:6]
+                    "color": (
-                    if db.hash
+                        db.hash[:6]
-                    else hashlib.md5(name.encode("utf8")).hexdigest()[:6],
+                        if db.hash
+                        else hashlib.md5(name.encode("utf8")).hexdigest()[:6]
+                    ),
                     "path": self.ds.urls.database(name),
                     "tables_and_views_truncated": tables_and_views_truncated,
                     "tables_and_views_more": (len(visible_tables) + len(views))

datasette/views/row.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class RowView(DataView):
         try:
             db = self.ds.get_database(route=database_route)
         except KeyError:
-            raise NotFound("Database not found: {}".format(database_route))
+            raise NotFound("Database not found")
         database = db.name
 
         # Ensure user has permission to view this row
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ class RowView(DataView):
         try:
             db = self.ds.get_database(route=database_route)
         except KeyError:
-            raise NotFound("Database not found: {}".format(database_route))
+            raise NotFound("Database not found")
         database = db.name
         sql, params, pks = await _sql_params_pks(db, table, pk_values)
         results = await db.execute(sql, params, truncate=True)
         columns = [r[0] for r in results.description]
         rows = list(results.rows)
         if not rows:
-            raise NotFound(f"Record not found: {pk_values}")
+            raise NotFound(f"Record not found")
 
         async def template_data():
             display_columns, display_rows = await display_columns_and_rows(

datasette/views/table.py

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class TableView(DataView):
         try:
             db = self.ds.get_database(route=database_route)
         except KeyError:
-            raise NotFound("Database not found: {}".format(database_route))
+            raise NotFound("Database not found")
         database_name = db.name
         table_name = tilde_decode(request.url_vars["table"])
         # Handle POST to a canned query
@@ -169,23 +169,17 @@ class TableView(DataView):
         try:
             db = self.ds.get_database(route=database_route)
         except KeyError:
-            raise NotFound("Database not found: {}".format(database_route))
+            raise NotFound("Database not found")
         database_name = db.name
 
-        # For performance profiling purposes, ?_noparallel=1 turns off asyncio.gather
+        # We always now run queries sequentially, rather than with asyncio.gather() -
-        async def _gather_parallel(*args):
+        # see https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/2189
-            return await asyncio.gather(*args)
+        async def gather(*args):
-
-        async def _gather_sequential(*args):
             results = []
             for fn in args:
                 results.append(await fn)
             return results
 
-        gather = (
-            _gather_sequential if request.args.get("_noparallel") else _gather_parallel
-        )
-
         # If this is a canned query, not a table, then dispatch to QueryView instead
         canned_query = await self.ds.get_canned_query(
             database_name, table_name, request.actor
@@ -210,7 +204,7 @@ class TableView(DataView):
 
         # If table or view not found, return 404
         if not is_view and not table_exists:
-            raise NotFound(f"Table not found: {table_name}")
+            raise NotFound(f"Table not found")
 
         # Ensure user has permission to view this table
         visible, private = await self.ds.check_visibility(
@@ -345,9 +339,11 @@ class TableView(DataView):
 
         from_sql = "from {table_name} {where}".format(
             table_name=escape_sqlite(table_name),
-            where=("where {} ".format(" and ".join(where_clauses)))
+            where=(
-            if where_clauses
+                ("where {} ".format(" and ".join(where_clauses)))
-            else "",
+                if where_clauses
+                else ""
+            ),
         )
         # Copy of params so we can mutate them later:
         from_sql_params = dict(**params)
@@ -412,10 +408,12 @@ class TableView(DataView):
                                 column=escape_sqlite(sort or sort_desc),
                                 op=">" if sort else "<",
                                 p=len(params),
-                                extra_desc_only=""
+                                extra_desc_only=(
-                                if sort
+                                    ""
-                                else " or {column2} is null".format(
+                                    if sort
-                                    column2=escape_sqlite(sort or sort_desc)
+                                    else " or {column2} is null".format(
+                                        column2=escape_sqlite(sort or sort_desc)
+                                    )
                                 ),
                                 next_clauses=" and ".join(next_by_pk_clauses),
                             )
@@ -778,9 +776,9 @@ class TableView(DataView):
                 "metadata": metadata,
                 "view_definition": await db.get_view_definition(table_name),
                 "table_definition": await db.get_table_definition(table_name),
-                "datasette_allow_facet": "true"
+                "datasette_allow_facet": (
-                if self.ds.setting("allow_facet")
+                    "true" if self.ds.setting("allow_facet") else "false"
-                else "false",
+                ),
             }
             d.update(extra_context_from_filters)
             return d
@@ -939,9 +937,11 @@ async def display_columns_and_rows(
                             path_from_row_pks(row, pks, not pks),
                             column,
                         ),
-                        ' title="{}"'.format(formatted)
+                        (
-                        if "bytes" not in formatted
+                            ' title="{}"'.format(formatted)
-                        else "",
+                            if "bytes" not in formatted
+                            else ""
+                        ),
                         len(value),
                         "" if len(value) == 1 else "s",
                     )
@@ -992,9 +992,9 @@ async def display_columns_and_rows(
                     "column": column,
                     "value": display_value,
                     "raw": value,
-                    "value_type": "none"
+                    "value_type": (
-                    if value is None
+                        "none" if value is None else str(type(value).__name__)
-                    else str(type(value).__name__),
+                    ),
                 }
             )
         cell_rows.append(Row(cells))

docs/authentication.rst

@@ -307,7 +307,21 @@ To limit access to the ``add_name`` canned query in your ``dogs.db`` database to
 Controlling the ability to execute arbitrary SQL
 ------------------------------------------------
 
-The ``"allow_sql"`` block can be used to control who is allowed to execute arbitrary SQL queries, both using the form on the database page e.g. https://latest.datasette.io/fixtures or by appending a ``?_where=`` parameter to the table page as seen on https://latest.datasette.io/fixtures/facetable?_where=city_id=1.
+Datasette defaults to allowing any site visitor to execute their own custom SQL queries, for example using the form on `the database page <https://latest.datasette.io/fixtures>`__ or by appending a ``?_where=`` parameter to the table page `like this <https://latest.datasette.io/fixtures/facetable?_where=_city_id=1>`__.
+
+Access to this ability is controlled by the :ref:`permissions_execute_sql` permission.
+
+The easiest way to disable arbitrary SQL queries is using the :ref:`default_allow_sql setting <setting_default_allow_sql>` when you first start Datasette running.
+
+You can alternatively use an ``"allow_sql"`` block to control who is allowed to execute arbitrary SQL queries.
+
+To prevent any user from executing arbitrary SQL queries, use this:
+
+.. code-block:: json
+
+    {
+        "allow_sql": false
+    }
 
 To enable just the :ref:`root user<authentication_root>` to execute SQL for all databases in your instance, use the following:
 
@@ -515,7 +529,7 @@ Actor is allowed to run arbitrary SQL queries against a specific database, e.g.
 ``resource`` - string
     The name of the database
 
-Default *allow*.
+Default *allow*. See also :ref:`the default_allow_sql setting <setting_default_allow_sql>`.
 
 .. _permissions_permissions_debug:
 

docs/changelog.rst

@@ -4,6 +4,106 @@
 Changelog
 =========
 
+.. _v0_65_1:
+
+0.65.1 (2024-12-28)
+-------------------
+
+- Fixed bug with upgraded HTTPX 0.28.0 dependency. (:issue:`2443`)
+
+.. _v0_65:
+
+0.65 (2024-10-07)
+-----------------
+
+- Upgrade for compatibility with Python 3.13 (by vendoring Pint dependency). (:issue:`2434`)
+- Dropped support for Python 3.8.
+
+.. _v0_64_8:
+
+0.64.8 (2024-06-21)
+-------------------
+
+- Security improvement: 404 pages used to reflect content from the URL path, which could be used to display misleading information to Datasette users. 404 errors no longer display additional information from the URL. (:issue:`2359`)
+- Backported a better fix for correctly extracting named parameters from canned query SQL against SQLite 3.46.0. (:issue:`2353`)
+
+.. _v0_64_7:
+
+0.64.7 (2024-06-12)
+-------------------
+
+- Fixed a bug where canned queries with named parameters threw an error when run against SQLite 3.46.0. (:issue:`2353`)
+
+.. _v0_64_6:
+
+0.64.6 (2023-12-22)
+-------------------
+
+- Fixed a bug where CSV export with expanded labels could fail if a foreign key reference did not correctly resolve. (:issue:`2214`)
+
+.. _v0_64_5:
+
+0.64.5 (2023-10-08)
+-------------------
+
+- Dropped dependency on ``click-default-group-wheel``, which could cause a dependency conflict. (:issue:`2197`)
+
+.. _v0_64_4:
+
+0.64.4 (2023-09-21)
+-------------------
+
+- Fix for a crashing bug caused by viewing the table page for a named in-memory database. (:issue:`2189`)
+
+.. _v0_64_3:
+
+0.64.3 (2023-04-27)
+-------------------
+
+- Added ``pip`` and ``setuptools`` as explicit dependencies. This fixes a bug where Datasette could not be installed using `Rye <https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye>`__. (:issue:`2065`)
+
+.. _v0_64_2:
+
+0.64.2 (2023-03-08)
+-------------------
+
+- Fixed a bug with ``datasette publish cloudrun`` where deploys all used the same Docker image tag. This was mostly inconsequential as the service is deployed as soon as the image has been pushed to the registry, but could result in the incorrect image being deployed if two different deploys for two separate services ran at exactly the same time. (:issue:`2036`)
+
+.. _v0_64_1:
+
+0.64.1 (2023-01-11)
+-------------------
+
+- Documentation now links to a current source of information for installing Python 3. (:issue:`1987`)
+- Incorrectly calling the Datasette constructor using ``Datasette("path/to/data.db")`` instead of ``Datasette(["path/to/data.db"])`` now returns a useful error message. (:issue:`1985`)
+
+.. _v0_64:
+
+0.64 (2023-01-09)
+-----------------
+
+- Datasette now **strongly recommends against allowing arbitrary SQL queries if you are using SpatiaLite**. SpatiaLite includes SQL functions that could cause the Datasette server to crash. See :ref:`spatialite` for more details.
+- New :ref:`setting_default_allow_sql` setting, providing an easier way to disable all arbitrary SQL execution by end users: ``datasette --setting default_allow_sql off``. See also :ref:`authentication_permissions_execute_sql`. (:issue:`1409`)
+- `Building a location to time zone API with SpatiaLite <https://datasette.io/tutorials/spatialite>`__ is a new Datasette tutorial showing how to safely use SpatiaLite to create a location to time zone API.
+- New documentation about :ref:`how to debug problems loading SQLite extensions <installation_extensions>`. The error message shown when an extension cannot be loaded has also been improved. (:issue:`1979`)
+- Fixed an accessibility issue: the ``<select>`` elements in the table filter form now show an outline when they are currently focused. (:issue:`1771`)
+
+.. _v0_63_3:
+
+0.63.3 (2022-12-17)
+-------------------
+
+- Fixed a bug where ``datasette --root``, when running in Docker, would only output the URL to sign in as root when the server shut down, not when it started up. (:issue:`1958`)
+- You no longer need to ensure ``await datasette.invoke_startup()`` has been called in order for Datasette to start correctly serving requests - this is now handled automatically the first time the server receives a request. This fixes a bug experienced when Datasette is served directly by an ASGI application server such as Uvicorn or Gunicorn. It also fixes a bug with the `datasette-gunicorn <https://datasette.io/plugins/datasette-gunicorn>`__ plugin. (:issue:`1955`)
+
+.. _v0_63_2:
+
+0.63.2 (2022-11-18)
+-------------------
+
+- Fixed a bug in ``datasette publish heroku`` where deployments failed due to an older version of Python being requested. (:issue:`1905`)
+- New ``datasette publish heroku --generate-dir <dir>`` option for generating a Heroku deployment directory without deploying it.
+
 .. _v0_63_1:
 
 0.63.1 (2022-11-10)

docs/cli-reference.rst

@@ -224,6 +224,8 @@ These can be passed to ``datasette serve`` using ``datasette serve --setting nam
                                    (default=50)
       allow_facet                  Allow users to specify columns to facet using
                                    ?_facet= parameter (default=True)
+      default_allow_sql            Allow anyone to run arbitrary SQL queries
+                                   (default=True)
       allow_download               Allow users to download the original SQLite
                                    database files (default=True)
       suggest_facets               Calculate and display suggested facets
@@ -501,6 +503,8 @@ See :ref:`publish_heroku`.
       -n, --name TEXT                 Application name to use when deploying
       --tar TEXT                      --tar option to pass to Heroku, e.g.
                                       --tar=/usr/local/bin/gtar
+      --generate-dir DIRECTORY        Output generated application files and stop
+                                      without deploying
       --help                          Show this message and exit.
 
 

docs/codespell-ignore-words.txt

@@ -1 +1,6 @@
+alls
+fo
 ro
+te
+ths
+notin

docs/conf.py

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 extensions = ["sphinx.ext.extlinks", "sphinx.ext.autodoc", "sphinx_copybutton"]
 
 extlinks = {
-    "issue": ("https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/%s", "#"),
+    "issue": ("https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/%s", "#%s"),
 }
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.

docs/installation.rst

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ If the latest packaged release of Datasette has not yet been made available thro
 Using pip
 ---------
 
-Datasette requires Python 3.7 or higher. Visit `InstallPython3.com <https://installpython3.com/>`__ for step-by-step installation guides for your operating system.
+Datasette requires Python 3.7 or higher. The `Python.org Python For Beginners <https://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/>`__ page has instructions for getting started.
 
 You can install Datasette and its dependencies using ``pip``::
 
@@ -230,3 +230,60 @@ Some plugins such as `datasette-ripgrep <https://datasette.io/plugins/datasette-
         pip install datasette-ripgrep'
 
     docker commit $(docker ps -lq) datasette-with-ripgrep
+
+.. _installation_extensions:
+
+A note about extensions
+=======================
+
+SQLite supports extensions, such as :ref:`spatialite` for geospatial operations.
+
+These can be loaded using the ``--load-extension`` argument, like so::
+
+    datasette --load-extension=/usr/local/lib/mod_spatialite.dylib
+
+Some Python installations do not include support for SQLite extensions. If this is the case you will see the following error when you attempt to load an extension:
+
+    Your Python installation does not have the ability to load SQLite extensions.
+
+In some cases you may see the following error message instead::
+
+    AttributeError: 'sqlite3.Connection' object has no attribute 'enable_load_extension'
+
+On macOS the easiest fix for this is to install Datasette using Homebrew::
+
+    brew install datasette
+
+Use ``which datasette`` to confirm that ``datasette`` will run that version. The output should look something like this::
+
+    /usr/local/opt/datasette/bin/datasette
+
+If you get a different location here such as ``/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/datasette`` you can run the following command to cause ``datasette`` to execute the Homebrew version instead::
+
+    alias datasette=$(echo $(brew --prefix datasette)/bin/datasette)
+
+You can undo this operation using::
+
+    unalias datasette
+
+If you need to run SQLite with extension support for other Python code, you can do so by install Python itself using Homebrew::
+
+    brew install python
+
+Then executing Python using::
+
+    /usr/local/opt/python@3/libexec/bin/python
+
+A more convenient way to work with this version of Python may be to use it to create a virtual environment::
+
+    /usr/local/opt/python@3/libexec/bin/python -m venv datasette-venv
+
+Then activate it like this::
+
+    source datasette-venv/bin/activate
+
+Now running ``python`` and ``pip`` will work against a version of Python 3 that includes support for SQLite extensions::
+
+    pip install datasette
+    which datasette
+    datasette --version