Upgrade to ruff>=0.16.0 (#2857)

* ruff>=0.16.0

See https://astral.sh/blog/ruff-v0.16.0

* uv run ruff check . --fix --unsafe-fixes

* Ruff fixes by Claude Code Opus 5

.github/actions/setup-sqlite-version/action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+name: "Setup SQLite version"
+description: "Build and activate a specific SQLite version from its amalgamation archive"
+inputs:
+  version:
+    description: "The SQLite version to install"
+    required: true
+  cflags:
+    description: "CFLAGS to use when compiling SQLite"
+    required: false
+    default: ""
+  skip-activate:
+    description: "Set to true to skip modifying the library path"
+    required: false
+    default: "false"
+  fallback-urls:
+    description: "Whitespace-separated fallback download URLs to try after sqlite.org"
+    required: false
+    default: ""
+outputs:
+  sqlite-location:
+    description: "Directory containing the compiled SQLite library"
+    value: ${{ steps.build.outputs.sqlite-location }}
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - shell: bash
+      run: mkdir -p "$RUNNER_TEMP/sqlite-versions/downloads"
+    - uses: actions/cache@v6
+      with:
+        path: ${{ runner.temp }}/sqlite-versions/downloads
+        key: setup-sqlite-version-${{ inputs.version }}-amalgamation-v1
+    - id: build
+      shell: bash
+      run: bash "$GITHUB_ACTION_PATH/setup-sqlite-version.sh"
+      env:
+        SQLITE_VERSION: ${{ inputs.version }}
+        SQLITE_CFLAGS: ${{ inputs.cflags }}
+        SQLITE_SKIP_ACTIVATE: ${{ inputs.skip-activate }}
+        SQLITE_EXTRA_FALLBACK_URLS: ${{ inputs.fallback-urls }}

.github/actions/setup-sqlite-version/setup-sqlite-version.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+version_spec="${SQLITE_VERSION:?SQLITE_VERSION is required}"
+cflags="${SQLITE_CFLAGS:-}"
+skip_activate="${SQLITE_SKIP_ACTIVATE:-false}"
+extra_fallback_urls="${SQLITE_EXTRA_FALLBACK_URLS:-}"
+
+case "$version_spec" in
+  3.46 | 3.46.0)
+    sqlite_version="3.46.0"
+    sqlite_year="2024"
+    amalgamation_id="3460000"
+    builtin_fallback_urls="https://static.simonwillison.net/static/2026/sqlite-amalgamation-3460000.zip"
+    ;;
+  3.25 | 3.25.0)
+    sqlite_version="3.25.0"
+    sqlite_year="2018"
+    amalgamation_id="3250000"
+    builtin_fallback_urls="https://static.simonwillison.net/static/2026/sqlite-amalgamation-3250000.zip?v=1"
+    ;;
+  *)
+    echo "::error::Unsupported SQLite version '$version_spec'. Add its release year and amalgamation id to $GITHUB_ACTION_PATH/setup-sqlite-version.sh."
+    exit 1
+    ;;
+esac
+
+case "$(uname -s)" in
+  Linux)
+    library_name="libsqlite3.so.0"
+    library_path_var="LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
+    ;;
+  Darwin)
+    library_name="libsqlite3.dylib"
+    library_path_var="DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH"
+    ;;
+  *)
+    echo "::error::Unsupported platform $(uname -s)"
+    exit 1
+    ;;
+esac
+
+runner_temp="${RUNNER_TEMP:-}"
+if [ -z "$runner_temp" ]; then
+  runner_temp="$(mktemp -d)"
+fi
+
+filename="sqlite-amalgamation-${amalgamation_id}"
+official_url="https://www.sqlite.org/${sqlite_year}/${filename}.zip"
+download_dir="${runner_temp}/sqlite-versions/downloads"
+source_root="${runner_temp}/sqlite-versions/source"
+source_dir="${source_root}/${filename}"
+build_dir="${runner_temp}/sqlite-versions/build/${sqlite_version}"
+archive_path="${download_dir}/${filename}.zip"
+
+mkdir -p "$download_dir" "$source_root" "$build_dir"
+
+download_archive() {
+  local url
+  local candidate_path="${archive_path}.tmp"
+  local urls=("$official_url")
+
+  for url in $builtin_fallback_urls $extra_fallback_urls; do
+    urls+=("$url")
+  done
+
+  rm -f "$candidate_path"
+  for url in "${urls[@]}"; do
+    echo "Downloading SQLite ${sqlite_version} amalgamation from ${url}"
+    if curl \
+      --fail \
+      --location \
+      --show-error \
+      --retry 5 \
+      --retry-delay 2 \
+      --retry-max-time 180 \
+      --retry-all-errors \
+      --connect-timeout 20 \
+      --max-time 240 \
+      --output "$candidate_path" \
+      "$url"; then
+      mv "$candidate_path" "$archive_path"
+      return 0
+    fi
+
+    echo "::warning::Download failed from ${url}"
+    rm -f "$candidate_path"
+  done
+
+  echo "::error::Could not download SQLite ${sqlite_version} amalgamation"
+  return 1
+}
+
+if [ ! -f "${source_dir}/sqlite3.c" ]; then
+  if [ ! -f "$archive_path" ]; then
+    download_archive
+  fi
+
+  rm -rf "$source_dir"
+  unzip -q "$archive_path" -d "$source_root"
+fi
+
+if [ ! -f "${source_dir}/sqlite3.c" ]; then
+  echo "::error::Expected ${source_dir}/sqlite3.c after extracting ${archive_path}"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+read -r -a cflag_args <<< "$cflags"
+
+echo "Compiling SQLite ${sqlite_version} to ${build_dir}/${library_name}"
+gcc \
+  -fPIC \
+  -shared \
+  "${cflag_args[@]}" \
+  "${source_dir}/sqlite3.c" \
+  "-I${source_dir}" \
+  -o "${build_dir}/${library_name}"
+
+if [ "$library_name" = "libsqlite3.so.0" ]; then
+  ln -sf "$library_name" "${build_dir}/libsqlite3.so"
+fi
+
+if [ -n "${GITHUB_OUTPUT:-}" ]; then
+  echo "sqlite-location=${build_dir}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+else
+  echo "sqlite-location=${build_dir}"
+fi
+
+case "$(printf '%s' "$skip_activate" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')" in
+  true | 1 | yes)
+    echo "Skipping ${library_path_var} activation"
+    ;;
+  *)
+    existing_value="${!library_path_var:-}"
+    if [ -n "${GITHUB_ENV:-}" ]; then
+      if [ -n "$existing_value" ]; then
+        echo "${library_path_var}=${build_dir}:${existing_value}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      else
+        echo "${library_path_var}=${build_dir}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      fi
+    fi
+    echo "Added ${build_dir} to ${library_path_var}"
+    ;;
+esac

.github/workflows/deploy-latest.yml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Check out datasette
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:

.github/workflows/documentation-links.yml

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-name: Read the Docs Pull Request Preview
-on:
-  pull_request:
-    types:
-      - opened
-
-permissions:
-  pull-requests: write
-
-jobs:
-  documentation-links:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: readthedocs/actions/preview@v1
-        with:
-          project-slug: "datasette"

.github/workflows/playwright.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         browser: [chromium, firefox, webkit]
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python 3.14
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ jobs:
         cache: pip
         cache-dependency-path: pyproject.toml
     - name: Cache uv
-      uses: actions/cache@v5
+      uses: actions/cache@v6
       with:
         path: ~/.cache/uv
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-py3.14-uv-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}
         restore-keys: |
           ${{ runner.os }}-py3.14-uv-
     - name: Cache Playwright browsers
-      uses: actions/cache@v5
+      uses: actions/cache@v6
       with:
         path: ~/.cache/ms-playwright/
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-${{ matrix.browser }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}

.github/workflows/prettier.yml

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Check out repo
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@v7
-    - uses: actions/cache@v5
+    - uses: actions/cache@v6
       name: Configure npm caching
       with:
         path: ~/.npm

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       id-token: write
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: [deploy]
     if: "!github.event.release.prerelease"
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: [deploy]
     if: "!github.event.release.prerelease"
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Build and push to Docker Hub
       env:
         DOCKER_USER: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}

.github/workflows/push_docker_tag.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
   deploy_docker:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Build and push to Docker Hub
       env:
         DOCKER_USER: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}

.github/workflows/spellcheck.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
   spellcheck:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:

.github/workflows/stable-docs.yml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@v7
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0  # We need all commits to find docs/ changes
     - name: Set up Git user

.github/workflows/test-coverage.yml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Check out datasette
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:

.github/workflows/test-pyodide.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
   test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python 3.10
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
         cache: 'pip'
         cache-dependency-path: '**/pyproject.toml'
     - name: Cache Playwright browsers
-      uses: actions/cache@v5
+      uses: actions/cache@v6
       with:
         path: ~/.cache/ms-playwright/
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-browsers

.github/workflows/test-sqlite-support.yml

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
           #"3.23.1" # 2018-04-10, before UPSERT
         ]
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
         cache: pip
         cache-dependency-path: pyproject.toml
     - name: Set up SQLite ${{ matrix.sqlite-version }}
-      uses: asg017/sqlite-versions@71ea0de37ae739c33e447af91ba71dda8fcf22e6
+      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-sqlite-version
       with:
         version: ${{ matrix.sqlite-version }}
         cflags: "-DSQLITE_ENABLE_DESERIALIZE -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS5 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_PARENTHESIS -DSQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE -DSQLITE_ENABLE_JSON1"

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ jobs:
   test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:

.github/workflows/tmate-mac.yml

@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: macos-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Setup tmate session
       uses: mxschmitt/action-tmate@v3

.github/workflows/tmate.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
     - name: Setup tmate session
       uses: mxschmitt/action-tmate@v3
       env:

.gitignore

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ datasets.json
 
 scratchpad
 
+ignored/
+
 .vscode
 
 uv.lock

Justfile

@@ -33,10 +33,11 @@ export DATASETTE_SECRET := "not_a_secret"
   uv run codespell datasette -S datasette/static --ignore-words docs/codespell-ignore-words.txt
   uv run codespell tests --ignore-words docs/codespell-ignore-words.txt
 
-# Run linters: black, ruff, cog
+# Run linters: black, ruff, prettier, cog
 @lint: codespell
   uv run black datasette tests --check
   uv run ruff check datasette tests
+  npm run prettier -- --check
   uv run cog --check README.md docs/*.rst
 
 # Apply ruff fixes

datasette/__init__.py

@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 from datasette.permissions import Permission  # noqa
 from datasette.version import __version_info__, __version__  # noqa
 from datasette.events import Event  # noqa
-from datasette.tokens import TokenHandler, TokenRestrictions  # noqa
+from datasette.tokens import TokenHandler, TokenInvalid, TokenRestrictions  # noqa
-from datasette.utils.asgi import Forbidden, NotFound, Request, Response  # noqa
+from datasette.utils.asgi import (  # noqa
+    Forbidden,
+    NotFound,
+    PayloadTooLarge,
+    Request,
+    Response,
+)
 from datasette.utils import actor_matches_allow  # noqa
 from datasette.views import Context  # noqa
 from .hookspecs import hookimpl  # noqa

datasette/_pytest_plugin.py

@@ -89,7 +89,8 @@ def pytest_runtest_protocol(item, nextitem):
                 continue
             try:
                 ds.close()
-            except Exception as e:
+            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
+                # Surfaced as a pytest warning; teardown must not fail the run
                 item.warn(
                     pytest.PytestUnraisableExceptionWarning(
                         f"Error closing Datasette instance: {e!r}"

datasette/actor_auth_cookie.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-from datasette import hookimpl
-from itsdangerous import BadSignature
-from datasette.utils import baseconv
 import time
 
+from itsdangerous import BadSignature
+
+from datasette import hookimpl
+from datasette.utils import baseconv
+
 
 @hookimpl
 def actor_from_request(datasette, request):

datasette/blob_renderer.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-from datasette import hookimpl
-from datasette.utils.asgi import Response, BadRequest
-from datasette.utils import to_css_class
 import hashlib
 
+from datasette import hookimpl
+from datasette.utils import to_css_class
+from datasette.utils.asgi import BadRequest, Response
+
 _BLOB_COLUMN = "_blob_column"
 _BLOB_HASH = "_blob_hash"
 

datasette/cli.py

@@ -1,43 +1,45 @@
 import asyncio
-import uvicorn
-import click
-from click import formatting
-from click.types import CompositeParamType
-from click_default_group import DefaultGroup
 import functools
 import json
 import os
 import pathlib
-from runpy import run_module
 import shutil
-from subprocess import call
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import webbrowser
+from runpy import run_module
+from subprocess import call
+
+import click
+import uvicorn
+from click import formatting
+from click.types import CompositeParamType
+from click_default_group import DefaultGroup
+
 from .app import (
-    Datasette,
     DEFAULT_SETTINGS,
     SETTINGS,
     SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED,
+    Datasette,
     pm,
 )
 from .inspect import inspect_tables
 from .utils import (
+    ConnectionProblem,
     LoadExtension,
+    SpatialiteConnectionProblem,
+    SpatialiteNotFound,
     StartupError,
+    StaticMount,
+    ValueAsBooleanError,
     check_connection,
     deep_dict_update,
     find_spatialite,
-    parse_metadata,
-    ConnectionProblem,
-    SpatialiteConnectionProblem,
     initial_path_for_datasette,
     pairs_to_nested_config,
+    parse_metadata,
     temporary_docker_directory,
     value_as_boolean,
-    SpatialiteNotFound,
-    StaticMount,
-    ValueAsBooleanError,
 )
 from .utils.sqlite import sqlite3
 from .utils.testing import TestClient
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ class Setting(CompositeParamType):
             # Datasette 1.0, we turn bare setting names into setting.name
             # Type checking for those older settings
             default = DEFAULT_SETTINGS[name]
-            name = "settings.{}".format(name)
+            name = f"settings.{name}"
             if isinstance(default, bool):
                 try:
                     return name, "true" if value_as_boolean(value) else "false"
@@ -171,7 +173,6 @@ async def inspect_(files, sqlite_extensions):
 @cli.group()
 def publish():
     """Publish specified SQLite database files to the internet along with a Datasette-powered interface and API"""
-    pass
 
 
 # Register publish plugins
@@ -578,27 +579,27 @@ def serve(
         # https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/2389
         deep_dict_update(config_data, settings_updates)
 
-    kwargs = dict(
+    kwargs = {
-        immutables=immutable,
+        "immutables": immutable,
-        cache_headers=not reload,
+        "cache_headers": not reload,
-        cors=cors,
+        "cors": cors,
-        inspect_data=inspect_data,
+        "inspect_data": inspect_data,
-        config=config_data,
+        "config": config_data,
-        metadata=metadata_data,
+        "metadata": metadata_data,
-        sqlite_extensions=sqlite_extensions,
+        "sqlite_extensions": sqlite_extensions,
-        template_dir=template_dir,
+        "template_dir": template_dir,
-        plugins_dir=plugins_dir,
+        "plugins_dir": plugins_dir,
-        static_mounts=static,
+        "static_mounts": static,
-        settings=None,  # These are passed in config= now
+        "settings": None,  # These are passed in config= now
-        memory=memory,
+        "memory": memory,
-        secret=secret,
+        "secret": secret,
-        version_note=version_note,
+        "version_note": version_note,
-        pdb=pdb,
+        "pdb": pdb,
-        crossdb=crossdb,
+        "crossdb": crossdb,
-        nolock=nolock,
+        "nolock": nolock,
-        internal=internal,
+        "internal": internal,
-        default_deny=default_deny,
+        "default_deny": default_deny,
-    )
+    }
 
     # Separate directories from files
     directories = [f for f in files if os.path.isdir(f)]
@@ -621,9 +622,7 @@ def serve(
                 conn.close()
             else:
                 raise click.ClickException(
-                    "Invalid value for '[FILES]...': Path '{}' does not exist.".format(
+                    f"Invalid value for '[FILES]...': Path '{file}' does not exist."
-                        file
-                    )
                 )
 
     # Check for duplicate files by resolving all paths to their absolute forms
@@ -684,7 +683,7 @@ def serve(
         client = TestClient(ds)
         request_headers = {}
         if token:
-            request_headers["Authorization"] = "Bearer {}".format(token)
+            request_headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {token}"
         cookies = {}
         if actor:
             cookies["ds_actor"] = client.actor_cookie(json.loads(actor))
@@ -719,9 +718,13 @@ def serve(
             path = run_sync(lambda: initial_path_for_datasette(ds))
             url = f"http://{host}:{port}{path}"
         webbrowser.open(url)
-    uvicorn_kwargs = dict(
+    uvicorn_kwargs = {
-        host=host, port=port, log_level="info", lifespan="on", workers=1
+        "host": host,
-    )
+        "port": port,
+        "log_level": "info",
+        "lifespan": "on",
+        "workers": 1,
+    }
     if uds:
         uvicorn_kwargs["uds"] = uds
     if ssl_keyfile:
@@ -885,7 +888,7 @@ async def check_databases(ds):
             )
         except ConnectionProblem as e:
             raise click.UsageError(
-                f"Connection to {database.path} failed check: {str(e.args[0])}"
+                f"Connection to {database.path} failed check: {e.args[0]!s}"
             )
     # If --crossdb and more than SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED show warning
     if (
@@ -893,9 +896,5 @@ async def check_databases(ds):
         and len([db for db in ds.databases.values() if not db.is_memory])
         > SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED
     ):
-        msg = (
+        msg = f"Warning: --crossdb only works with the first {SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED} attached databases"
-            "Warning: --crossdb only works with the first {} attached databases".format(
-                SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED
-            )
-        )
         click.echo(click.style(msg, bold=True, fg="yellow"), err=True)

datasette/column_types.py

@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ class ColumnType:
         Return an HTML string to render this cell value, or None to
         fall through to the default render_cell plugin hook chain.
         """
-        return None
+        return
 
     async def validate(self, value, datasette):
         """
         Validate a value before it is written. Return None if valid,
         or a string error message if invalid.
         """
-        return None
+        return
 
     async def transform_value(self, value, datasette):
         """

datasette/csrf.py

@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ def _origin_tuple(value):
     scheme = (parsed.scheme or "").lower()
     host = (parsed.hostname or "").lower()
     if not scheme or not host:
-        raise ValueError("missing scheme or host in {!r}".format(value))
+        raise ValueError(f"missing scheme or host in {value!r}")
     port = parsed.port  # may raise ValueError on bad ports
     if port is None:
         port = DEFAULT_PORTS.get(scheme)
     if port is None:
-        raise ValueError("unknown default port for scheme {!r}".format(scheme))
+        raise ValueError(f"unknown default port for scheme {scheme!r}")
     return scheme, host, port
 
 
@@ -125,9 +125,7 @@ class CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware:
                 return
             await self._forbid(
                 send,
-                "Sec-Fetch-Site was {!r}, expected 'same-origin' or 'none'".format(
+                f"Sec-Fetch-Site was {sec_fetch_site!r}, expected 'same-origin' or 'none'",
-                    sec_fetch_site
-                ),
             )
             return
 
@@ -141,11 +139,11 @@ class CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware:
         request_scheme = self._request_scheme(scope)
         try:
             origin_tuple = _origin_tuple(origin)
-            expected_tuple = _origin_tuple("{}://{}".format(request_scheme, host))
+            expected_tuple = _origin_tuple(f"{request_scheme}://{host}")
         except ValueError:
             await self._forbid(
                 send,
-                "Malformed Origin {!r} or Host {!r}".format(origin, host),
+                f"Malformed Origin {origin!r} or Host {host!r}",
             )
             return
 
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ class CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware:
 
         await self._forbid(
             send,
-            "Origin {!r} does not match Host {!r}".format(origin, host),
+            f"Origin {origin!r} does not match Host {host!r}",
         )
 
     def _request_scheme(self, scope):
@@ -163,7 +161,8 @@ class CrossOriginProtectionMiddleware:
             try:
                 if self.datasette.setting("force_https_urls"):
                     return "https"
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+                # Settings may not be readable this early; fall back to the ASGI scheme
                 pass
         return scope.get("scheme") or "http"
 

datasette/database.py

@@ -1,33 +1,35 @@
 import asyncio
 import atexit
-from collections import namedtuple
 import inspect
 import os
-from pathlib import Path
 import queue
-import sqlite_utils
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import threading
 import uuid
+from collections import namedtuple
+from pathlib import Path
 
+import sqlite_utils
+
+from .inspect import inspect_hash
 from .tracer import trace
 from .utils import (
     call_with_supported_arguments,
     detect_fts,
     detect_primary_keys,
     detect_spatialite,
+    escape_sqlite,
     get_all_foreign_keys,
     get_outbound_foreign_keys,
     md5_not_usedforsecurity,
-    sqlite_timelimit,
     sqlite3,
-    table_columns,
+    sqlite_timelimit,
     table_column_details,
+    table_columns,
 )
 from .utils.sql_analysis import SQLAnalysis, analyze_sql_tables
 from .utils.sqlite import sqlite_hidden_table_names
-from .inspect import inspect_hash
 
 connections = threading.local()
 
@@ -98,9 +100,7 @@ class Database:
 
     def _check_not_closed(self):
         if self._closed:
-            raise DatasetteClosedError(
+            raise DatasetteClosedError(f"Database {self.name!r} has been closed")
-                "Database {!r} has been closed".format(self.name)
-            )
 
     def _remove_pending_execute_future(self, future):
         with self._pending_execute_futures_lock:
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class Database:
         if write:
             extra_kwargs["isolation_level"] = "IMMEDIATE"
         if self.memory_name:
-            uri = "file:{}?mode=memory&cache=shared".format(self.memory_name)
+            uri = f"file:{self.memory_name}?mode=memory&cache=shared"
             conn = sqlite3.connect(
                 uri, uri=True, check_same_thread=False, **extra_kwargs
             )
@@ -192,21 +192,20 @@ class Database:
             write_thread.join(timeout=10)
             if write_thread.is_alive():
                 sys.stderr.write(
-                    "Datasette: write thread for {!r} did not exit within 10s\n".format(
+                    f"Datasette: write thread for {self.name!r} did not exit within 10s\n"
-                        self.name
-                    )
                 )
                 sys.stderr.flush()
         for future in pending_execute_futures:
             try:
                 future.result()
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+                # Shutdown teardown - a failed pending write must not block close()
                 pass
         # Close anything still tracked in _all_file_connections
         for connection in self._all_file_connections:
             try:
                 connection.close()
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
                 pass
         self._all_file_connections = []
         # Drop per-thread cached read connections we can reach
@@ -218,13 +217,13 @@ class Database:
         if self._read_connection is not None:
             try:
                 self._read_connection.close()
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
                 pass
             self._read_connection = None
         if self._write_connection is not None:
             try:
                 self._write_connection.close()
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
                 pass
             self._write_connection = None
         if self.is_temp_disk:
@@ -246,6 +245,7 @@ class Database:
         request=None,
         return_all=False,
         returning_limit=EXECUTE_WRITE_RETURNING_LIMIT,
+        transaction=True,
     ):
         self._check_not_closed()
         if returning_limit < 0:
@@ -258,7 +258,9 @@ class Database:
             )
 
         with trace("sql", database=self.name, sql=sql.strip(), params=params):
-            results = await self.execute_write_fn(_inner, block=block, request=request)
+            results = await self.execute_write_fn(
+                _inner, block=block, request=request, transaction=transaction
+            )
         return results
 
     async def execute_write_script(self, sql, block=True, request=None):
@@ -348,6 +350,7 @@ class Database:
                 self.ds._prepare_connection(self._write_connection, self.name)
             if transaction:
                 with self._write_connection:
+                    self._write_connection.execute("BEGIN IMMEDIATE")
                     result = fn(self._write_connection)
             else:
                 result = fn(self._write_connection)
@@ -366,7 +369,8 @@ class Database:
             async def _dispatch_events_after_write():
                 try:
                     await reply_future
-                except Exception:
+                except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+                    # The write failed; skip success events regardless of why
                     # if the write failed, don't emit success events
                     return
                 for event in pending_events:
@@ -419,9 +423,7 @@ class Database:
             self._write_thread = threading.Thread(
                 target=self._execute_writes, daemon=True
             )
-            self._write_thread.name = "_execute_writes for database {}".format(
+            self._write_thread.name = f"_execute_writes for database {self.name}"
-                self.name
-            )
             self._write_thread.start()
         task_id = uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, "datasette.io")
         loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
@@ -442,7 +444,8 @@ class Database:
         try:
             conn = self.connect(write=True)
             self.ds._prepare_connection(conn, self.name)
-        except Exception as e:
+        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
+            # Stored and re-raised to whoever queues the next write
             conn_exception = e
         while True:
             task = self._write_queue.get()
@@ -450,7 +453,8 @@ class Database:
                 if conn is not None:
                     try:
                         conn.close()
-                    except Exception:
+                    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+                        # Best-effort close as the write thread exits
                         pass
                 return
             exception = None
@@ -469,19 +473,21 @@ class Database:
                         except ValueError:
                             # Was probably a memory connection
                             pass
-                except Exception as e:
+                except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-                    sys.stderr.write("{}\n".format(e))
+                    # Write thread must survive any task failure or the database wedges
+                    sys.stderr.write(f"{e}\n")
                     sys.stderr.flush()
                     exception = e
             else:
                 try:
                     if task.transaction:
                         with conn:
+                            conn.execute("BEGIN IMMEDIATE")
                             result = task.fn(conn)
                     else:
                         result = task.fn(conn)
-                except Exception as e:
+                except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-                    sys.stderr.write("{}\n".format(e))
+                    sys.stderr.write(f"{e}\n")
                     sys.stderr.flush()
                     exception = e
             _deliver_write_result(task, result, exception)
@@ -548,9 +554,7 @@ class Database:
                         raise QueryInterrupted(e, sql, params)
                     if log_sql_errors:
                         sys.stderr.write(
-                            "ERROR: conn={}, sql = {}, params = {}: {}\n".format(
+                            f"ERROR: conn={conn}, sql = {sql!r}, params = {params}: {e}\n"
-                                conn, repr(sql), params, e
-                            )
                         )
                         sys.stderr.flush()
                     raise
@@ -603,7 +607,7 @@ class Database:
             try:
                 table_count = (
                     await self.execute(
-                        f"select count(*) from (select * from [{table}] limit {self.count_limit + 1})",
+                        f"select count(*) from (select * from {escape_sqlite(table)} limit {self.count_limit + 1})",
                         custom_time_limit=limit,
                     )
                 ).rows[0][0]
@@ -707,9 +711,9 @@ class Database:
             column_names
             and len(column_names) == 2
             and ("id" in column_names or "pk" in column_names)
-            and not set(column_names) == {"id", "pk"}
+            and set(column_names) != {"id", "pk"}
         ):
-            return [c for c in column_names if c not in ("id", "pk")][0]
+            return next(c for c in column_names if c not in ("id", "pk"))
         # Couldn't find a label:
         return None
 
@@ -851,10 +855,10 @@ def _apply_write_wrapper(fn, wrapper_factory, track_event):
 class WriteTask:
     __slots__ = (
         "fn",
-        "task_id",
+        "isolated_connection",
         "loop",
         "reply_future",
-        "isolated_connection",
+        "task_id",
         "transaction",
     )
 
@@ -895,7 +899,7 @@ class QueryInterrupted(Exception):
         self.params = params
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "QueryInterrupted: {}".format(self.e)
+        return f"QueryInterrupted: {self.e}"
 
 
 class MultipleValues(Exception):

datasette/default_actions.py

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.permissions import Action
 from datasette.resources import (
     DatabaseResource,
-    TableResource,
     QueryResource,
+    TableResource,
 )
 
 
@@ -61,6 +61,12 @@ def register_actions():
             description="Create tables",
             resource_class=DatabaseResource,
         ),
+        Action(
+            name="create-view",
+            abbr="cv",
+            description="Create views",
+            resource_class=DatabaseResource,
+        ),
         Action(
             name="store-query",
             abbr="sq",
@@ -111,6 +117,12 @@ def register_actions():
             description="Drop tables",
             resource_class=TableResource,
         ),
+        Action(
+            name="drop-view",
+            abbr="dv",
+            description="Drop views",
+            resource_class=TableResource,
+        ),
         # Query-level actions (child-level)
         Action(
             name="view-query",

datasette/default_magic_parameters.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-from datasette import hookimpl
 import datetime
 import os
 import time
 
+from datasette import hookimpl
+
 
 def header(key, request):
     key = key.replace("_", "-").encode("utf-8")

datasette/default_permissions/__init__.py

@@ -17,18 +17,29 @@ UNION/INTERSECT operations. The order of evaluation is:
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-# Re-export all hooks and public utilities
-from .restrictions import (
-    actor_restrictions_sql as actor_restrictions_sql,
-    restrictions_allow_action as restrictions_allow_action,
-    ActorRestrictions as ActorRestrictions,
-)
-from .root import root_user_permissions_sql as root_user_permissions_sql
 from .config import config_permissions_sql as config_permissions_sql
+from .defaults import (
+    DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS as DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS,
+)
+from .defaults import (
+    default_action_permissions_sql as default_action_permissions_sql,
+)
 from .defaults import (
     # Avoid "datasette.default_permissions" does not explicitly export attribute
     default_allow_sql_check as default_allow_sql_check,
-    default_action_permissions_sql as default_action_permissions_sql,
-    default_query_permissions_sql as default_query_permissions_sql,
-    DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS as DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS,
 )
+from .defaults import (
+    default_query_permissions_sql as default_query_permissions_sql,
+)
+from .restrictions import (
+    ActorRestrictions as ActorRestrictions,
+)
+
+# Re-export all hooks and public utilities
+from .restrictions import (
+    actor_restrictions_sql as actor_restrictions_sql,
+)
+from .restrictions import (
+    restrictions_allow_action as restrictions_allow_action,
+)
+from .root import root_user_permissions_sql as root_user_permissions_sql

datasette/default_permissions/config.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Applies permission rules from datasette.yaml configuration.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        datasette: "Datasette",
+        datasette: Datasette,
-        actor: Optional[dict],
+        actor: dict | None,
         action: str,
     ):
         self.datasette = datasette
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
         self.restrictions = actor.get("_r", {}) if actor else {}
 
         # Pre-compute restriction info for efficiency
-        self.restricted_databases: Set[str] = set()
+        self.restricted_databases: set[str] = set()
-        self.restricted_tables: Set[Tuple[str, str]] = set()
+        self.restricted_tables: set[tuple[str, str]] = set()
 
         if self.has_restrictions:
             self.restricted_databases = {
@@ -92,16 +92,20 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
             # Tables implicitly reference their parent databases
             self.restricted_databases.update(db for db, _ in self.restricted_tables)
 
-    def evaluate_allow_block(self, allow_block: Any) -> Optional[bool]:
+    def evaluate_allow_block(self, allow_block: Any) -> bool | None:
         """Evaluate an allow block against the current actor."""
         if allow_block is None:
             return None
+        # Values passed using ``-s permissions.* 1`` or ``0`` are parsed as
+        # integers, but should retain the CLI's boolean 1/0 behavior.
+        if isinstance(allow_block, int) and allow_block in (0, 1):
+            return bool(allow_block)
         return actor_matches_allow(self.actor, allow_block)
 
     def is_in_restriction_allowlist(
         self,
-        parent: Optional[str],
+        parent: str | None,
-        child: Optional[str],
+        child: str | None,
     ) -> bool:
         """Check if resource is allowed by actor restrictions."""
         if not self.has_restrictions:
@@ -143,9 +147,9 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
     def add_permissions_rule(
         self,
-        parent: Optional[str],
+        parent: str | None,
-        child: Optional[str],
+        child: str | None,
-        permissions_block: Optional[dict],
+        permissions_block: dict | None,
         scope_desc: str,
     ) -> None:
         """Add a rule from a permissions:{action} block."""
@@ -165,8 +169,8 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
     def add_allow_block_rule(
         self,
-        parent: Optional[str],
+        parent: str | None,
-        child: Optional[str],
+        child: str | None,
         allow_block: Any,
         scope_desc: str,
     ) -> None:
@@ -198,8 +202,8 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
     def _add_restriction_gate_denies(
         self,
-        parent: Optional[str],
+        parent: str | None,
-        child: Optional[str],
+        child: str | None,
         is_allowed: bool,
         scope_desc: str,
     ) -> None:
@@ -231,7 +235,7 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
                     if db_name == parent:
                         self.collector.add(db_name, table_name, False, reason)
 
-    def process(self) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
+    def process(self) -> PermissionSQL | None:
         """Process all config rules and return combined PermissionSQL."""
         self._process_root_permissions()
         self._process_databases()
@@ -421,10 +425,10 @@ class ConfigPermissionProcessor:
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def config_permissions_sql(
-    datasette: "Datasette",
+    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: Optional[dict],
+    actor: dict | None,
     action: str,
-) -> Optional[List[PermissionSQL]]:
+) -> list[PermissionSQL] | None:
     """
     Apply permission rules from datasette.yaml configuration.
 

datasette/default_permissions/defaults.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Provides default allow rules for standard view/execute actions.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -29,29 +29,28 @@ DEFAULT_ALLOW_ACTIONS = frozenset(
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def default_allow_sql_check(
-    datasette: "Datasette",
+    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: Optional[dict],
+    actor: dict | None,
     action: str,
-) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
+) -> PermissionSQL | None:
     """
     Enforce the default_allow_sql setting.
 
     When default_allow_sql is false (the default), execute-sql is denied
     unless explicitly allowed by config or other rules.
     """
-    if action == "execute-sql":
+    if action == "execute-sql" and not datasette.setting("default_allow_sql"):
-        if not datasette.setting("default_allow_sql"):
+        return PermissionSQL.deny(reason="default_allow_sql is false")
-            return PermissionSQL.deny(reason="default_allow_sql is false")
 
     return None
 
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def default_action_permissions_sql(
-    datasette: "Datasette",
+    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: Optional[dict],
+    actor: dict | None,
     action: str,
-) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
+) -> PermissionSQL | None:
     """
     Provide default allow rules for standard view/execute actions.
 
@@ -71,10 +70,10 @@ async def default_action_permissions_sql(
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def default_query_permissions_sql(
-    datasette: "Datasette",
+    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: Optional[dict],
+    actor: dict | None,
     action: str,
-) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
+) -> PermissionSQL | None:
     actor_id = actor.get("id") if isinstance(actor, dict) else None
 
     if action not in {"view-query", "update-query", "delete-query"}:

datasette/default_permissions/helpers.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Shared helper utilities for default permission implementations.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Set
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
 
 
-def get_action_name_variants(datasette: "Datasette", action: str) -> Set[str]:
+def get_action_name_variants(datasette: Datasette, action: str) -> set[str]:
     """
     Get all name variants for an action (full name and abbreviation).
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def get_action_name_variants(datasette: "Datasette", action: str) -> Set[str]:
     return variants
 
 
-def action_in_list(datasette: "Datasette", action: str, action_list: list) -> bool:
+def action_in_list(datasette: Datasette, action: str, action_list: list) -> bool:
     """Check if an action (or its abbreviation) is in a list."""
     return bool(get_action_name_variants(datasette, action).intersection(action_list))
 
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ def action_in_list(datasette: "Datasette", action: str, action_list: list) -> bo
 class PermissionRow:
     """A single permission rule row."""
 
-    parent: Optional[str]
+    parent: str | None
-    child: Optional[str]
+    child: str | None
     allow: bool
     reason: str
 
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ class PermissionRowCollector:
     """Collects permission rows and converts them to PermissionSQL."""
 
     def __init__(self, prefix: str = "row"):
-        self.rows: List[PermissionRow] = []
+        self.rows: list[PermissionRow] = []
         self.prefix = prefix
 
     def add(
         self,
-        parent: Optional[str],
+        parent: str | None,
-        child: Optional[str],
+        child: str | None,
-        allow: Optional[bool],
+        allow: bool | None,
         reason: str,
         if_not_none: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class PermissionRowCollector:
             return
         self.rows.append(PermissionRow(parent, child, allow, reason))
 
-    def to_permission_sql(self) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
+    def to_permission_sql(self) -> PermissionSQL | None:
         """Convert collected rows to a PermissionSQL object."""
         if not self.rows:
             return None

datasette/default_permissions/restrictions.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ contains allowlists of resources the actor can access.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ from .helpers import action_in_list, get_action_name_variants
 class ActorRestrictions:
     """Parsed actor restrictions from the _r key."""
 
-    global_actions: List[str]  # _r.a - globally allowed actions
+    global_actions: list[str]  # _r.a - globally allowed actions
     database_actions: dict  # _r.d - {db_name: [actions]}
     table_actions: dict  # _r.r - {db_name: {table: [actions]}}
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_actor(cls, actor: Optional[dict]) -> Optional["ActorRestrictions"]:
+    def from_actor(cls, actor: dict | None) -> ActorRestrictions | None:
         """Parse restrictions from actor dict. Returns None if no restrictions."""
         if not actor:
             return None
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ class ActorRestrictions:
             table_actions=restrictions.get("r", {}),
         )
 
-    def is_action_globally_allowed(self, datasette: "Datasette", action: str) -> bool:
+    def is_action_globally_allowed(self, datasette: Datasette, action: str) -> bool:
         """Check if action is in the global allowlist."""
         return action_in_list(datasette, action, self.global_actions)
 
-    def get_allowed_databases(self, datasette: "Datasette", action: str) -> Set[str]:
+    def get_allowed_databases(self, datasette: Datasette, action: str) -> set[str]:
         """Get database names where this action is allowed."""
         allowed = set()
         for db_name, db_actions in self.database_actions.items():
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class ActorRestrictions:
         return allowed
 
     def get_allowed_tables(
-        self, datasette: "Datasette", action: str
+        self, datasette: Datasette, action: str
-    ) -> Set[Tuple[str, str]]:
+    ) -> set[tuple[str, str]]:
         """Get (database, table) pairs where this action is allowed."""
         allowed = set()
         for db_name, tables in self.table_actions.items():
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ class ActorRestrictions:
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def actor_restrictions_sql(
-    datasette: "Datasette",
+    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: Optional[dict],
+    actor: dict | None,
     action: str,
-) -> Optional[List[PermissionSQL]]:
+) -> list[PermissionSQL] | None:
     """
     Handle actor restriction-based permission rules.
 
@@ -140,10 +140,10 @@ async def actor_restrictions_sql(
 
 
 def restrictions_allow_action(
-    datasette: "Datasette",
+    datasette: Datasette,
     restrictions: dict,
     action: str,
-    resource: Optional[str | Tuple[str, str]],
+    resource: str | tuple[str, str] | None,
 ) -> bool:
     """
     Check if restrictions allow the requested action on the requested resource.

datasette/default_permissions/root.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Grants full permissions to the root user when --root flag is used.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
 
 @hookimpl(specname="permission_resources_sql")
 async def root_user_permissions_sql(
-    datasette: "Datasette",
+    datasette: Datasette,
-    actor: Optional[dict],
+    actor: dict | None,
-) -> Optional[PermissionSQL]:
+) -> PermissionSQL | None:
     """
     Grant root user full permissions when --root flag is used.
     """

datasette/default_permissions/tokens.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ to datasette.verify_token() so all registered handlers are tried.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
@@ -17,15 +17,13 @@ from datasette.tokens import SignedTokenHandler
 
 
 @hookimpl
-def register_token_handler(datasette: "Datasette"):
+def register_token_handler(datasette: Datasette):
     """Register the default signed token handler."""
     return SignedTokenHandler()
 
 
 @hookimpl(specname="actor_from_request")
-async def actor_from_signed_api_token(
+async def actor_from_signed_api_token(datasette: Datasette, request) -> dict | None:
-    datasette: "Datasette", request
-) -> Optional[dict]:
     """
     Authenticate requests using API tokens by delegating to all registered
     token handlers via datasette.verify_token().

datasette/default_table_actions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from datasette import hookimpl
+from datasette.resources import TableResource
+
+
+@hookimpl
+def table_actions(datasette, actor, database, table, request):
+    async def inner():
+        db = datasette.get_database(database)
+        if not db.is_mutable:
+            return []
+        if not await datasette.allowed(
+            action="alter-table",
+            resource=TableResource(database=database, table=table),
+            actor=actor,
+        ):
+            return []
+        return [
+            {
+                "type": "button",
+                "label": "Alter table",
+                "description": "Change columns and primary key for this table.",
+                "attrs": {
+                    "aria-label": f"Alter table {table}",
+                    "data-table-action": "alter-table",
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+
+    return inner

datasette/events.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractproperty
 from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
-from datasette.hookspecs import hookimpl
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
+from datasette.hookspecs import hookimpl
+
 
 @dataclass
 class Event(ABC):

datasette/extras.py

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ from typing import ClassVar
 
 from asyncinject import Registry
 
+from datasette.utils.asgi import BadRequest
+
 
 def extra_names_from_request(request):
     extra_bits = request.args.getlist("_extra")
@@ -81,6 +83,16 @@ class ExtraRegistry:
     def public_classes_for_scope(self, scope):
         return self.classes_for_scope(scope, include_internal=False)
 
+    def internal_classes_for_scope(self, scope):
+        # Extras that are available to HTML templates but excluded from
+        # JSON responses - plain Providers are dependency plumbing and
+        # never surface as keys, so they are not included
+        return [
+            cls
+            for cls in self.classes_for_scope(scope)
+            if issubclass(cls, Extra) and not cls.public
+        ]
+
     def _registry_for_scope(self, scope):
         registry = self._scope_registries.get(scope)
         if registry is None:
@@ -103,6 +115,17 @@ class ExtraRegistry:
             self._allowed_names[key] = names
         return names
 
+    def validate_requested(self, requested, scope):
+        """
+        Raise BadRequest if any requested extra name is not a public extra
+        for this scope. Used by data formats such as .json - HTML pages
+        silently ignore unknown names instead.
+        """
+        allowed = self._allowed_names_for_scope(scope, include_internal=False)
+        unknown = sorted(name for name in requested if name not in allowed)
+        if unknown:
+            raise BadRequest("Unknown _extra: {}".format(", ".join(unknown)))
+
     async def resolve(self, requested, context, scope, include_internal=False):
         allowed_names = self._allowed_names_for_scope(scope, include_internal)
         requested_names = [name for name in requested if name in allowed_names]

datasette/facets.py

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 import json
 import urllib
+
 from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
 from datasette.utils import (
+    detect_json1,
     escape_sqlite,
     path_with_added_args,
     path_with_removed_args,
-    detect_json1,
     sqlite3,
 )
 
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ def load_facet_configs(request, table_config):
             assert (
                 len(facet_config.values()) == 1
             ), "Metadata config dicts should be {type: config}"
-            type, facet_config = list(facet_config.items())[0]
+            type, facet_config = next(iter(facet_config.items()))
             if isinstance(facet_config, str):
                 facet_config = {"simple": facet_config}
         facet_configs.setdefault(type, []).append(
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ class Facet:
         self.database = database
         # For foreign key expansion. Can be None for e.g. stored SQL queries:
         self.table = table
-        self.sql = sql or f"select * from [{table}]"
+        self.sql = sql or f"select * from {escape_sqlite(table)}"
         self.params = params or []
         self.table_config = table_config
         # row_count can be None, in which case we calculate it ourselves:
@@ -160,18 +161,13 @@ class ColumnFacet(Facet):
         for column in columns:
             if column in already_enabled:
                 continue
-            suggested_facet_sql = """
+            suggested_facet_sql = f"""
-                with limited as (select * from ({sql}) limit {suggest_consider})
+                with limited as (select * from ({self.sql}) limit {self.suggest_consider})
-                select {column} as value, count(*) as n from limited
+                select {escape_sqlite(column)} as value, count(*) as n from limited
                 where value is not null
                 group by value
-                limit {limit}
+                limit {facet_size + 1}
-            """.format(
+            """
-                column=escape_sqlite(column),
-                sql=self.sql,
-                limit=facet_size + 1,
-                suggest_consider=self.suggest_consider,
-            )
             distinct_values = None
             try:
                 distinct_values = await self.ds.execute(
@@ -267,7 +263,7 @@ class ColumnFacet(Facet):
                 for row in facet_rows:
                     column_qs = column
                     if column.startswith("_"):
-                        column_qs = "{}__exact".format(column)
+                        column_qs = f"{column}__exact"
                     selected = (column_qs, str(row["value"])) in qs_pairs
                     if selected:
                         toggle_path = path_with_removed_args(
@@ -342,12 +338,12 @@ class ArrayFacet(Facet):
                         for v in await self.ds.execute(
                             self.database,
                             (
-                                "select {column} from ({sql}) "
+                                f"select {escape_sqlite(column)} from ({self.sql}) "
-                                "where {column} is not null "
+                                f"where {escape_sqlite(column)} is not null "
-                                "and {column} != '' "
+                                f"and {escape_sqlite(column)} != '' "
-                                "and json_array_length({column}) > 0 "
+                                f"and json_array_length({escape_sqlite(column)}) > 0 "
                                 "limit 100"
-                            ).format(column=escape_sqlite(column), sql=self.sql),
+                            ),
                             self.params,
                             truncate=False,
                             custom_time_limit=self.ds.setting(
@@ -388,14 +384,14 @@ class ArrayFacet(Facet):
             source = source_and_config["source"]
             column = config.get("column") or config["simple"]
             # https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/448
-            facet_sql = """
+            facet_sql = f"""
-                with inner as ({sql}),
+                with inner as ({self.sql}),
                 deduped_array_items as (
                     select
                         distinct j.value,
                         inner.*
                     from
-                        json_each([inner].{col}) j
+                        json_each([inner].{escape_sqlite(column)}) j
                         join inner
                 )
                 select
@@ -406,12 +402,8 @@ class ArrayFacet(Facet):
                 group by
                     value
                 order by
-                    count(*) desc, value limit {limit}
+                    count(*) desc, value limit {facet_size + 1}
-            """.format(
+            """
-                col=escape_sqlite(column),
-                sql=self.sql,
-                limit=facet_size + 1,
-            )
             try:
                 facet_rows_results = await self.ds.execute(
                     self.database,

datasette/filters.py

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
+import json
+from typing import ClassVar
+
 from datasette import hookimpl
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
-from datasette.views.base import DatasetteError
 from datasette.utils.asgi import BadRequest
-import json
+from datasette.views.base import DatasetteError
+
 from .utils import detect_json1, escape_sqlite, path_with_removed_args
 
 
@@ -99,9 +102,9 @@ def search_filters(request, database, table, datasette):
                             fts_table=escape_sqlite(fts_table),
                             search_col=escape_sqlite(search_col),
                             match_clause=(
-                                ":search_{}".format(i)
+                                f":search_{i}"
                                 if search_mode_raw
-                                else "escape_fts(:search_{})".format(i)
+                                else f"escape_fts(:search_{i})"
                             ),
                         )
                     )
@@ -134,11 +137,11 @@ def through_filters(request, database, table, datasette):
                 value = through_data["value"]
                 db = datasette.get_database(database)
                 outgoing_foreign_keys = await db.foreign_keys_for_table(through_table)
-                try:
+                fk_to_us = next(
-                    fk_to_us = [
+                    (fk for fk in outgoing_foreign_keys if fk["other_table"] == table),
-                        fk for fk in outgoing_foreign_keys if fk["other_table"] == table
+                    None,
-                    ][0]
+                )
-                except IndexError:
+                if fk_to_us is None:
                     raise DatasetteError(
                         "Invalid _through - could not find corresponding foreign key"
                     )
@@ -365,7 +368,7 @@ class Filters:
             ),
         ]
     )
-    _filters_by_key = {f.key: f for f in _filters}
+    _filters_by_key: ClassVar[dict[str, Filter]] = {f.key: f for f in _filters}
 
     def __init__(self, pairs):
         self.pairs = pairs

datasette/fixtures.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
-from datasette.utils import documented
 import itertools
 import random
 import string
 
+from datasette.utils import documented
+from datasette.utils.sqlite import sqlite3
+
 __all__ = [
     "EXTRA_DATABASE_SQL",
     "TABLES",
@@ -346,9 +347,7 @@ CREATE VIEW searchable_view_configured_by_metadata AS
     + '\nINSERT INTO no_primary_key VALUES ("RENDER_CELL_DEMO", "a202", "b202", "c202");\n'
     + "\n".join(
         [
-            'INSERT INTO compound_three_primary_keys VALUES ("{a}", "{b}", "{c}", "{content}");'.format(
+            f'INSERT INTO compound_three_primary_keys VALUES ("{a}", "{b}", "{c}", "{content}");'
-                a=a, b=b, c=c, content=content
-            )
             for a, b, c, content in generate_compound_rows(1001)
         ]
     )

datasette/forbidden.py

@@ -1,9 +1,20 @@
-from datasette import hookimpl, Response
+from datasette import Response, hookimpl
+
+from .utils import add_cors_headers
 
 
 @hookimpl(trylast=True)
 def forbidden(datasette, request, message):
     async def inner():
+        if (
+            request.path.split("?")[0].endswith(".json")
+            or "application/json" in (request.headers.get("accept") or "")
+            or request.headers.get("content-type") == "application/json"
+        ):
+            headers = {}
+            if datasette.cors:
+                add_cors_headers(headers)
+            return Response.error(message, 403, headers=headers)
         return Response.html(
             await datasette.render_template(
                 "error.html",

datasette/handle_exception.py

@@ -1,16 +1,21 @@
-from datasette import hookimpl, Response
+import traceback
-from .utils import add_cors_headers
+
+from markupsafe import Markup
+
+from datasette import Response, hookimpl
+
+from .utils import add_cors_headers, error_body
 from .utils.asgi import (
     Base400,
 )
 from .views.base import DatasetteError
-from markupsafe import Markup
-import traceback
 
+# Debugger imports are deliberate - they back the "pdb" setting, which drops
+# into a debugger on unhandled exceptions
 try:
-    import ipdb as pdb
+    import ipdb as pdb  # noqa: T100
 except ImportError:
-    import pdb
+    import pdb  # noqa: T100
 
 try:
     import rich
@@ -28,6 +33,7 @@ def handle_exception(datasette, request, exception):
             rich.get_console().print_exception(show_locals=True)
 
         title = None
+        plain_message = None
         if isinstance(exception, Base400):
             status = exception.status
             info = {}
@@ -36,6 +42,7 @@ def handle_exception(datasette, request, exception):
             status = exception.status
             info = exception.error_dict
             message = exception.message
+            plain_message = exception.plain_message
             if exception.message_is_html:
                 message = Markup(message)
             title = exception.title
@@ -45,6 +52,13 @@ def handle_exception(datasette, request, exception):
             message = str(exception)
             traceback.print_exc()
         templates = [f"{status}.html", "error.html"]
+        headers = {}
+        if datasette.cors:
+            add_cors_headers(headers)
+        if request.path.split("?")[0].endswith(".json"):
+            body = dict(info)
+            body.update(error_body(plain_message or message, status))
+            return Response.json(body, status=status, headers=headers)
         info.update(
             {
                 "ok": False,
@@ -53,21 +67,18 @@ def handle_exception(datasette, request, exception):
                 "title": title,
             }
         )
-        headers = {}
+        environment = datasette.get_jinja_environment(request)
-        if datasette.cors:
+        template = environment.select_template(templates)
-            add_cors_headers(headers)
+        return Response.html(
-        if request.path.split("?")[0].endswith(".json"):
+            await template.render_async(
-            return Response.json(info, status=status, headers=headers)
+                dict(
-        else:
-            return Response.html(
-                await datasette.render_template(
-                    templates,
                     info,
-                    request=request,
+                    urls=datasette.urls,
-                    view_name="error",
+                    menu_links=list,
-                ),
+                )
-                status=status,
+            ),
-                headers=headers,
+            status=status,
-            )
+            headers=headers,
+        )
 
     return inner

datasette/hookspecs.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from pluggy import HookimplMarker
+from pluggy import HookimplMarker, HookspecMarker
-from pluggy import HookspecMarker
 
 hookspec = HookspecMarker("datasette")
 hookimpl = HookimplMarker("datasette")

datasette/inspect.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import hashlib
 
 from .utils import (
-    detect_spatialite,
     detect_fts,
     detect_primary_keys,
+    detect_spatialite,
     escape_sqlite,
     get_all_foreign_keys,
-    table_columns,
     sqlite3,
+    table_columns,
 )
 
 HASH_BLOCK_SIZE = 1024 * 1024
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ def inspect_tables(conn, database_metadata):
                 """)
         ]
 
-    for t in tables.keys():
+    for t, table_info in tables.items():
         for hidden_table in hidden_tables:
             if t == hidden_table or t.startswith(hidden_table):
-                tables[t]["hidden"] = True
+                table_info["hidden"] = True
                 continue
 
     return tables

datasette/jump.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class JumpSQL:
         search_text: str | None = None,
         display_name: str | None = None,
         item_type: str = "menu",
-    ) -> "JumpSQL":
+    ) -> JumpSQL:
         if search_text is None:
             search_text = " ".join(
                 text for text in (label, display_name, description) if text is not None

datasette/permissions.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+import contextvars
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, NamedTuple
-import contextvars
 
 # Context variable to track when permission checks should be skipped
 _skip_permission_checks = contextvars.ContextVar(
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ class Resource(ABC):
         )
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "{}(parent={!r}, child={!r})".format(
+        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__, self.parent, self.child
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__}(parent={self.parent!r}, child={self.child!r})"
         )
 
     @property
@@ -129,7 +129,6 @@ class Resource(ABC):
 
         Must return two columns: parent, child
         """
-        pass
 
 
 class AllowedResource(NamedTuple):

datasette/plugins.py

@@ -1,20 +1,14 @@
 import importlib
+import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata
+import importlib.resources as importlib_resources
 import os
-import pluggy
-from pprint import pprint
 import sys
+from pprint import pprint
+
+import pluggy
+
 from . import hookspecs
 
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
-    import importlib.resources as importlib_resources
-else:
-    import importlib_resources
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-    import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata
-else:
-    import importlib_metadata
-
-
 DEFAULT_PLUGINS = (
     "datasette.publish.heroku",
     "datasette.publish.cloudrun",
@@ -31,6 +25,7 @@ DEFAULT_PLUGINS = (
     "datasette.default_debug_menu",
     "datasette.default_jump_items",
     "datasette.default_database_actions",
+    "datasette.default_table_actions",
     "datasette.default_query_actions",
     "datasette.handle_exception",
     "datasette.forbidden",
@@ -84,7 +79,7 @@ if DATASETTE_LOAD_PLUGINS is not None:
                     # Ensure name can be found in plugin_to_distinfo later:
                     pm._plugin_distinfo.append((mod, distribution))
         except importlib_metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
-            sys.stderr.write("Plugin {} could not be found\n".format(package_name))
+            sys.stderr.write(f"Plugin {package_name} could not be found\n")
 
 
 # Load default plugins

datasette/publish/cloudrun.py

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-from datasette import hookimpl
-import click
 import json
 import os
 import re
 from subprocess import CalledProcessError, check_call, check_output
 
+import click
+
+from datasette import hookimpl
+
+from ..utils import temporary_docker_directory
 from .common import (
     add_common_publish_arguments_and_options,
     fail_if_publish_binary_not_installed,
 )
-from ..utils import temporary_docker_directory
 
 
 @hookimpl
@@ -219,7 +221,7 @@ def publish_subcommand(publish):
 
             check_call(
                 "gcloud builds submit --tag {}{}".format(
-                    image_id, " --timeout {}".format(timeout) if timeout else ""
+                    image_id, f" --timeout {timeout}" if timeout else ""
                 ),
                 shell=True,
             )
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ def publish_subcommand(publish):
             ("--min-instances", min_instances),
         ):
             if value is not None:
-                extra_deploy_options.append("{} {}".format(option, value))
+                extra_deploy_options.append(f"{option} {value}")
         check_call(
             "gcloud run deploy --allow-unauthenticated --platform=managed --image {} {}{}".format(
                 image_id,
@@ -258,24 +260,16 @@ def _ensure_artifact_registry(artifact_project, artifact_region, artifact_reposi
         ) from exc
 
     describe_cmd = (
-        "gcloud artifacts repositories describe {repo} --project {project} "
+        f"gcloud artifacts repositories describe {artifact_repository} --project {artifact_project} "
-        "--location {location} --quiet"
+        f"--location {artifact_region} --quiet"
-    ).format(
-        repo=artifact_repository,
-        project=artifact_project,
-        location=artifact_region,
     )
     try:
         check_call(describe_cmd, shell=True)
         return
     except CalledProcessError:
         create_cmd = (
-            "gcloud artifacts repositories create {repo} --repository-format=docker "
+            f"gcloud artifacts repositories create {artifact_repository} --repository-format=docker "
-            '--location {location} --project {project} --description "Datasette Cloud Run images" --quiet'
+            f'--location {artifact_region} --project {artifact_project} --description "Datasette Cloud Run images" --quiet'
-        ).format(
-            repo=artifact_repository,
-            location=artifact_region,
-            project=artifact_project,
         )
         try:
             check_call(create_cmd, shell=True)

datasette/publish/common.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-from ..utils import StaticMount
-import click
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 
+import click
+
+from ..utils import StaticMount
+
 
 def add_common_publish_arguments_and_options(subcommand):
     for decorator in reversed(
@@ -76,9 +78,7 @@ def fail_if_publish_binary_not_installed(binary, publish_target, install_link):
     """Exit (with error message) if ``binary` isn't installed"""
     if not shutil.which(binary):
         click.secho(
-            "Publishing to {publish_target} requires {binary} to be installed and configured".format(
+            f"Publishing to {publish_target} requires {binary} to be installed and configured",
-                publish_target=publish_target, binary=binary
-            ),
             bg="red",
             fg="white",
             bold=True,

datasette/publish/heroku.py

@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from datasette import hookimpl
-import click
 import json
 import os
 import pathlib
 import shlex
 import shutil
-from subprocess import call, check_output
 import tempfile
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from subprocess import call, check_output
+
+import click
+
+from datasette import hookimpl
+from datasette.utils import link_or_copy, link_or_copy_directory, parse_metadata
 
 from .common import (
     add_common_publish_arguments_and_options,
     fail_if_publish_binary_not_installed,
 )
-from datasette.utils import link_or_copy, link_or_copy_directory, parse_metadata
 
 
 @hookimpl
@@ -234,7 +236,7 @@ def temporary_heroku_directory(
             extras.extend(["--static", f"{mount_point}:{mount_point}"])
 
         quoted_files = " ".join(
-            ["-i {}".format(shlex.quote(file_name)) for file_name in file_names]
+            [f"-i {shlex.quote(file_name)}" for file_name in file_names]
         )
         procfile_cmd = "web: datasette serve --host 0.0.0.0 {quoted_files} --cors --port $PORT --inspect-file inspect-data.json {extras}".format(
             quoted_files=quoted_files, extras=" ".join(extras)

datasette/renderer.py

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 import json
+
 from datasette.extras import extra_names_from_request
 from datasette.utils import (
-    value_as_boolean,
-    remove_infinites,
     CustomJSONEncoder,
+    error_body,
     path_from_row_pks,
+    remove_infinites,
     sqlite3,
+    value_as_boolean,
 )
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
 
@@ -52,8 +54,7 @@ def json_renderer(request, args, data, error, truncated=None):
     if error:
         shape = "objects"
         status_code = 400
-        data["error"] = error
+        data.update(error_body(error, status_code))
-        data["ok"] = False
 
     if truncated is not None:
         data["truncated"] = truncated
@@ -87,7 +88,8 @@ def json_renderer(request, args, data, error, truncated=None):
                         object_rows[pk_string] = row
                     data = object_rows
             if shape_error:
-                data = {"ok": False, "error": shape_error}
+                status_code = 400
+                data = error_body(shape_error, status_code)
         elif shape == "array":
             data = data["rows"]
 
@@ -100,12 +102,7 @@ def json_renderer(request, args, data, error, truncated=None):
             data["rows"] = [list(row.values()) for row in data["rows"]]
     else:
         status_code = 400
-        data = {
+        data = error_body(f"Invalid _shape: {shape}", status_code)
-            "ok": False,
-            "error": f"Invalid _shape: {shape}",
-            "status": 400,
-            "title": None,
-        }
 
     # Don't include "columns" in output
     # https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/2136

datasette/static/datasette-manager.js

@@ -25,29 +25,6 @@ const DOM_SELECTORS = {
   facetResults: ".facet-results [data-column]",
 };
 
-let editToolsPromise = null;
-let autocompletePromise = null;
-
-function datasettePath(path) {
-  const baseUrl = window.datasetteBaseUrl || "/";
-  return baseUrl.replace(/\/?$/, "/") + String(path || "").replace(/^\/+/, "");
-}
-
-function parseInsertDialogRow(value) {
-  if (!value) {
-    return {};
-  }
-  try {
-    const row = JSON.parse(value);
-    if (!row || typeof row !== "object" || Array.isArray(row)) {
-      throw new Error("row must be an object");
-    }
-    return row;
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw new Error("Invalid insert dialog row: " + error.message);
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Monolith class for interacting with Datasette JS API
  * Imported with DEFER, runs after main document parsed
@@ -62,62 +39,6 @@ const datasetteManager = {
   // Does pluginMetadata need to be serializable, or can we let it be stateful / have functions?
   plugins: new Map(),
 
-  path: datasettePath,
-
-  loadAutocomplete: () => {
-    if (!window.customElements) {
-      return Promise.resolve(null);
-    }
-    if (customElements.get("datasette-autocomplete")) {
-      return Promise.resolve(customElements.get("datasette-autocomplete"));
-    }
-    if (!autocompletePromise) {
-      const url =
-        window.datasetteAutocompleteUrl ||
-        datasettePath("/-/static/autocomplete.js");
-      autocompletePromise = import(url).then(() =>
-        customElements.get("datasette-autocomplete"),
-      );
-    }
-    return autocompletePromise;
-  },
-
-  loadEditTools: () => {
-    if (window.__DATASETTE_EDIT_TOOLS__) {
-      if (window.__DATASETTE_EDIT_TOOLS__.install) {
-        window.__DATASETTE_EDIT_TOOLS__.install(datasetteManager);
-      }
-      return Promise.resolve(window.__DATASETTE_EDIT_TOOLS__);
-    }
-    if (!editToolsPromise) {
-      const url =
-        window.datasetteEditToolsUrl ||
-        datasettePath("/-/static/edit-tools.js");
-      editToolsPromise = import(url).then(() => {
-        if (!window.__DATASETTE_EDIT_TOOLS__) {
-          throw new Error("edit-tools.js did not register its API");
-        }
-        if (window.__DATASETTE_EDIT_TOOLS__.install) {
-          window.__DATASETTE_EDIT_TOOLS__.install(datasetteManager);
-        }
-        return window.__DATASETTE_EDIT_TOOLS__;
-      });
-    }
-    return editToolsPromise;
-  },
-
-  insertDialog: async (database, table, row, message, options) => {
-    const editTools = await datasetteManager.loadEditTools();
-    return editTools.insertDialog(
-      datasetteManager,
-      database,
-      table,
-      row,
-      message,
-      options,
-    );
-  },
-
   registerPlugin: (name, pluginMetadata) => {
     if (datasetteManager.plugins.has(name)) {
       console.warn(`Warning -> plugin ${name} was redefined`);
@@ -309,7 +230,9 @@ const datasetteManager = {
 };
 
 const initializeDatasette = () => {
-  window.datasette = datasetteManager;
+  // Hide the global behind __ prefix. Ideally they should be listening for the
+  // DATASETTE_EVENTS.INIT event to avoid the habit of reading from the window.
+
   window.__DATASETTE__ = datasetteManager;
 
   const initDatasetteEvent = new CustomEvent(DATASETTE_EVENTS.INIT, {
@@ -317,43 +240,6 @@ const initializeDatasette = () => {
   });
 
   document.dispatchEvent(initDatasetteEvent);
-
-  document.addEventListener("click", function (event) {
-    const button = event.target.closest("[data-insert-dialog]");
-    if (!button) {
-      return;
-    }
-    event.preventDefault();
-    let row;
-    try {
-      row = parseInsertDialogRow(button.dataset.row || "{}");
-    } catch (error) {
-      console.error(error);
-      return;
-    }
-    const reloadOnInsert = button.hasAttribute("data-insert-dialog-reload");
-    datasetteManager
-      .insertDialog(
-        button.dataset.database,
-        button.dataset.table,
-        row,
-        button.dataset.message || "",
-        { flashMessage: reloadOnInsert },
-      )
-      .then((result) => {
-        if (
-          reloadOnInsert &&
-          result &&
-          result.ok &&
-          result.status === "inserted"
-        ) {
-          window.location.reload();
-        }
-      })
-      .catch((error) => {
-        console.error(error);
-      });
-  });
 };
 
 /**

datasette/static/table.js

@@ -633,32 +633,151 @@ const initDatasetteTable = function (manager) {
   });
 };
 
-/* Add x buttons to the filter rows */
+function filterRowSelector(manager) {
-function addButtonsToFilterRows(manager) {
+  return manager.selectors.filterRows || manager.selectors.filterRow;
-  var x = "✖";
+}
-  var rows = Array.from(
+
-    document.querySelectorAll(manager.selectors.filterRow),
+function filterRowsWithControls(manager) {
+  return Array.from(
+    document.querySelectorAll(filterRowSelector(manager)),
   ).filter((el) => el.querySelector(".filter-op"));
-  rows.forEach((row) => {
+}
-    var a = document.createElement("a");
+
-    a.setAttribute("href", "#");
+function filterRowNumberFromName(name) {
-    a.setAttribute("aria-label", "Remove this filter");
+  var match = name && name.match(/^_filter_column_(\d+)$/);
-    a.style.textDecoration = "none";
+  return match ? parseInt(match[1], 10) : 0;
-    a.innerText = x;
+}
-    a.addEventListener("click", (ev) => {
+
-      ev.preventDefault();
+function nextFilterRowNumber(manager) {
-      let row = ev.target.closest("div");
+  return filterRowsWithControls(manager).reduce((max, row) => {
-      row.querySelector("select").value = "";
-      row.querySelector(".filter-op select").value = "exact";
-      row.querySelector("input.filter-value").value = "";
-      ev.target.closest("a").style.display = "none";
-    });
-    row.appendChild(a);
     var column = row.querySelector("select");
-    if (!column.value) {
+    return Math.max(max, filterRowNumberFromName(column && column.name));
-      a.style.display = "none";
+  }, 0) + 1;
+}
+
+function setFilterRowNumber(row, number) {
+  row.querySelector("select").name = `_filter_column_${number}`;
+  row.querySelector(".filter-op select").name = `_filter_op_${number}`;
+  row.querySelector("input.filter-value").name = `_filter_value_${number}`;
+}
+
+function resetFilterRow(row) {
+  row.querySelector("select").value = "";
+  row.querySelector(".filter-op select").value = "exact";
+  row.querySelector("input.filter-value").value = "";
+}
+
+function updateFilterRowButtons(manager) {
+  var rows = filterRowsWithControls(manager);
+  rows.forEach((row, index) => {
+    var removeButton = row.querySelector(".filter-row-remove");
+    var addButton = row.querySelector(".filter-row-add");
+    var column = row.querySelector("select");
+    if (removeButton) {
+      removeButton.hidden = index === 0;
+    }
+    if (addButton) {
+      addButton.hidden = index !== rows.length - 1 || !column.value;
+    }
+    var visibleButtonCount = [removeButton, addButton].filter(function (button) {
+      return button && !button.hidden;
+    }).length;
+    row.classList.toggle(
+      "filter-controls-row-has-buttons",
+      visibleButtonCount > 0,
+    );
+    row.classList.toggle(
+      "filter-controls-row-one-button",
+      visibleButtonCount === 1,
+    );
+    row.classList.toggle(
+      "filter-controls-row-two-buttons",
+      visibleButtonCount === 2,
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+function cloneFilterRow(row) {
+  var clone = row.cloneNode(true);
+  clone.querySelector("select").name = "_filter_column";
+  clone.querySelector(".filter-op select").name = "_filter_op";
+  clone.querySelector("input.filter-value").name = "_filter_value";
+  resetFilterRow(clone);
+  clone.querySelectorAll(".filter-row-icon").forEach((button) => button.remove());
+  return clone;
+}
+
+var FILTER_REMOVE_ICON_SVG = `<svg class="filter-row-remove-icon" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
+  <path d="M3 6h18"></path>
+  <path d="M8 6V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"></path>
+  <path d="M19 6l-1 14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8a2 2 0 0 1-2-2L5 6"></path>
+  <path d="M10 11v6"></path>
+  <path d="M14 11v6"></path>
+</svg>`;
+
+var FILTER_ADD_ICON_SVG = `<svg class="filter-row-add-icon" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
+  <path d="M5 12h14"></path>
+  <path d="M12 5v14"></path>
+</svg>`;
+
+function addFilterRowButtons(row, manager) {
+  var removeButton = document.createElement("button");
+  removeButton.type = "button";
+  removeButton.className = "filter-row-icon filter-row-remove";
+  removeButton.setAttribute("aria-label", "Remove this filter");
+  removeButton.title = "Remove this filter";
+  removeButton.tabIndex = 0;
+  removeButton.innerHTML = FILTER_REMOVE_ICON_SVG;
+  removeButton.addEventListener("click", (ev) => {
+    var row = ev.currentTarget.closest(filterRowSelector(manager));
+    var rows = filterRowsWithControls(manager);
+    var rowIndex = rows.indexOf(row);
+    var focusRow = rows[rowIndex + 1] || rows[rowIndex - 1] || null;
+    row.remove();
+    updateFilterRowButtons(manager);
+    if (focusRow) {
+      var focusTarget =
+        focusRow.querySelector(".filter-row-add:not([hidden])") ||
+        focusRow.querySelector("select");
+      if (focusTarget) {
+        focusTarget.focus();
+      }
     }
   });
+  row.appendChild(removeButton);
+
+  var addButton = document.createElement("button");
+  addButton.type = "button";
+  addButton.className = "filter-row-icon filter-row-add";
+  addButton.setAttribute("aria-label", "Add another filter");
+  addButton.title = "Add another filter";
+  addButton.tabIndex = 0;
+  addButton.innerHTML = FILTER_ADD_ICON_SVG;
+  addButton.addEventListener("click", (ev) => {
+    var row = ev.currentTarget.closest(filterRowSelector(manager));
+    if (row.querySelector("select").name === "_filter_column") {
+      setFilterRowNumber(row, nextFilterRowNumber(manager));
+    }
+    var clone = cloneFilterRow(row);
+    addFilterRowButtons(clone, manager);
+    row.parentNode.insertBefore(clone, row.nextSibling);
+    updateFilterRowButtons(manager);
+    clone.querySelector("select").focus();
+  });
+  row.appendChild(addButton);
+
+  row.querySelector("select").addEventListener("change", () => {
+    updateFilterRowButtons(manager);
+  });
+}
+
+/* Add buttons to the filter rows */
+function addButtonsToFilterRows(manager) {
+  var rows = filterRowsWithControls(manager);
+  rows.forEach((row) => {
+    addFilterRowButtons(row, manager);
+  });
+  updateFilterRowButtons(manager);
 }
 
 /* Set up datalist autocomplete for filter values */
@@ -687,11 +806,11 @@ function initAutocompleteForFilterValues(manager) {
     });
   }
   createDataLists();
-  // When any select with name=_filter_column changes, update the datalist
+  // When any filter column select changes, update the datalist
   document.body.addEventListener("change", function (event) {
-    if (event.target.name === "_filter_column") {
+    if (event.target.name && event.target.name.startsWith("_filter_column")) {
       event.target
-        .closest(manager.selectors.filterRow)
+        .closest(filterRowSelector(manager))
         .querySelector(".filter-value")
         .setAttribute("list", "datalist-" + event.target.value);
     }

datasette/stored_queries.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 import json
-from typing import Any, Iterable
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any
 
 from .utils import tilde_encode, urlsafe_components
 
@@ -62,7 +63,6 @@ def stored_query_to_dict(query: StoredQuery) -> dict[str, Any]:
         "description_html": query.description_html,
         "hide_sql": query.hide_sql,
         "fragment": query.fragment,
-        "params": list(query.parameters),
         "parameters": list(query.parameters),
         "is_write": query.is_write,
         "is_private": query.is_private,
@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ def stored_query_page_to_dict(page: StoredQueryPage) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {
         "queries": [stored_query_to_dict(query) for query in page.queries],
         "next": page.next,
-        "has_more": page.has_more,
         "limit": page.limit,
     }
 
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ async def count_queries(
                 OR q.sql LIKE :query_search
             )
             """)
-        params["query_search"] = "%{}%".format(q)
+        params["query_search"] = f"%{q}%"
     if is_write is not None:
         where_clauses.append("q.is_write = :query_is_write")
         params["query_is_write"] = int(bool(is_write))
@@ -464,7 +463,7 @@ async def list_queries(
         except ValueError:
             components = []
         if database is None and len(components) == 3:
-            where_clauses.append("""
+            where_clauses.append(f"""
                 (
                     q.database_name > :cursor_database
                     OR (
@@ -478,12 +477,12 @@ async def list_queries(
                         )
                     )
                 )
-                """.format(sort_key_sql=sort_key_sql))
+                """)
             params["cursor_database"] = components[0]
             params["cursor_sort_key"] = components[1]
             params["cursor_name"] = components[2]
         elif database is not None and len(components) == 2:
-            where_clauses.append("""
+            where_clauses.append(f"""
                 (
                     {sort_key_sql} > :cursor_sort_key
                     OR (
@@ -491,7 +490,7 @@ async def list_queries(
                         AND q.name > :cursor_name
                     )
                 )
-                """.format(sort_key_sql=sort_key_sql))
+                """)
             params["cursor_sort_key"] = components[0]
             params["cursor_name"] = components[1]
 
@@ -504,7 +503,7 @@ async def list_queries(
                 OR q.sql LIKE :query_search
             )
             """)
-        params["query_search"] = "%{}%".format(q)
+        params["query_search"] = f"%{q}%"
     if is_write is not None:
         where_clauses.append("q.is_write = :query_is_write")
         params["query_is_write"] = int(bool(is_write))

datasette/template_contexts.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""
+Index of the documented template contexts for Datasette's core HTML pages.
+
+This module deliberately contains no documentation strings of its own -
+the documentation lives next to the code it describes:
+
+- Every page renders a Context dataclass defined in its view module
+  (DatabaseContext, QueryContext in views/database.py, TableContext in
+  views/table.py, RowContext in views/row.py). Fields added by view code
+  carry ``help`` metadata; fields declared with from_extra() take their
+  documentation from the description on the matching Extra class in
+  views/table_extras.py.
+- The keys render_template() adds to every page are documented in
+  TEMPLATE_BASE_CONTEXT in datasette/app.py, next to the code that adds
+  them.
+
+The contract tests in tests/test_template_context.py assert that the real
+rendered context for each page exactly matches what is documented, and
+docs/template_context_doc.py generates docs/template_context.rst from the
+same classes.
+"""
+
+from datasette.app import TEMPLATE_BASE_CONTEXT
+from datasette.views.database import DatabaseContext, QueryContext
+from datasette.views.row import RowContext
+from datasette.views.table import TableContext
+
+PAGES = {
+    "database": DatabaseContext,
+    "query": QueryContext,
+    "table": TableContext,
+    "row": RowContext,
+}
+
+
+def documented_context_keys(page_name):
+    "Set of every documented key for the named page, including base context keys"
+    return set(TEMPLATE_BASE_CONTEXT) | {
+        f.name for f in PAGES[page_name].documented_fields()
+    }

datasette/templates/_codemirror.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-<script src="{{ base_url }}-/static/sql-formatter-2.3.3.min.js" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('sql-formatter-2.3.3.min.js') }}" defer></script>
-<script src="{{ base_url }}-/static/cm-editor-6.0.1.bundle.js"></script>
+<script src="{{ static('cm-editor-6.0.1.bundle.js') }}"></script>
 <style>
   .cm-editor {
     resize: both;

datasette/templates/_permission_ui_styles.html

@@ -6,8 +6,20 @@
     padding: 1.5em;
     margin-bottom: 2em;
 }
+.permission-form form {
+    max-width: 60rem;
+}
+.permission-form-grid {
+    display: grid;
+    gap: 1.5rem;
+    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
+}
+.permission-form-result {
+    margin-top: 1rem;
+    max-width: 60rem;
+}
 .form-section {
-    margin-bottom: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 1.25em;
 }
 .form-section label {
     display: block;
@@ -15,22 +27,51 @@
     font-weight: bold;
 }
 .form-section input[type="text"],
-.form-section select {
+.form-section input[type="number"],
-    width: 100%;
+.form-section select,
-    max-width: 500px;
+.permission-textarea {
-    padding: 0.5em;
+    background-color: #fff;
+    border: 1px solid #aaa;
+    border-radius: 4px;
     box-sizing: border-box;
-    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-    border-radius: 3px;
+    color: #222;
+    font-family: inherit;
+    font-size: 1rem;
+    line-height: 1.4;
+    max-width: none;
+    width: 100%;
+}
+.form-section input[type="text"] {
+    height: 3rem;
+    padding: 0.6rem 0.75rem;
+}
+.form-section input[type="number"] {
+    height: 3rem;
+    max-width: 7rem;
+    padding: 0.6rem 0.75rem;
+}
+.form-section select {
+    height: 3rem;
+    padding: 0.6rem 0.75rem;
+}
+.permission-textarea {
+    font-family: monospace;
+    min-height: 12rem;
+    padding: 0.75rem;
+    resize: vertical;
 }
 .form-section input[type="text"]:focus,
-.form-section select:focus {
+.form-section input[type="number"]:focus,
-    outline: 2px solid #0066cc;
+.form-section select:focus,
+.permission-textarea:focus {
     border-color: #0066cc;
+    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(0, 102, 204, 0.18);
+    outline: none;
 }
 .form-section small {
     display: block;
-    margin-top: 0.3em;
+    margin-top: 0.45em;
     color: #666;
 }
 .form-actions {
@@ -142,4 +183,9 @@
     text-align: center;
     color: #666;
 }
+@media only screen and (max-width: 576px) {
+    .permission-form-grid {
+        grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);
+    }
+}
 </style>

datasette/templates/_permissions_debug_tabs.html

@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@
 </style>
 
 <nav class="permissions-debug-tabs">
-    <a href="{{ urls.path('-/permissions') }}" {% if current_tab == "permissions" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Playground</a>
+    <a href="{{ urls.path('-/check') }}{{ query_string }}" {% if current_tab == "check" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Explain</a>
-    <a href="{{ urls.path('-/check') }}{{ query_string }}" {% if current_tab == "check" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Check</a>
+    <a href="{{ urls.path('-/allowed') }}{{ query_string }}" {% if current_tab == "allowed" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Access map</a>
-    <a href="{{ urls.path('-/allowed') }}{{ query_string }}" {% if current_tab == "allowed" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Allowed</a>
+    <a href="{{ urls.path('-/rules') }}{{ query_string }}" {% if current_tab == "rules" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Rule explorer</a>
-    <a href="{{ urls.path('-/rules') }}{{ query_string }}" {% if current_tab == "rules" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Rules</a>
+    <a href="{{ urls.path('-/permissions') }}" {% if current_tab == "permissions" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Activity</a>
     <a href="{{ urls.path('-/actions') }}" {% if current_tab == "actions" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Actions</a>
     <a href="{{ urls.path('-/allow-debug') }}" {% if current_tab == "allow_debug" %}class="active"{% endif %}>Allow debug</a>
 </nav>

datasette/templates/allow_debug.html

@@ -3,29 +3,11 @@
 {% block title %}Debug allow rules{% endblock %}
 
 {% block extra_head %}
+{% include "_permission_ui_styles.html" %}
 <style>
-textarea {
-    height: 10em;
-    width: 95%;
-    box-sizing: border-box;
-    padding: 0.5em;
-    border: 2px dotted black;
-}
-.two-col {
-    display: inline-block;
-    width: 48%;
-}
-.two-col label {
-    width: 48%;
-}
 p.message-warning {
     white-space: pre-wrap;
 }
-@media only screen and (max-width: 576px) {
-    .two-col {
-        width: 100%;
-    }
-}
 </style>
 {% endblock %}
 
@@ -38,24 +20,28 @@ p.message-warning {
 
 <p>Use this tool to try out different actor and allow combinations. See <a href="https://docs.datasette.io/en/stable/authentication.html#defining-permissions-with-allow-blocks">Defining permissions with "allow" blocks</a> for documentation.</p>
 
-<form class="core" action="{{ urls.path('-/allow-debug') }}" method="get" style="margin-bottom: 1em">
+<div class="permission-form">
-    <div class="two-col">
+    <form class="core" action="{{ urls.path('-/allow-debug') }}" method="get">
-        <p><label>Allow block</label></p>
+        <div class="permission-form-grid">
-        <textarea name="allow">{{ allow_input }}</textarea>
+            <div class="form-section">
-    </div>
+                <label for="allow-block">Allow block</label>
-    <div class="two-col">
+                <textarea class="permission-textarea" id="allow-block" name="allow">{{ allow_input }}</textarea>
-        <p><label>Actor</label></p>
+            </div>
-        <textarea name="actor">{{ actor_input }}</textarea>
+            <div class="form-section">
-    </div>
+                <label for="allow-actor">Actor</label>
-    <div style="margin-top: 1em;">
+                <textarea class="permission-textarea" id="allow-actor" name="actor">{{ actor_input }}</textarea>
-        <input type="submit" value="Apply allow block to actor">
+            </div>
-    </div>
+        </div>
-</form>
+        <div class="form-actions">
+            <button type="submit" class="submit-btn">Apply allow block to actor</button>
+        </div>
+    </form>
 
-{% if error %}<p class="message-warning">{{ error }}</p>{% endif %}
+    {% if error %}<p class="message-warning permission-form-result">{{ error }}</p>{% endif %}
 
-{% if result == "True" %}<p class="message-info">Result: allow</p>{% endif %}
+    {% if result == "True" %}<p class="message-info permission-form-result">Result: allow</p>{% endif %}
 
-{% if result == "False" %}<p class="message-error">Result: deny</p>{% endif %}
+    {% if result == "False" %}<p class="message-error permission-form-result">Result: deny</p>{% endif %}
+</div>
 
 {% endblock %}

datasette/templates/api_explorer.html

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 {% block title %}API Explorer{% endblock %}
 
 {% block extra_head %}
-<script src="{{ base_url }}-/static/json-format-highlight-1.0.1.js"></script>
+<script src="{{ static('json-format-highlight-1.0.1.js') }}"></script>
 {% endblock %}
 
 {% block content %}

datasette/templates/base.html

@@ -2,18 +2,13 @@
 <html lang="en">
 <head>
     <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ urls.static('app.css') }}?{{ app_css_hash }}">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ static('app.css') }}">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
 {% for url in extra_css_urls %}
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ url.url }}"{% if url.get("sri") %} integrity="{{ url.sri }}" crossorigin="anonymous"{% endif %}>
 {% endfor %}
-<script>
+<script>window.datasetteVersion = '{{ datasette_version }}';</script>
-window.datasetteVersion = {{ datasette_version|tojson }};
+<script src="{{ static('datasette-manager.js') }}" defer></script>
-window.datasetteBaseUrl = {{ base_url|tojson }};
-window.datasetteEditToolsUrl = {{ (urls.static('edit-tools.js') ~ '?hash=' ~ edit_tools_js_hash)|tojson }};
-window.datasetteAutocompleteUrl = {{ urls.static('autocomplete.js')|tojson }};
-</script>
-<script src="{{ urls.static('datasette-manager.js') }}" defer></script>
 {% for url in extra_js_urls %}
     <script {% if url.module %}type="module" {% endif %}src="{{ url.url }}"{% if url.get("sri") %} integrity="{{ url.sri }}" crossorigin="anonymous"{% endif %}></script>
 {% endfor %}
@@ -75,7 +70,7 @@ window.datasetteAutocompleteUrl = {{ urls.static('autocomplete.js')|tojson }};
 {% endfor %}
 
 {% if select_templates %}<!-- Templates considered: {{ select_templates|join(", ") }} -->{% endif %}
-<script src="{{ urls.static('navigation-search.js') }}" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('navigation-search.js') }}" defer></script>
 <navigation-search url="{{ urls.path("/-/jump") }}"></navigation-search>
 </body>
 </html>

datasette/templates/database.html

@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@
 {{- super() -}}
 {% include "_codemirror.html" %}
 {% include "_sql_parameter_styles.html" %}
+{% if database_page_data.createTable %}
+<script>window._datasetteDatabaseData = {{ database_page_data|tojson }};</script>
+<script src="{{ static('edit-tools.js') }}" defer></script>
+{% endif %}
 {% endblock %}
 
 {% block body_class %}db db-{{ database|to_css_class }}{% endblock %}
@@ -72,7 +76,7 @@
 <div class="db-table">
     <h3><a href="{{ urls.table(database, table.name) }}">{{ table.name }}</a>{% if table.private %} 🔒{% endif %}{% if table.hidden %}<em> (hidden)</em>{% endif %}</h3>
     <p><em>{% for column in table.columns %}{{ column }}{% if not loop.last %}, {% endif %}{% endfor %}</em></p>
-    <p>{% if table.count is none %}Many rows{% elif table.count == count_limit + 1 %}&gt;{{ "{:,}".format(count_limit) }} rows{% else %}{{ "{:,}".format(table.count) }} row{% if table.count == 1 %}{% else %}s{% endif %}{% endif %}</p>
+    <p>{% if table.count is none %}Many rows{% elif table.count_truncated %}&gt;{{ "{:,}".format(table.count - 1) }} rows{% else %}{{ "{:,}".format(table.count) }} row{% if table.count == 1 %}{% else %}s{% endif %}{% endif %}</p>
 </div>
 {% endif %}
 {% endfor %}

datasette/templates/debug_actions.html

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 {% include "_permissions_debug_tabs.html" %}
 
 <p style="margin-bottom: 2em;">
-  This Datasette instance has registered {{ data|length }} action{{ data|length != 1 and "s" or "" }}.
+  This Datasette instance has registered {{ data.actions|length }} action{{ data.actions|length != 1 and "s" or "" }}.
   Actions are used by the permission system to control access to different features.
 </p>
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
     </tr>
   </thead>
   <tbody>
-    {% for action in data %}
+    {% for action in data.actions %}
     <tr>
       <td><strong>{{ action.name }}</strong></td>
       <td>{% if action.abbr %}<code>{{ action.abbr }}</code>{% endif %}</td>

datasette/templates/debug_allowed.html

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 {% block title %}Allowed Resources{% endblock %}
 
 {% block extra_head %}
-<script src="{{ base_url }}-/static/json-format-highlight-1.0.1.js"></script>
+<script src="{{ static('json-format-highlight-1.0.1.js') }}"></script>
 {% include "_permission_ui_styles.html" %}
 {% include "_debug_common_functions.html" %}
 {% endblock %}
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 
         <div class="form-section">
             <label for="page_size">Page size:</label>
-            <input type="number" id="page_size" name="page_size" value="50" min="1" max="200" style="max-width: 100px;">
+            <input type="number" id="page_size" name="_size" value="50" min="1" max="200">
             <small>Number of results per page (max 200)</small>
         </div>
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ const hasDebugPermission = {{ 'true' if has_debug_permission else 'false' }};
 (function() {
     const params = populateFormFromURL();
     const action = params.get('action');
-    const page = params.get('page');
+    const page = params.get('_page');
     if (action) {
         fetchResults(page ? parseInt(page) : 1);
     }
@@ -102,14 +102,14 @@ async function fetchResults(page = 1) {
     const params = new URLSearchParams();
 
     for (const [key, value] of formData.entries()) {
-        if (value && key !== 'page_size') {
+        if (value && key !== '_size' && key !== '_page') {
             params.append(key, value);
         }
     }
 
     const pageSize = document.getElementById('page_size').value || '50';
-    params.append('page', page.toString());
+    params.append('_page', page.toString());
-    params.append('page_size', pageSize);
+    params.append('_size', pageSize);
 
     try {
         const response = await fetch('{{ urls.path("-/allowed.json") }}?' + params.toString(), {

datasette/templates/debug_autocomplete.html

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 {% block extra_head %}
 {{ super() }}
-<script src="{{ urls.static('autocomplete.js') }}" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('autocomplete.js') }}" defer></script>
 {% endblock %}
 
 {% block content %}

datasette/templates/debug_check.html

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 {% extends "base.html" %}
 
-{% block title %}Permission Check{% endblock %}
+{% block title %}Explain a permission decision{% endblock %}
 
 {% block extra_head %}
-<script src="{{ base_url }}-/static/json-format-highlight-1.0.1.js"></script>
+<script src="{{ static('json-format-highlight-1.0.1.js') }}"></script>
 {% include "_permission_ui_styles.html" %}
 {% include "_debug_common_functions.html" %}
 <style>
@@ -13,29 +13,35 @@
     border-radius: 5px;
 }
 #output.allowed {
-    background-color: #e8f5e9;
+    background-color: #f3fbf4;
     border: 2px solid #4caf50;
 }
 #output.denied {
-    background-color: #ffebee;
+    background-color: #fff7f7;
     border: 2px solid #f44336;
 }
 #output h2 {
     margin-top: 0;
 }
-#output .result-badge {
+#output h3 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.5em;
+}
+#output .result-badge,
+.effect-badge,
+.rule-status {
     display: inline-block;
-    padding: 0.3em 0.8em;
+    padding: 0.2em 0.5em;
     border-radius: 3px;
     font-weight: bold;
-    font-size: 1.1em;
 }
-#output .allowed-badge {
+#output .allowed-badge,
-    background-color: #4caf50;
+.effect-allow {
+    background-color: #2e7d32;
     color: white;
 }
-#output .denied-badge {
+#output .denied-badge,
-    background-color: #f44336;
+.effect-deny {
+    background-color: #c62828;
     color: white;
 }
 .details-section {
@@ -48,70 +54,130 @@
 .details-section dd {
     margin-left: 1em;
 }
+.explanation-section {
+    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);
+    border: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-radius: 4px;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    padding: 0 1em 1em;
+}
+.rules-table {
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+    width: 100%;
+}
+.rules-table th,
+.rules-table td {
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    padding: 0.5em;
+    text-align: left;
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
+.rule-status {
+    background: #e8f5e9;
+    color: #1b5e20;
+}
+.rule-ignored {
+    background: #eee;
+    color: #555;
+    font-weight: normal;
+}
+.requirement-allowed {
+    color: #1b5e20;
+}
+.requirement-denied {
+    color: #b71c1c;
+}
+@media only screen and (max-width: 576px) {
+    .rules-table,
+    .rules-table tbody,
+    .rules-table tr,
+    .rules-table td {
+        display: block;
+    }
+    .rules-table thead {
+        display: none;
+    }
+    .rules-table td::before {
+        content: attr(data-label) ": ";
+        font-weight: bold;
+    }
+}
 </style>
 {% endblock %}
 
 {% block content %}
-<h1>Permission check</h1>
+<h1>Explain a permission decision</h1>
 
 {% set current_tab = "check" %}
 {% include "_permissions_debug_tabs.html" %}
 
-<p>Use this tool to test permission checks for the current actor. It queries the <code>/-/check.json</code> API endpoint.</p>
+<p>Test an actor, action and resource. The result explains which rules matched, which specificity level won, and whether actor restrictions or required actions changed the verdict.</p>
-
-{% if request.actor %}
-<p>Current actor: <strong>{{ request.actor.get("id", "anonymous") }}</strong></p>
-{% else %}
-<p>Current actor: <strong>anonymous (not logged in)</strong></p>
-{% endif %}
 
 <div class="permission-form">
-    <form id="check-form" method="get" action="{{ urls.path("-/check") }}">
+    <form id="check-form" method="get" action="{{ urls.path('-/check') }}">
         <div class="form-section">
-            <label for="action">Action (permission name):</label>
+            <label for="actor">Actor JSON:</label>
+            <textarea class="permission-textarea" id="actor" name="actor">{{ actor_json }}</textarea>
+            <small>Use <code>null</code> for an anonymous actor. This actor is simulated; it does not change who you are signed in as.</small>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="form-section">
+            <label for="action">Action:</label>
             <select id="action" name="action" required>
                 <option value="">Select an action...</option>
-                {% for action_name in sorted_actions %}
+                {% for action in actions %}
-                <option value="{{ action_name }}">{{ action_name }}</option>
+                <option value="{{ action.name }}">{{ action.name }}{% if action.description %} — {{ action.description }}{% endif %}</option>
                 {% endfor %}
             </select>
-            <small>The permission action to check</small>
+            <small id="action-help">The operation to evaluate</small>
         </div>
 
-        <div class="form-section">
+        <div class="form-section" id="parent-section">
-            <label for="parent">Parent resource (optional):</label>
+            <label for="parent">Parent resource:</label>
             <input type="text" id="parent" name="parent" placeholder="e.g., database name">
-            <small>For database-level permissions, specify the database name</small>
+            <small>The database or other parent resource</small>
         </div>
 
-        <div class="form-section">
+        <div class="form-section" id="child-section">
-            <label for="child">Child resource (optional):</label>
+            <label for="child">Child resource:</label>
-            <input type="text" id="child" name="child" placeholder="e.g., table name">
+            <input type="text" id="child" name="child" placeholder="e.g., table or query name">
-            <small>For table-level permissions, specify the table name (requires parent)</small>
+            <small>The table, query or other child resource</small>
         </div>
 
         <div class="form-actions">
-            <button type="submit" class="submit-btn" id="submit-btn">Check Permission</button>
+            <button type="submit" class="submit-btn" id="submit-btn">Explain decision</button>
         </div>
     </form>
 </div>
 
 <div id="output" style="display: none;">
     <h2>Result: <span class="result-badge" id="result-badge"></span></h2>
+    <p id="result-summary"></p>
 
     <dl class="details-section">
+        <dt>Actor:</dt>
+        <dd><code id="result-actor"></code></dd>
         <dt>Action:</dt>
-        <dd id="result-action"></dd>
+        <dd><code id="result-action"></code></dd>
-
+        <dt>Resource:</dt>
-        <dt>Resource Path:</dt>
+        <dd><code id="result-resource"></code></dd>
-        <dd id="result-resource"></dd>
-
-        <dt>Actor ID:</dt>
-        <dd id="result-actor"></dd>
-
-        <div id="additional-details"></div>
     </dl>
 
+    <section class="explanation-section">
+        <h3>Matching rules</h3>
+        <div id="matching-rules"></div>
+    </section>
+
+    <section class="explanation-section" id="restrictions-section">
+        <h3>Actor restrictions</h3>
+        <div id="restriction-results"></div>
+    </section>
+
+    <section class="explanation-section" id="requirements-section">
+        <h3>Required actions</h3>
+        <div id="requirement-results"></div>
+    </section>
+
     <details style="margin-top: 1em;">
         <summary style="cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;">Raw JSON response</summary>
         <pre id="raw-json" style="margin-top: 1em; padding: 1em; background-color: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 3px; overflow-x: auto;"></pre>
@@ -119,152 +185,134 @@
 </div>
 
 <script>
+const actions = Object.fromEntries({{ actions|tojson }}.map(action => [action.name, action]));
 const form = document.getElementById('check-form');
 const output = document.getElementById('output');
 const submitBtn = document.getElementById('submit-btn');
+const actionSelect = document.getElementById('action');
+
+function updateResourceFields() {
+    const action = actions[actionSelect.value];
+    document.getElementById('parent-section').style.display = action && action.takes_parent ? 'block' : 'none';
+    document.getElementById('child-section').style.display = action && action.takes_child ? 'block' : 'none';
+    let help = action && action.description ? action.description : 'The operation to evaluate';
+    if (action && action.also_requires) {
+        help += `; also requires ${action.also_requires}`;
+    }
+    document.getElementById('action-help').textContent = help;
+}
 
 async function performCheck() {
     submitBtn.disabled = true;
-    submitBtn.textContent = 'Checking...';
+    submitBtn.textContent = 'Explaining...';
-
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(new FormData(form));
-    const formData = new FormData(form);
-    const params = new URLSearchParams();
-
-    for (const [key, value] of formData.entries()) {
-        if (value) {
-            params.append(key, value);
-        }
-    }
 
     try {
         const response = await fetch('{{ urls.path("-/check.json") }}?' + params.toString(), {
-            method: 'GET',
+            headers: {'Accept': 'application/json'}
-            headers: {
-                'Accept': 'application/json',
-            }
         });
-
         const data = await response.json();
-
         if (response.ok) {
             displayResult(data);
         } else {
             displayError(data);
         }
     } catch (error) {
-        alert('Error: ' + error.message);
+        displayError({error: error.message});
     } finally {
         submitBtn.disabled = false;
-        submitBtn.textContent = 'Check Permission';
+        submitBtn.textContent = 'Explain decision';
     }
 }
 
-// Populate form on initial load
-(function() {
-    const params = populateFormFromURL();
-    const action = params.get('action');
-    if (action) {
-        performCheck();
-    }
-})();
-
 function displayResult(data) {
     output.style.display = 'block';
-
-    // Set badge and styling
     const resultBadge = document.getElementById('result-badge');
-    if (data.allowed) {
+    output.className = data.allowed ? 'allowed' : 'denied';
-        output.className = 'allowed';
+    resultBadge.className = `result-badge ${data.allowed ? 'allowed-badge' : 'denied-badge'}`;
-        resultBadge.className = 'result-badge allowed-badge';
+    resultBadge.textContent = data.allowed ? 'ALLOWED ✓' : 'DENIED ✗';
-        resultBadge.textContent = 'ALLOWED ✓';
+    document.getElementById('result-summary').textContent = data.explanation.summary;
-    } else {
+    document.getElementById('result-actor').textContent = data.actor === null ? 'anonymous' : JSON.stringify(data.actor);
-        output.className = 'denied';
+    document.getElementById('result-action').textContent = data.action;
-        resultBadge.className = 'result-badge denied-badge';
+    document.getElementById('result-resource').textContent = data.resource.path;
-        resultBadge.textContent = 'DENIED ✗';
+    displayRules(data.explanation);
-    }
+    displayRestrictions(data.explanation.restrictions);
-
+    displayRequirements(data.explanation.required_actions);
-    // Basic details
-    document.getElementById('result-action').textContent = data.action || 'N/A';
-    document.getElementById('result-resource').textContent = data.resource?.path || '/';
-    document.getElementById('result-actor').textContent = data.actor_id || 'anonymous';
-
-    // Additional details
-    const additionalDetails = document.getElementById('additional-details');
-    additionalDetails.innerHTML = '';
-
-    if (data.reason !== undefined) {
-        const dt = document.createElement('dt');
-        dt.textContent = 'Reason:';
-        const dd = document.createElement('dd');
-        dd.textContent = data.reason || 'N/A';
-        additionalDetails.appendChild(dt);
-        additionalDetails.appendChild(dd);
-    }
-
-    if (data.source_plugin !== undefined) {
-        const dt = document.createElement('dt');
-        dt.textContent = 'Source Plugin:';
-        const dd = document.createElement('dd');
-        dd.textContent = data.source_plugin || 'N/A';
-        additionalDetails.appendChild(dt);
-        additionalDetails.appendChild(dd);
-    }
-
-    if (data.used_default !== undefined) {
-        const dt = document.createElement('dt');
-        dt.textContent = 'Used Default:';
-        const dd = document.createElement('dd');
-        dd.textContent = data.used_default ? 'Yes' : 'No';
-        additionalDetails.appendChild(dt);
-        additionalDetails.appendChild(dd);
-    }
-
-    if (data.depth !== undefined) {
-        const dt = document.createElement('dt');
-        dt.textContent = 'Depth:';
-        const dd = document.createElement('dd');
-        dd.textContent = data.depth;
-        additionalDetails.appendChild(dt);
-        additionalDetails.appendChild(dd);
-    }
-
-    // Raw JSON
     document.getElementById('raw-json').innerHTML = jsonFormatHighlight(data);
+}
 
-    // Scroll to output
+function displayRules(explanation) {
-    output.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'nearest' });
+    const container = document.getElementById('matching-rules');
+    if (!explanation.matched_rules.length) {
+        container.innerHTML = '<p>No rules matched. Datasette denies access when there is no matching rule.</p>';
+        return;
+    }
+    let html = '<table class="rules-table"><thead><tr><th>Effect</th><th>Scope</th><th>Source</th><th>Reason</th><th>Role in decision</th></tr></thead><tbody>';
+    for (const rule of explanation.matched_rules) {
+        const status = rule.decisive
+            ? '<span class="rule-status">Decisive</span>'
+            : `<span class="rule-status rule-ignored">${escapeHtml(rule.ignored_because)}</span>`;
+        html += '<tr>';
+        html += `<td data-label="Effect"><span class="effect-badge effect-${rule.effect}">${rule.effect.toUpperCase()}</span></td>`;
+        html += `<td data-label="Scope">${escapeHtml(rule.scope)}</td>`;
+        html += `<td data-label="Source"><code>${escapeHtml(rule.source || 'unknown')}</code></td>`;
+        html += `<td data-label="Reason">${escapeHtml(rule.reason || 'No reason supplied')}</td>`;
+        html += `<td data-label="Role in decision">${status}</td>`;
+        html += '</tr>';
+    }
+    container.innerHTML = html + '</tbody></table>';
+}
+
+function displayRestrictions(restrictions) {
+    const section = document.getElementById('restrictions-section');
+    const container = document.getElementById('restriction-results');
+    section.style.display = restrictions.length ? 'block' : 'none';
+    container.innerHTML = restrictions.map(restriction => {
+        const className = restriction.allowed ? 'requirement-allowed' : 'requirement-denied';
+        const verdict = restriction.allowed ? 'INCLUDED ✓' : 'EXCLUDED ✗';
+        return `<p class="${className}"><strong>${verdict}</strong> by <code>${escapeHtml(restriction.source || 'unknown')}</code>: ${escapeHtml(restriction.reason)}</p>`;
+    }).join('');
+}
+
+function displayRequirements(requirements) {
+    const section = document.getElementById('requirements-section');
+    const container = document.getElementById('requirement-results');
+    section.style.display = requirements.length ? 'block' : 'none';
+    container.innerHTML = requirements.map(requirement => {
+        const className = requirement.allowed ? 'requirement-allowed' : 'requirement-denied';
+        const verdict = requirement.allowed ? 'ALLOWED ✓' : 'DENIED ✗';
+        return `<p class="${className}"><strong>${escapeHtml(requirement.action)}: ${verdict}</strong> — ${escapeHtml(requirement.summary)}</p>`;
+    }).join('');
 }
 
 function displayError(data) {
     output.style.display = 'block';
     output.className = 'denied';
-
     const resultBadge = document.getElementById('result-badge');
     resultBadge.className = 'result-badge denied-badge';
     resultBadge.textContent = 'ERROR';
-
+    document.getElementById('result-summary').textContent = data.error || 'Unknown error';
-    document.getElementById('result-action').textContent = 'N/A';
+    document.getElementById('result-actor').textContent = '—';
-    document.getElementById('result-resource').textContent = 'N/A';
+    document.getElementById('result-action').textContent = '—';
-    document.getElementById('result-actor').textContent = 'N/A';
+    document.getElementById('result-resource').textContent = '—';
-
+    document.getElementById('matching-rules').innerHTML = '';
-    const additionalDetails = document.getElementById('additional-details');
+    document.getElementById('restrictions-section').style.display = 'none';
-    additionalDetails.innerHTML = '<dt>Error:</dt><dd>' + (data.error || 'Unknown error') + '</dd>';
+    document.getElementById('requirements-section').style.display = 'none';
-
     document.getElementById('raw-json').innerHTML = jsonFormatHighlight(data);
-
-    output.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'nearest' });
 }
 
-// Disable child input if parent is empty
+form.addEventListener('submit', event => {
-const parentInput = document.getElementById('parent');
+    event.preventDefault();
-const childInput = document.getElementById('child');
+    performCheck();
-
-childInput.addEventListener('focus', () => {
-    if (!parentInput.value) {
-        alert('Please specify a parent resource first before adding a child resource.');
-        parentInput.focus();
-    }
 });
-</script>
+actionSelect.addEventListener('change', updateResourceFields);
 
+(function initializeFromUrl() {
+    const params = populateFormFromURL();
+    updateResourceFields();
+    if (params.get('action')) {
+        performCheck();
+    }
+})();
+</script>
 {% endblock %}

datasette/templates/debug_permissions_playground.html

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {% extends "base.html" %}
 
-{% block title %}Debug permissions{% endblock %}
+{% block title %}Permission activity{% endblock %}
 
 {% block extra_head %}
 {% include "_permission_ui_styles.html" %}
@@ -20,60 +20,45 @@
 .check-action, .check-when, .check-result {
     font-size: 1.3em;
 }
-textarea {
-    height: 10em;
-    width: 95%;
-    box-sizing: border-box;
-    padding: 0.5em;
-    border: 2px dotted black;
-}
-.two-col {
-    display: inline-block;
-    width: 48%;
-}
-.two-col label {
-    width: 48%;
-}
-@media only screen and (max-width: 576px) {
-    .two-col {
-        width: 100%;
-    }
-}
 </style>
 {% endblock %}
 
 {% block content %}
-<h1>Permission playground</h1>
+<h1>Permission activity</h1>
 
 {% set current_tab = "permissions" %}
 {% include "_permissions_debug_tabs.html" %}
 
-<p>This tool lets you simulate an actor and a permission check for that actor.</p>
+<h2>Raw simulator</h2>
+
+<p>This form runs a hypothetical permission check and returns its raw explanation JSON. Use the <a href="{{ urls.path('-/check') }}">Explain tool</a> for a visual explanation of the same decision.</p>
 
 <div class="permission-form">
     <form action="{{ urls.path('-/permissions') }}" id="debug-post" method="post">
-        <div class="two-col">
+        <div class="permission-form-grid">
-            <div class="form-section">
+            <div>
-                <label>Actor</label>
+                <div class="form-section">
-                <textarea name="actor">{% if actor_input %}{{ actor_input }}{% else %}{"id": "root"}{% endif %}</textarea>
+                    <label for="activity-actor">Actor</label>
+                    <textarea class="permission-textarea" id="activity-actor" name="actor">{% if actor_input %}{{ actor_input }}{% else %}{"id": "root"}{% endif %}</textarea>
+                </div>
             </div>
-        </div>
+            <div>
-        <div class="two-col" style="vertical-align: top">
+                <div class="form-section">
-            <div class="form-section">
+                    <label for="permission">Action</label>
-                <label for="permission">Action</label>
+                    <select name="permission" id="permission">
-                <select name="permission" id="permission">
+                        {% for permission in permissions %}
-                    {% for permission in permissions %}
+                            <option value="{{ permission.name }}">{{ permission.name }}</option>
-                        <option value="{{ permission.name }}">{{ permission.name }}</option>
+                        {% endfor %}
-                    {% endfor %}
+                    </select>
-                </select>
+                </div>
-            </div>
+                <div class="form-section">
-            <div class="form-section">
+                    <label for="resource_1">Parent</label>
-                <label for="resource_1">Parent</label>
+                    <input type="text" id="resource_1" name="resource_1" placeholder="e.g., database name">
-                <input type="text" id="resource_1" name="resource_1" placeholder="e.g., database name">
+                </div>
-            </div>
+                <div class="form-section">
-            <div class="form-section">
+                    <label for="resource_2">Child</label>
-                <label for="resource_2">Child</label>
+                    <input type="text" id="resource_2" name="resource_2" placeholder="e.g., table name">
-                <input type="text" id="resource_2" name="resource_2" placeholder="e.g., table name">
+                </div>
             </div>
         </div>
         <div class="form-actions">
@@ -125,7 +110,7 @@ debugPost.addEventListener('submit', function(ev) {
 });
 </script>
 
-<h1>Recent permissions checks</h1>
+<h2>Recent permission checks</h2>
 
 <p>
     {% if filter != "all" %}<a href="?filter=all">All</a>{% else %}<strong>All</strong>{% endif %},

datasette/templates/debug_rules.html

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 {% block title %}Permission Rules{% endblock %}
 
 {% block extra_head %}
-<script src="{{ base_url }}-/static/json-format-highlight-1.0.1.js"></script>
+<script src="{{ static('json-format-highlight-1.0.1.js') }}"></script>
 {% include "_permission_ui_styles.html" %}
 {% include "_debug_common_functions.html" %}
 {% endblock %}
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 
         <div class="form-section">
             <label for="page_size">Page size:</label>
-            <input type="number" id="page_size" name="page_size" value="50" min="1" max="200" style="max-width: 100px;">
+            <input type="number" id="page_size" name="_size" value="50" min="1" max="200">
             <small>Number of results per page (max 200)</small>
         </div>
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ const submitBtn = document.getElementById('submit-btn');
 (function() {
     const params = populateFormFromURL();
     const action = params.get('action');
-    const page = params.get('page');
+    const page = params.get('_page');
     if (action) {
         fetchResults(page ? parseInt(page) : 1);
     }
@@ -89,14 +89,14 @@ async function fetchResults(page = 1) {
     const params = new URLSearchParams();
 
     for (const [key, value] of formData.entries()) {
-        if (value && key !== 'page_size') {
+        if (value && key !== '_size' && key !== '_page') {
             params.append(key, value);
         }
     }
 
     const pageSize = document.getElementById('page_size').value || '50';
-    params.append('page', page.toString());
+    params.append('_page', page.toString());
-    params.append('page_size', pageSize);
+    params.append('_size', pageSize);
 
     try {
         const response = await fetch('{{ urls.path("-/rules.json") }}?' + params.toString(), {

datasette/templates/patterns.html

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html lang="en">
 <head>
     <title>Datasette: Pattern Portfolio</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ base_url }}-/static/app.css?{{ app_css_hash }}">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ static('app.css') }}">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
     <meta name="robots" content="noindex">
     <style></style>
@@ -202,9 +202,9 @@
     <h3>3 rows
         where characteristic_id = 2
     </h3>
-    <form class="filters" action="{{ base_url }}fixtures/roadside_attraction_characteristics" method="get">
+    <form class="core filters" action="{{ base_url }}fixtures/roadside_attraction_characteristics" method="get">
     <div class="search-row"><label for="_search">Search:</label><input id="_search" type="search" name="_search" value=""></div>
-        <div class="filter-row">
+        <div class="filter-row filter-controls-row">
             <div class="select-wrapper">
                 <select name="_filter_column_1">
                     <option value="">- remove filter -</option>
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
                 </select>
             </div><input type="text" name="_filter_value_1" class="filter-value" value="2">
         </div>
-    <div class="filter-row">
+    <div class="filter-row filter-controls-row">
         <div class="select-wrapper">
             <select name="_filter_column">
                 <option value="">- column -</option>
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@
             </select>
         </div><input type="text" name="_filter_value" class="filter-value">
     </div>
-    <div class="filter-row">
+    <div class="filter-row filter-actions-row">
-            <div class="select-wrapper small-screen-only">
+            <div class="select-wrapper">
                 <select name="_sort" id="sort_by">
                     <option value="">Sort...</option>
                     <option value="rowid" selected>Sort by rowid</option>
@@ -281,8 +281,8 @@
                     <option value="characteristic_id">Sort by characteristic_id</option>
                 </select>
             </div>
-            <label class="sort_by_desc small-screen-only"><input type="checkbox" name="_sort_by_desc"> descending</label>
+            <label class="sort_by_desc"><input type="checkbox" name="_sort_by_desc"> descending</label>
-        <input type="submit" value="Apply">
+        <input type="submit" value="Apply filters">
     </div>
   </form>
 

datasette/templates/row.html

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 {% if row_mutation_ui %}
 <script>window._datasetteTableData = {{ table_page_data|tojson }};</script>
 {% if table_page_data.foreignKeys %}
-<script src="{{ urls.static('autocomplete.js') }}" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('autocomplete.js') }}" defer></script>
 {% endif %}
-<script src="{{ urls.static('edit-tools.js') }}?hash={{ edit_tools_js_hash }}" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('edit-tools.js') }}" defer></script>
 {% endif %}
 <style>
 @media only screen and (max-width: 576px) {
@@ -42,24 +42,12 @@
 
 {% if foreign_key_tables %}
     <h2>Links from other tables</h2>
-    <ul class="row-foreign-key-tables">
+    <ul>
         {% for other in foreign_key_tables %}
             <li>
                 <a href="{{ other.link }}">
                     {{ "{:,}".format(other.count) }} row{% if other.count == 1 %}{% else %}s{% endif %}</a>
                 from {{ other.other_column }} in {{ other.other_table }}
-                {% if other.can_insert %}
-                    <button
-                        type="button"
-                        class="core row-foreign-key-insert"
-                        data-insert-dialog
-                        data-insert-dialog-reload
-                        data-database="{{ database }}"
-                        data-table="{{ other.other_table }}"
-                        data-row="{{ other.insert_row|tojson|forceescape }}"
-                        data-message="{{ other.insert_message }}"
-                    >Insert</button>
-                {% endif %}
             </li>
         {% endfor %}
     </ul>

datasette/templates/table.html

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 {% extends "base.html" %}
 
-{% block title %}{{ database }}: {{ table }}: {% if count or count == 0 %}{{ "{:,}".format(count) }} row{% if count == 1 %}{% else %}s{% endif %}{% endif %}{% if human_description_en %} {{ human_description_en }}{% endif %}{% endblock %}
+{% block title %}{{ database }}: {{ table }}: {% if count_truncated %}>{{ "{:,}".format(count - 1) }} rows{% elif count or count == 0 %}{{ "{:,}".format(count) }} row{% if count == 1 %}{% else %}s{% endif %}{% endif %}{% if human_description_en %} {{ human_description_en }}{% endif %}{% endblock %}
 
 {% block extra_head %}
 {{- super() -}}
 <script>window._datasetteTableData = {{ table_page_data|tojson }};</script>
-<script src="{{ urls.static('column-chooser.js') }}" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('column-chooser.js') }}" defer></script>
 {% if table_page_data.foreignKeys %}
-<script src="{{ urls.static('autocomplete.js') }}" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('autocomplete.js') }}" defer></script>
 {% endif %}
-<script src="{{ urls.static('edit-tools.js') }}?hash={{ edit_tools_js_hash }}" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('edit-tools.js') }}" defer></script>
-<script src="{{ urls.static('table.js') }}?hash={{ table_js_hash }}" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('table.js') }}" defer></script>
-<script src="{{ urls.static('mobile-column-actions.js') }}" defer></script>
+<script src="{{ static('mobile-column-actions.js') }}" defer></script>
 <script>DATASETTE_ALLOW_FACET = {{ datasette_allow_facet }};</script>
 <style>
 @media only screen and (max-width: 576px) {
@@ -48,19 +48,19 @@
 
 {% if count or human_description_en %}
     <h3>
-        {% if count == count_limit + 1 %}&gt;{{ "{:,}".format(count_limit) }} rows
+        {% if count_truncated %}&gt;{{ "{:,}".format(count - 1) }} rows
         {% if allow_execute_sql and query.sql %} <a class="count-sql" style="font-size: 0.8em;" href="{{ urls.database_query(database, count_sql) }}">count all</a>{% endif %}
         {% elif count or count == 0 %}{{ "{:,}".format(count) }} row{% if count == 1 %}{% else %}s{% endif %}{% endif %}
         {% if human_description_en %}{{ human_description_en }}{% endif %}
     </h3>
 {% endif %}
 
-<form class="core" class="filters" action="{{ urls.table(database, table) }}" method="get">
+<form class="core filters" action="{{ urls.table(database, table) }}" method="get">
     {% if supports_search %}
         <div class="search-row"><label for="_search">Search:</label><input id="_search" type="search" name="_search" value="{{ search }}"></div>
     {% endif %}
     {% for column, lookup, value in filters.selections() %}
-        <div class="filter-row">
+        <div class="filter-row filter-controls-row">
             <div class="select-wrapper">
                 <select name="_filter_column_{{ loop.index }}">
                     <option value="">- remove filter -</option>
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
             </div><input type="text" name="_filter_value_{{ loop.index }}" class="filter-value" value="{{ value }}">
         </div>
     {% endfor %}
-    <div class="filter-row">
+    <div class="filter-row filter-controls-row">
         <div class="select-wrapper">
             <select name="_filter_column">
                 <option value="">- column -</option>
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@
             </select>
         </div><input type="text" name="_filter_value" class="filter-value">
     </div>
-    <div class="filter-row">
+    <div class="filter-row filter-actions-row">
         {% if is_sortable %}
-            <div class="select-wrapper small-screen-only">
+            <div class="select-wrapper">
                 <select name="_sort" id="sort_by">
                     <option value="">Sort...</option>
                     {% for column in display_columns %}
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@
                     {% endfor %}
                 </select>
             </div>
-            <label class="sort_by_desc small-screen-only"><input type="checkbox" name="_sort_by_desc"{% if sort_desc %} checked{% endif %}> descending</label>
+            <label class="sort_by_desc"><input type="checkbox" name="_sort_by_desc" tabindex="0"{% if sort_desc %} checked{% endif %}> descending</label>
         {% endif %}
         {% for key, value in form_hidden_args %}
             <input type="hidden" name="{{ key }}" value="{{ value }}">
         {% endfor %}
-        <input type="submit" value="Apply">
+        <input type="submit" value="Apply filters" tabindex="0">
     </div>
 </form>
 

datasette/tokens.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import dataclasses
 import time
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import itsdangerous
 
@@ -18,6 +18,21 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from datasette.app import Datasette
 
 
+class TokenInvalid(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised by a TokenHandler when a token it recognizes is invalid -
+    for example a bad signature, malformed payload or expired token.
+
+    Datasette responds to this with an HTTP 401 error. Handlers should
+    return None instead for tokens they do not recognize at all, so that
+    other registered handlers get a chance to verify them.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message="Invalid token"):
+        self.message = message
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
 @dataclasses.dataclass
 class TokenRestrictions:
     """
@@ -35,24 +50,24 @@ class TokenRestrictions:
     database: dict[str, list[str]] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
     resource: dict[str, dict[str, list[str]]] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
 
-    def allow_all(self, action: str) -> "TokenRestrictions":
+    def allow_all(self, action: str) -> TokenRestrictions:
         """Allow an action across all databases and resources."""
         self.all.append(action)
         return self
 
-    def allow_database(self, database: str, action: str) -> "TokenRestrictions":
+    def allow_database(self, database: str, action: str) -> TokenRestrictions:
         """Allow an action on a specific database."""
         self.database.setdefault(database, []).append(action)
         return self
 
     def allow_resource(
         self, database: str, resource: str, action: str
-    ) -> "TokenRestrictions":
+    ) -> TokenRestrictions:
         """Allow an action on a specific resource within a database."""
         self.resource.setdefault(database, {}).setdefault(resource, []).append(action)
         return self
 
-    def abbreviated(self, datasette: "Datasette") -> Optional[dict]:
+    def abbreviated(self, datasette: Datasette) -> dict | None:
         """
         Return the abbreviated ``_r`` dictionary shape for this set of
         restrictions, using action abbreviations registered with ``datasette``.
@@ -97,19 +112,23 @@ class TokenHandler:
 
     async def create_token(
         self,
-        datasette: "Datasette",
+        datasette: Datasette,
         actor_id: str,
         *,
-        expires_after: Optional[int] = None,
+        expires_after: int | None = None,
-        restrictions: Optional[TokenRestrictions] = None,
+        restrictions: TokenRestrictions | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Create and return a token string for the given actor."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    async def verify_token(self, datasette: "Datasette", token: str) -> Optional[dict]:
+    async def verify_token(self, datasette: Datasette, token: str) -> dict | None:
         """
-        Verify a token and return an actor dict, or None if this handler
+        Verify a token and return an actor dict.
-        does not recognize the token.
+
+        Return None if this handler does not recognize the token at all,
+        so other handlers can try it. Raise TokenInvalid if the token is
+        recognized but invalid (bad signature, malformed, expired) - the
+        request will fail with a 401 error.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -123,11 +142,11 @@ class SignedTokenHandler(TokenHandler):
 
     async def create_token(
         self,
-        datasette: "Datasette",
+        datasette: Datasette,
         actor_id: str,
         *,
-        expires_after: Optional[int] = None,
+        expires_after: int | None = None,
-        restrictions: Optional[TokenRestrictions] = None,
+        restrictions: TokenRestrictions | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         if not datasette.setting("allow_signed_tokens"):
             raise ValueError(
@@ -144,32 +163,35 @@ class SignedTokenHandler(TokenHandler):
                 token["_r"] = abbreviated
         return "dstok_{}".format(datasette.sign(token, namespace="token"))
 
-    async def verify_token(self, datasette: "Datasette", token: str) -> Optional[dict]:
+    async def verify_token(self, datasette: Datasette, token: str) -> dict | None:
         prefix = "dstok_"
 
-        if not datasette.setting("allow_signed_tokens"):
+        if not token.startswith(prefix):
+            # Not one of our tokens - leave it for other handlers
             return None
 
+        if not datasette.setting("allow_signed_tokens"):
+            raise TokenInvalid(
+                "Signed tokens are not enabled for this Datasette instance"
+            )
+
         max_signed_tokens_ttl = datasette.setting("max_signed_tokens_ttl")
 
-        if not token.startswith(prefix):
-            return None
-
         raw = token[len(prefix) :]
         try:
             decoded = datasette.unsign(raw, namespace="token")
         except itsdangerous.BadSignature:
-            return None
+            raise TokenInvalid("Invalid token signature")
 
         if "t" not in decoded:
-            return None
+            raise TokenInvalid("Invalid token: no timestamp")
         created = decoded["t"]
         if not isinstance(created, int):
-            return None
+            raise TokenInvalid("Invalid token: invalid timestamp")
 
         duration = decoded.get("d")
         if duration is not None and not isinstance(duration, int):
-            return None
+            raise TokenInvalid("Invalid token: invalid duration")
 
         if (duration is None and max_signed_tokens_ttl) or (
             duration is not None
@@ -178,9 +200,8 @@ class SignedTokenHandler(TokenHandler):
         ):
             duration = max_signed_tokens_ttl
 
-        if duration:
+        if duration and time.time() - created > duration:
-            if time.time() - created > duration:
+            raise TokenInvalid("Token has expired")
-                return None
 
         actor = {"id": decoded["a"], "token": "dstok"}
 

datasette/tracer.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import asyncio
+import json
+import time
+import traceback
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from contextvars import ContextVar
+
 from markupsafe import escape
-import time
-import json
-import traceback
 
 tracers = {}
 
@@ -132,17 +133,17 @@ class AsgiTracer:
                     "num_traces": len(traces),
                     "traces": traces,
                 }
-                try:
+                content_type = next(
-                    content_type = [
+                    (
                         v.decode("utf8")
                         for k, v in response_headers
                         if k.lower() == b"content-type"
-                    ][0]
+                    ),
-                except IndexError:
+                    "",
-                    content_type = ""
+                )
                 if "text/html" in content_type and b"</body>" in accumulated_body:
                     extra = escape(json.dumps(trace_info, indent=2))
-                    extra_html = f"<pre>{extra}</pre></body>".encode("utf8")
+                    extra_html = f"<pre>{extra}</pre></body>".encode()
                     accumulated_body = accumulated_body.replace(b"</body>", extra_html)
                 elif "json" in content_type and accumulated_body.startswith(b"{"):
                     data = json.loads(accumulated_body.decode("utf8"))

datasette/url_builder.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from .utils import tilde_encode, path_with_format, PrefixedUrlString
 import urllib
 
+from .utils import PrefixedUrlString, path_with_format, tilde_encode
+
 
 class Urls:
     def __init__(self, ds):
@@ -8,8 +9,7 @@ class Urls:
 
     def path(self, path, format=None):
         if not isinstance(path, PrefixedUrlString):
-            if path.startswith("/"):
+            path = path.removeprefix("/")
-                path = path[1:]
             path = self.ds.setting("base_url") + path
         if format is not None:
             path = path_with_format(path=path, format=format)
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ class Urls:
         return PrefixedUrlString(path)
 
     def row_blob(self, database, table, row_path, column):
-        return self.table(database, table) + "/{}.blob?_blob_column={}".format(
+        return (
-            row_path, urllib.parse.quote_plus(column)
+            self.table(database, table)
+            + f"/{row_path}.blob?_blob_column={urllib.parse.quote_plus(column)}"
         )

datasette/utils/__init__.py

@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
 import asyncio
-from contextlib import contextmanager
+import base64
-import aiofiles
+import binascii
-import click
-from collections import OrderedDict, namedtuple, Counter
 import copy
 import dataclasses
-import base64
 import hashlib
 import inspect
 import json
-import markupsafe
-import mergedeep
 import os
 import re
+import secrets
 import shlex
+import shutil
 import tempfile
-import typing
 import time
 import types
-import secrets
+import typing
-import shutil
-from typing import Iterable, List, Tuple
 import urllib
+from collections import Counter, OrderedDict, namedtuple
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+import aiofiles
+import click
+import markupsafe
+import mergedeep
 import yaml
+
 from .shutil_backport import copytree
 from .sqlite import sqlite3, supports_table_xinfo
 
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
 class PaginatedResources:
     """Paginated results from allowed_resources query."""
 
-    resources: List["Resource"]
+    resources: list["Resource"]
     next: str | None  # Keyset token for next page (None if no more results)
     _datasette: typing.Any = dataclasses.field(default=None, repr=False)
     _action: str = dataclasses.field(default=None, repr=False)
@@ -82,22 +85,132 @@ class PaginatedResources:
 
 
 # From https://www.sqlite.org/lang_keywords.html
-reserved_words = set(
+reserved_words = {
-    (
+    "abort",
-        "abort action add after all alter analyze and as asc attach autoincrement "
+    "action",
-        "before begin between by cascade case cast check collate column commit "
+    "add",
-        "conflict constraint create cross current_date current_time "
+    "after",
-        "current_timestamp database default deferrable deferred delete desc detach "
+    "all",
-        "distinct drop each else end escape except exclusive exists explain fail "
+    "alter",
-        "for foreign from full glob group having if ignore immediate in index "
+    "analyze",
-        "indexed initially inner insert instead intersect into is isnull join key "
+    "and",
-        "left like limit match natural no not notnull null of offset on or order "
+    "as",
-        "outer plan pragma primary query raise recursive references regexp reindex "
+    "asc",
-        "release rename replace restrict right rollback row savepoint select set "
+    "attach",
-        "table temp temporary then to transaction trigger union unique update using "
+    "autoincrement",
-        "vacuum values view virtual when where with without"
+    "before",
-    ).split()
+    "begin",
-)
+    "between",
+    "by",
+    "cascade",
+    "case",
+    "cast",
+    "check",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "commit",
+    "conflict",
+    "constraint",
+    "create",
+    "cross",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "database",
+    "default",
+    "deferrable",
+    "deferred",
+    "delete",
+    "desc",
+    "detach",
+    "distinct",
+    "drop",
+    "each",
+    "else",
+    "end",
+    "escape",
+    "except",
+    "exclusive",
+    "exists",
+    "explain",
+    "fail",
+    "for",
+    "foreign",
+    "from",
+    "full",
+    "glob",
+    "group",
+    "having",
+    "if",
+    "ignore",
+    "immediate",
+    "in",
+    "index",
+    "indexed",
+    "initially",
+    "inner",
+    "insert",
+    "instead",
+    "intersect",
+    "into",
+    "is",
+    "isnull",
+    "join",
+    "key",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "limit",
+    "match",
+    "natural",
+    "no",
+    "not",
+    "notnull",
+    "null",
+    "of",
+    "offset",
+    "on",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "outer",
+    "plan",
+    "pragma",
+    "primary",
+    "query",
+    "raise",
+    "recursive",
+    "references",
+    "regexp",
+    "reindex",
+    "release",
+    "rename",
+    "replace",
+    "restrict",
+    "right",
+    "rollback",
+    "row",
+    "savepoint",
+    "select",
+    "set",
+    "table",
+    "temp",
+    "temporary",
+    "then",
+    "to",
+    "transaction",
+    "trigger",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "update",
+    "using",
+    "vacuum",
+    "values",
+    "view",
+    "virtual",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+    "with",
+    "without",
+}
 
 APT_GET_DOCKERFILE_EXTRAS = r"""
 RUN apt-get update && \
@@ -157,7 +270,7 @@ functions_marked_as_documented = []
 
 def documented(fn=None, *, label=None):
     def decorate(fn):
-        fn._datasette_docs_label = label or "internals_utils_{}".format(fn.__name__)
+        fn._datasette_docs_label = label or f"internals_utils_{fn.__name__}"
         functions_marked_as_documented.append(fn)
         return fn
 
@@ -224,24 +337,71 @@ def compound_keys_after_sql(pks, start_index=0):
     return "({})".format("\n  or\n".join(or_clauses))
 
 
+@documented
 class CustomJSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+    """
+    The CustomJSONEncoder class handles serialization for objects commonly used by Datasette,
+    including SQLite cursors and binary blobs. Datasette uses it internally to serve .json endpoints,
+    and plugins that return JSON can use it to match Datasette's own handling.
+
+    Built-in types (text, numbers, lists, etc) are encoded the same as Python's built-in ``json`` module.
+
+    - ``sqlite3.Row`` becomes a tuple
+    - ``sqlite3.Cursor`` becomes a list
+
+    Binary blobs are encoded as an object, with the actual data base64-encoded,
+    like so: ::
+
+        {
+            "$base64": True,
+            "encoded": ...,
+        }
+
+    Example: https://latest.datasette.io/fixtures/binary_data.json
+    """
+
     def default(self, obj):
         if isinstance(obj, sqlite3.Row):
             return tuple(obj)
         if isinstance(obj, sqlite3.Cursor):
             return list(obj)
         if isinstance(obj, bytes):
-            # Does it encode to utf8?
+            return {
-            try:
+                "$base64": True,
-                return obj.decode("utf8")
+                "encoded": base64.b64encode(obj).decode("latin1"),
-            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            }
-                return {
-                    "$base64": True,
-                    "encoded": base64.b64encode(obj).decode("latin1"),
-                }
         return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)
 
 
+class WriteJsonValueError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+def decode_write_json_cell(value):
+    if not isinstance(value, dict):
+        return value
+    keys = set(value.keys())
+    if keys == {"$raw"}:
+        return value["$raw"]
+    if keys == {"$base64", "encoded"} and value.get("$base64") is True:
+        encoded = value["encoded"]
+        if not isinstance(encoded, str):
+            raise WriteJsonValueError("$base64 encoded value must be a string")
+        try:
+            return base64.b64decode(encoded, validate=True)
+        except binascii.Error as ex:
+            raise WriteJsonValueError("Invalid $base64 encoded value") from ex
+    return value
+
+
+def decode_write_json_row(row):
+    return {key: decode_write_json_cell(value) for key, value in row.items()}
+
+
+def decode_write_json_rows(rows):
+    return [decode_write_json_row(row) for row in rows]
+
+
 @contextmanager
 def sqlite_timelimit(conn, ms):
     deadline = time.perf_counter() + (ms / 1000)
@@ -312,7 +472,7 @@ disallawed_sql_res = [
     (
         re.compile(f"pragma(?!_({'|'.join(allowed_pragmas)}))"),
         "Statement contained a disallowed PRAGMA. Allowed pragma functions are {}".format(
-            ", ".join("pragma_{}()".format(pragma) for pragma in allowed_pragmas)
+            ", ".join(f"pragma_{pragma}()" for pragma in allowed_pragmas)
         ),
     )
 ]
@@ -410,12 +570,7 @@ def escape_css_string(s):
 def escape_sqlite(s):
     if _boring_keyword_re.match(s) and (s.lower() not in reserved_words):
         return s
-    elif "]" in s:
+    return '"{}"'.format(s.replace('"', '""'))
-        # SQLite does not support escaping ] inside [bracket] quoting, so fall
-        # back to double-quote quoting (doubling any embedded ") - #2677
-        return '"{}"'.format(s.replace('"', '""'))
-    else:
-        return f"[{s}]"
 
 
 def make_dockerfile(
@@ -491,10 +646,7 @@ CMD {cmd}""".format(
             else ""
         ),
         environment_variables="\n".join(
-            [
+            [f"ENV {key} '{value}'" for key, value in environment_variables.items()]
-                "ENV {} '{}'".format(key, value)
-                for key, value in environment_variables.items()
-            ]
         ),
         install_from=" ".join(install),
         files=" ".join(files),
@@ -593,11 +745,11 @@ def detect_primary_keys(conn, table):
 
 
 def get_outbound_foreign_keys(conn, table):
-    infos = conn.execute(f"PRAGMA foreign_key_list([{table}])").fetchall()
+    infos = conn.execute(f"PRAGMA foreign_key_list({escape_sqlite(table)})").fetchall()
     fks = []
     for info in infos:
         if info is not None:
-            id, seq, table_name, from_, to_, on_update, on_delete, match = info
+            id, seq, table_name, from_, to_, _on_update, _on_delete, _match = info
             fks.append(
                 {
                     "column": from_,
@@ -698,7 +850,7 @@ def detect_json1(conn=None):
     try:
         conn.execute("SELECT json('{}')")
         return True
-    except Exception:
+    except sqlite3.Error:
         return False
     finally:
         if close_conn:
@@ -778,9 +930,7 @@ def is_url(value):
     if not value.startswith("http://") and not value.startswith("https://"):
         return False
     # Any whitespace at all is invalid
-    if whitespace_re.search(value):
+    return not whitespace_re.search(value)
-        return False
-    return True
 
 
 css_class_re = re.compile(r"^[a-zA-Z]+[_a-zA-Z0-9-]*$")
@@ -833,7 +983,9 @@ def module_from_path(path, name):
     mod.__file__ = path
     with open(path, "r") as file:
         code = compile(file.read(), path, "exec", dont_inherit=True)
-    exec(code, mod.__dict__)
+    # Executing the file is the whole point - this is how --plugins-dir loads
+    # plugins and how metadata/config .py files are evaluated
+    exec(code, mod.__dict__)  # noqa: S102
     return mod
 
 
@@ -990,9 +1142,7 @@ def escape_fts(query):
         query += '"'
     bits = _escape_fts_re.split(query)
     bits = [b for b in bits if b and b != '""']
-    return " ".join(
+    return " ".join(f'"{bit}"' if not bit.startswith('"') else bit for bit in bits)
-        '"{}"'.format(bit) if not bit.startswith('"') else bit for bit in bits
-    )
 
 
 class MultiParams:
@@ -1004,7 +1154,7 @@ class MultiParams:
                     data[key], (list, tuple)
                 ), "dictionary data should be a dictionary of key => [list]"
             self._data = data
-        elif isinstance(data, list) or isinstance(data, tuple):
+        elif isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
             new_data = {}
             for item in data:
                 assert (
@@ -1094,9 +1244,7 @@ def _gather_arguments(fn, kwargs):
     for parameter in parameters:
         if parameter not in kwargs:
             raise TypeError(
-                "{} requires parameters {}, missing: {}".format(
+                f"{fn} requires parameters {tuple(parameters)}, missing: {set(parameters) - set(kwargs.keys())}"
-                    fn, tuple(parameters), set(parameters) - set(kwargs.keys())
-                )
             )
         call_with.append(kwargs[parameter])
     return call_with
@@ -1165,9 +1313,9 @@ def resolve_env_secrets(config, environ):
     """Create copy that recursively replaces {"$env": "NAME"} with values from environ"""
     if isinstance(config, dict):
         if list(config.keys()) == ["$env"]:
-            return environ.get(list(config.values())[0])
+            return environ.get(next(iter(config.values())))
         elif list(config.keys()) == ["$file"]:
-            with open(list(config.values())[0]) as fp:
+            with open(next(iter(config.values()))) as fp:
                 return fp.read()
         else:
             return {
@@ -1245,29 +1393,38 @@ class StartupError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-_single_line_comment_re = re.compile(r"--.*")
+# Comments and string literals, matched in a single pass so that whichever
-_multi_line_comment_re = re.compile(r"/\*.*?\*/", re.DOTALL)
+# construct starts first "wins" - this ensures a comment marker inside a string
-_single_quote_re = re.compile(r"'(?:''|[^'])*'")
+# literal (or a quote inside a comment) does not confuse the parameter scan.
-_double_quote_re = re.compile(r'"(?:\"\"|[^"])*"')
+_comments_and_strings_re = re.compile(
+    r"""
+    --[^\n]*            # single line comment
+    | /\*.*?(?:\*/|\Z)  # multi line comment, possibly to end-of-input
+    | '(?:''|[^'])*'    # single quoted string ('' escapes a quote)
+    | "(?:""|[^"])*"    # double quoted identifier ("" escapes a quote)
+    | \[(?:[^\]])*\]    # square-bracket quoted identifier
+    | `(?:``|[^`])*`    # backtick quoted identifier
+    """,
+    re.DOTALL | re.VERBOSE,
+)
 _named_param_re = re.compile(r":(\w+)")
 
 
 @documented
-def named_parameters(sql: str) -> List[str]:
+def named_parameters(sql: str) -> list[str]:
     """
     Given a SQL statement, return a list of named parameters that are used in the statement
 
     e.g. for ``select * from foo where id=:id`` this would return ``["id"]``
     """
-    sql = _single_line_comment_re.sub("", sql)
+    # Strip comments and string literals first so that any ":name" sequences
-    sql = _multi_line_comment_re.sub("", sql)
+    # inside them are not mistaken for named parameters
-    sql = _single_quote_re.sub("", sql)
+    sql = _comments_and_strings_re.sub("", sql)
-    sql = _double_quote_re.sub("", sql)
     # Extract parameters from what is left
     return _named_param_re.findall(sql)
 
 
-async def derive_named_parameters(db: "Database", sql: str) -> List[str]:
+async def derive_named_parameters(db: "Database", sql: str) -> list[str]:
     """
     This undocumented but stable method exists for backwards compatibility
     with plugins that were using it before it switched to named_parameters()
@@ -1275,6 +1432,54 @@ async def derive_named_parameters(db: "Database", sql: str) -> List[str]:
     return named_parameters(sql)
 
 
+def parse_size_limit(value, default, maximum, name="_size"):
+    """
+    Parse a page-size parameter using the same semantics as the table
+    view's ?_size=: blank means default, "max" means maximum, integers
+    must be 0 or greater and no larger than maximum. Raises ValueError
+    with a message suitable for a 400 response.
+    """
+    if value in (None, ""):
+        return default
+    if value == "max":
+        return maximum
+    try:
+        size = int(value)
+        if size < 0:
+            raise ValueError
+    except ValueError:
+        raise ValueError(f"{name} must be a positive integer")
+    if size > maximum:
+        raise ValueError(f"{name} must be <= {maximum}")
+    return size
+
+
+UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE = (
+    "This API is not part of Datasette's stable interface and may change at any time"
+)
+
+
+def error_body(messages, status):
+    """
+    The canonical JSON error body used by every Datasette JSON error response:
+
+        {"ok": False, "error": "...", "errors": ["...", ...], "status": 400}
+
+    "error" is all of the messages joined with "; ", "errors" is the full
+    list, "status" matches the HTTP status code. Callers may add extra
+    context keys to the returned dictionary but must not remove these four.
+    """
+    if isinstance(messages, str):
+        messages = [messages]
+    messages = [str(message) for message in messages]
+    return {
+        "ok": False,
+        "error": "; ".join(messages),
+        "errors": messages,
+        "status": status,
+    }
+
+
 def add_cors_headers(headers):
     headers["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "*"
     headers["Access-Control-Allow-Headers"] = "Authorization, Content-Type"
@@ -1303,7 +1508,7 @@ class TildeEncoder(dict):
         elif b == _space:
             res = "+"
         else:
-            res = "~{:02X}".format(b)
+            res = f"~{b:02X}"
         self[b] = res
         return res
 
@@ -1398,7 +1603,7 @@ def _combine(base: dict, update: dict) -> dict:
     return base
 
 
-def pairs_to_nested_config(pairs: typing.List[typing.Tuple[str, typing.Any]]) -> dict:
+def pairs_to_nested_config(pairs: list[tuple[str, typing.Any]]) -> dict:
     """
     Parse a list of key-value pairs into a nested dictionary.
     """
@@ -1413,7 +1618,7 @@ def make_slot_function(name, datasette, request, **kwargs):
     from datasette.plugins import pm
 
     method = getattr(pm.hook, name, None)
-    assert method is not None, "No hook found for {}".format(name)
+    assert method is not None, f"No hook found for {name}"
 
     async def inner():
         html_bits = []
@@ -1437,7 +1642,7 @@ def prune_empty_dicts(d: dict):
                 d.pop(key, None)
 
 
-def move_plugins_and_allow(source: dict, destination: dict) -> Tuple[dict, dict]:
+def move_plugins_and_allow(source: dict, destination: dict) -> tuple[dict, dict]:
     """
     Move 'plugins' and 'allow' keys from source to destination dictionary. Creates
     hierarchy in destination if needed. After moving, recursively remove any keys
@@ -1548,6 +1753,17 @@ def md5_not_usedforsecurity(s):
 _etag_cache = {}
 
 
+def sha256_file(filepath, chunk_size=4096):
+    hasher = hashlib.sha256()
+    with open(filepath, "rb") as fp:
+        while True:
+            chunk = fp.read(chunk_size)
+            if not chunk:
+                break
+            hasher.update(chunk)
+    return hasher.hexdigest()
+
+
 async def calculate_etag(filepath, chunk_size=4096):
     if filepath in _etag_cache:
         return _etag_cache[filepath]

datasette/utils/actions_sql.py

@@ -252,88 +252,62 @@ async def _build_single_action_sql(
                 ]
             )
 
-    # Continue with the cascading logic
+    # Continue with the cascading logic.
-    query_parts.extend(
+    # Aggregate the RULES by cascade level (small), rather than grouping
-        [
+    # base x rules (which scales with the number of resources).
-            "child_lvl AS (",
+    def _agg(select_key, where, group_by):
-            "  SELECT b.parent, b.child,",
+        parts = [
-            "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_deny,",
+            f"  SELECT {select_key}",
-            "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_allow,",
+            "         MAX(CASE WHEN allow = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_deny,",
-            "         json_group_array(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 0 THEN ar.source_plugin || ': ' || ar.reason END) AS deny_reasons,",
+            "         MAX(CASE WHEN allow = 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_allow,",
-            "         json_group_array(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 1 THEN ar.source_plugin || ': ' || ar.reason END) AS allow_reasons",
+            "         json_group_array(CASE WHEN allow = 0 THEN source_plugin || ': ' || reason END) AS deny_reasons,",
-            "  FROM base b",
+            "         json_group_array(CASE WHEN allow = 1 THEN source_plugin || ': ' || reason END) AS allow_reasons",
-            "  LEFT JOIN all_rules ar ON ar.parent = b.parent AND ar.child = b.child",
+            f"  FROM all_rules WHERE {where}",
-            "  GROUP BY b.parent, b.child",
-            "),",
-            "parent_lvl AS (",
-            "  SELECT b.parent, b.child,",
-            "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_deny,",
-            "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_allow,",
-            "         json_group_array(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 0 THEN ar.source_plugin || ': ' || ar.reason END) AS deny_reasons,",
-            "         json_group_array(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 1 THEN ar.source_plugin || ': ' || ar.reason END) AS allow_reasons",
-            "  FROM base b",
-            "  LEFT JOIN all_rules ar ON ar.parent = b.parent AND ar.child IS NULL",
-            "  GROUP BY b.parent, b.child",
-            "),",
-            "global_lvl AS (",
-            "  SELECT b.parent, b.child,",
-            "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_deny,",
-            "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_allow,",
-            "         json_group_array(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 0 THEN ar.source_plugin || ': ' || ar.reason END) AS deny_reasons,",
-            "         json_group_array(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 1 THEN ar.source_plugin || ': ' || ar.reason END) AS allow_reasons",
-            "  FROM base b",
-            "  LEFT JOIN all_rules ar ON ar.parent IS NULL AND ar.child IS NULL",
-            "  GROUP BY b.parent, b.child",
-            "),",
         ]
+        if group_by:
+            parts.append(f"  GROUP BY {group_by}")
+        return parts
+
+    query_parts.extend(
+        ["child_agg AS ("]
+        + _agg(
+            "parent, child,",
+            "parent IS NOT NULL AND child IS NOT NULL",
+            "parent, child",
+        )
+        + ["),", "parent_agg AS ("]
+        + _agg("parent,", "parent IS NOT NULL AND child IS NULL", "parent")
+        + ["),", "global_agg AS ("]
+        + _agg("", "parent IS NULL AND child IS NULL", None)
+        + ["),"]
     )
 
     # Add anonymous decision logic if needed
     if include_is_private:
-        query_parts.extend(
+
-            [
+        def _anon_agg(select_key, where, group_by):
-                "anon_child_lvl AS (",
+            parts = [
-                "  SELECT b.parent, b.child,",
+                f"  SELECT {select_key}",
-                "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_deny,",
+                "         MAX(CASE WHEN allow = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_deny,",
-                "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_allow",
+                "         MAX(CASE WHEN allow = 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_allow",
-                "  FROM base b",
+                f"  FROM anon_rules WHERE {where}",
-                "  LEFT JOIN anon_rules ar ON ar.parent = b.parent AND ar.child = b.child",
-                "  GROUP BY b.parent, b.child",
-                "),",
-                "anon_parent_lvl AS (",
-                "  SELECT b.parent, b.child,",
-                "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_deny,",
-                "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_allow",
-                "  FROM base b",
-                "  LEFT JOIN anon_rules ar ON ar.parent = b.parent AND ar.child IS NULL",
-                "  GROUP BY b.parent, b.child",
-                "),",
-                "anon_global_lvl AS (",
-                "  SELECT b.parent, b.child,",
-                "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_deny,",
-                "         MAX(CASE WHEN ar.allow = 1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS any_allow",
-                "  FROM base b",
-                "  LEFT JOIN anon_rules ar ON ar.parent IS NULL AND ar.child IS NULL",
-                "  GROUP BY b.parent, b.child",
-                "),",
-                "anon_decisions AS (",
-                "  SELECT",
-                "    b.parent, b.child,",
-                "    CASE",
-                "      WHEN acl.any_deny = 1 THEN 0",
-                "      WHEN acl.any_allow = 1 THEN 1",
-                "      WHEN apl.any_deny = 1 THEN 0",
-                "      WHEN apl.any_allow = 1 THEN 1",
-                "      WHEN agl.any_deny = 1 THEN 0",
-                "      WHEN agl.any_allow = 1 THEN 1",
-                "      ELSE 0",
-                "    END AS anon_is_allowed",
-                "  FROM base b",
-                "  JOIN anon_child_lvl acl ON b.parent = acl.parent AND (b.child = acl.child OR (b.child IS NULL AND acl.child IS NULL))",
-                "  JOIN anon_parent_lvl apl ON b.parent = apl.parent AND (b.child = apl.child OR (b.child IS NULL AND apl.child IS NULL))",
-                "  JOIN anon_global_lvl agl ON b.parent = agl.parent AND (b.child = agl.child OR (b.child IS NULL AND agl.child IS NULL))",
-                "),",
             ]
+            if group_by:
+                parts.append(f"  GROUP BY {group_by}")
+            return parts
+
+        query_parts.extend(
+            ["anon_child_agg AS ("]
+            + _anon_agg(
+                "parent, child,",
+                "parent IS NOT NULL AND child IS NOT NULL",
+                "parent, child",
+            )
+            + ["),", "anon_parent_agg AS ("]
+            + _anon_agg("parent,", "parent IS NOT NULL AND child IS NULL", "parent")
+            + ["),", "anon_global_agg AS ("]
+            + _anon_agg("", "parent IS NULL AND child IS NULL", None)
+            + ["),"]
         )
 
     # Final decisions
@@ -342,31 +316,28 @@ async def _build_single_action_sql(
             "decisions AS (",
             "  SELECT",
             "    b.parent, b.child,",
-            "    -- Cascading permission logic: child → parent → global, DENY beats ALLOW at each level",
+            "    -- Cascading permission logic: child -> parent -> global, DENY beats ALLOW at each level",
             "    -- Priority order:",
-            "    --   1. Child-level deny (most specific, blocks access)",
+            "    --   1. Child-level deny  2. Child-level allow",
-            "    --   2. Child-level allow (most specific, grants access)",
+            "    --   3. Parent-level deny 4. Parent-level allow",
-            "    --   3. Parent-level deny (intermediate, blocks access)",
+            "    --   5. Global-level deny 6. Global-level allow",
-            "    --   4. Parent-level allow (intermediate, grants access)",
-            "    --   5. Global-level deny (least specific, blocks access)",
-            "    --   6. Global-level allow (least specific, grants access)",
             "    --   7. Default deny (no rules match)",
             "    CASE",
-            "      WHEN cl.any_deny = 1 THEN 0",
+            "      WHEN ca.any_deny = 1 THEN 0",
-            "      WHEN cl.any_allow = 1 THEN 1",
+            "      WHEN ca.any_allow = 1 THEN 1",
-            "      WHEN pl.any_deny = 1 THEN 0",
+            "      WHEN pa.any_deny = 1 THEN 0",
-            "      WHEN pl.any_allow = 1 THEN 1",
+            "      WHEN pa.any_allow = 1 THEN 1",
-            "      WHEN gl.any_deny = 1 THEN 0",
+            "      WHEN ga.any_deny = 1 THEN 0",
-            "      WHEN gl.any_allow = 1 THEN 1",
+            "      WHEN ga.any_allow = 1 THEN 1",
             "      ELSE 0",
             "    END AS is_allowed,",
             "    CASE",
-            "      WHEN cl.any_deny = 1 THEN cl.deny_reasons",
+            "      WHEN ca.any_deny = 1 THEN ca.deny_reasons",
-            "      WHEN cl.any_allow = 1 THEN cl.allow_reasons",
+            "      WHEN ca.any_allow = 1 THEN ca.allow_reasons",
-            "      WHEN pl.any_deny = 1 THEN pl.deny_reasons",
+            "      WHEN pa.any_deny = 1 THEN pa.deny_reasons",
-            "      WHEN pl.any_allow = 1 THEN pl.allow_reasons",
+            "      WHEN pa.any_allow = 1 THEN pa.allow_reasons",
-            "      WHEN gl.any_deny = 1 THEN gl.deny_reasons",
+            "      WHEN ga.any_deny = 1 THEN ga.deny_reasons",
-            "      WHEN gl.any_allow = 1 THEN gl.allow_reasons",
+            "      WHEN ga.any_allow = 1 THEN ga.allow_reasons",
             "      ELSE '[]'",
             "    END AS reason",
         ]
@@ -374,21 +345,34 @@ async def _build_single_action_sql(
 
     if include_is_private:
         query_parts.append(
-            "    , CASE WHEN ad.anon_is_allowed = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS is_private"
+            "    , CASE WHEN ("
+            "CASE"
+            " WHEN aca.any_deny = 1 THEN 0"
+            " WHEN aca.any_allow = 1 THEN 1"
+            " WHEN apa.any_deny = 1 THEN 0"
+            " WHEN apa.any_allow = 1 THEN 1"
+            " WHEN aga.any_deny = 1 THEN 0"
+            " WHEN aga.any_allow = 1 THEN 1"
+            " ELSE 0 END"
+            ") = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS is_private"
         )
 
     query_parts.extend(
         [
             "  FROM base b",
-            "  JOIN child_lvl cl ON b.parent = cl.parent AND (b.child = cl.child OR (b.child IS NULL AND cl.child IS NULL))",
+            "  LEFT JOIN child_agg ca ON ca.parent = b.parent AND ca.child = b.child",
-            "  JOIN parent_lvl pl ON b.parent = pl.parent AND (b.child = pl.child OR (b.child IS NULL AND pl.child IS NULL))",
+            "  LEFT JOIN parent_agg pa ON pa.parent = b.parent",
-            "  JOIN global_lvl gl ON b.parent = gl.parent AND (b.child = gl.child OR (b.child IS NULL AND gl.child IS NULL))",
+            "  CROSS JOIN global_agg ga",
         ]
     )
 
     if include_is_private:
-        query_parts.append(
+        query_parts.extend(
-            "  JOIN anon_decisions ad ON b.parent = ad.parent AND (b.child = ad.child OR (b.child IS NULL AND ad.child IS NULL))"
+            [
+                "  LEFT JOIN anon_child_agg aca ON aca.parent = b.parent AND aca.child = b.child",
+                "  LEFT JOIN anon_parent_agg apa ON apa.parent = b.parent",
+                "  CROSS JOIN anon_global_agg aga",
+            ]
         )
 
     query_parts.append(")")
@@ -400,8 +384,28 @@ async def _build_single_action_sql(
         restriction_intersect = "\nINTERSECT\n".join(
             f"SELECT * FROM ({sql})" for sql in restriction_sqls
         )
+        # Decompose by NULL-pattern so the final filter can use pure-equality
+        # EXISTS lookups (satisfiable via automatic indexes) instead of a
+        # correlated OR-scan over the whole list.
         query_parts.extend(
-            [",", "restriction_list AS (", f"  {restriction_intersect}", ")"]
+            [
+                ",",
+                "restriction_list AS (",
+                f"  {restriction_intersect}",
+                "),",
+                "restriction_exact AS (",
+                "  SELECT parent, child FROM restriction_list WHERE parent IS NOT NULL AND child IS NOT NULL",
+                "),",
+                "restriction_parent_any AS (",
+                "  SELECT DISTINCT parent FROM restriction_list WHERE parent IS NOT NULL AND child IS NULL",
+                "),",
+                "restriction_child_any AS (",
+                "  SELECT DISTINCT child FROM restriction_list WHERE parent IS NULL AND child IS NOT NULL",
+                "),",
+                "restriction_all AS (",
+                "  SELECT 1 AS matched FROM restriction_list WHERE parent IS NULL AND child IS NULL LIMIT 1",
+                ")",
+            ]
         )
 
     # Final SELECT
@@ -416,10 +420,11 @@ async def _build_single_action_sql(
     # Add restriction filter if there are restrictions
     if restriction_sqls:
         query_parts.append("""
-  AND EXISTS (
+  AND (
-    SELECT 1 FROM restriction_list r
+    EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM restriction_all)
-    WHERE (r.parent = decisions.parent OR r.parent IS NULL)
+    OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM restriction_parent_any r WHERE r.parent = decisions.parent)
-      AND (r.child = decisions.child OR r.child IS NULL)
+    OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM restriction_child_any r WHERE r.child = decisions.child)
+    OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM restriction_exact r WHERE r.parent = decisions.parent AND r.child = decisions.child)
   )""")
 
     # Add parent filter if specified
@@ -673,3 +678,239 @@ async def check_permission_for_resource(
         child=child,
     )
     return results[action]
+
+
+async def explain_permission_for_resource(
+    *,
+    datasette: "Datasette",
+    actor: dict | None,
+    action: str,
+    parent: str | None,
+    child: str | None,
+) -> dict:
+    """Explain a permission decision for one action and resource.
+
+    This is intended for Datasette's permission debugging tools. It uses the
+    same ``permission_resources_sql`` hook results and the same resolution
+    rules as :func:`check_permissions_for_actions`, but also returns the
+    matching rules, actor restriction results and ``also_requires`` chain.
+
+    The returned dictionary is part of Datasette's unstable debugging API.
+    """
+
+    action_obj = datasette.actions.get(action)
+    if action_obj is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown action: {action}")
+
+    explanation = await _explain_single_action(
+        datasette=datasette,
+        actor=actor,
+        action=action,
+        parent=parent,
+        child=child,
+    )
+
+    required_actions = []
+    if action_obj.also_requires:
+        required = await explain_permission_for_resource(
+            datasette=datasette,
+            actor=actor,
+            action=action_obj.also_requires,
+            parent=parent,
+            child=child,
+        )
+        required_actions.append(required)
+
+    explanation["required_actions"] = required_actions
+    explanation["allowed"] = bool(
+        explanation["rule_allowed"]
+        and explanation["restriction_allowed"]
+        and all(required["allowed"] for required in required_actions)
+    )
+    explanation["summary"] = _permission_explanation_summary(explanation)
+    return explanation
+
+
+async def _explain_single_action(
+    *,
+    datasette: "Datasette",
+    actor: dict | None,
+    action: str,
+    parent: str | None,
+    child: str | None,
+) -> dict:
+    """Return matching rules and restrictions for a single action."""
+    from datasette.utils.permissions import SKIP_PERMISSION_CHECKS
+
+    permission_sqls = await gather_permission_sql_from_hooks(
+        datasette=datasette,
+        actor=actor,
+        action=action,
+    )
+
+    if permission_sqls is SKIP_PERMISSION_CHECKS:
+        return {
+            "action": action,
+            "rule_allowed": True,
+            "restriction_allowed": True,
+            "winning_scope": "global",
+            "matched_rules": [
+                {
+                    "scope": "global",
+                    "effect": "allow",
+                    "source": "skip_permission_checks",
+                    "reason": "Permission checks were explicitly skipped",
+                    "decisive": True,
+                    "ignored_because": None,
+                }
+            ],
+            "restrictions": [],
+        }
+
+    db = datasette.get_internal_database()
+    matched_rules = []
+    restrictions = []
+
+    for permission_sql in permission_sqls:
+        params = dict(permission_sql.params or {})
+        parent_param = _unused_parameter_name(params, "_explain_parent")
+        params[parent_param] = parent
+        child_param = _unused_parameter_name(params, "_explain_child")
+        params[child_param] = child
+
+        if permission_sql.sql:
+            rows = await db.execute(
+                f"""
+                SELECT parent, child, allow, reason
+                FROM ({permission_sql.sql}) AS permission_rules
+                WHERE (parent IS NULL OR parent = :{parent_param})
+                  AND (child IS NULL OR child = :{child_param})
+                """,
+                params,
+            )
+            for row in rows:
+                specificity = (
+                    2
+                    if row["child"] is not None
+                    else 1 if row["parent"] is not None else 0
+                )
+                matched_rules.append(
+                    {
+                        "scope": ("resource", "parent", "global")[2 - specificity],
+                        "effect": "allow" if row["allow"] else "deny",
+                        "source": permission_sql.source,
+                        "reason": row["reason"],
+                        "_specificity": specificity,
+                    }
+                )
+
+        if permission_sql.restriction_sql:
+            restriction_row = (
+                await db.execute(
+                    f"""
+                    SELECT EXISTS(
+                        SELECT 1 FROM ({permission_sql.restriction_sql}) AS restriction_rules
+                        WHERE (parent IS NULL OR parent = :{parent_param})
+                          AND (child IS NULL OR child = :{child_param})
+                    ) AS resource_is_in_allowlist
+                    """,
+                    params,
+                )
+            ).first()
+            restriction_allowed = bool(restriction_row[0])
+            restrictions.append(
+                {
+                    "source": permission_sql.source,
+                    "allowed": restriction_allowed,
+                    "reason": params.get("deny")
+                    or (
+                        "Resource is included in this restriction allowlist"
+                        if restriction_allowed
+                        else "Resource is not included in this restriction allowlist"
+                    ),
+                }
+            )
+
+    matched_rules.sort(
+        key=lambda rule: (
+            -rule["_specificity"],
+            0 if rule["effect"] == "deny" else 1,
+            rule["source"] or "",
+            rule["reason"] or "",
+        )
+    )
+
+    if matched_rules:
+        winning_specificity = matched_rules[0]["_specificity"]
+        winning_rules = [
+            rule
+            for rule in matched_rules
+            if rule["_specificity"] == winning_specificity
+        ]
+        rule_allowed = not any(rule["effect"] == "deny" for rule in winning_rules)
+        winning_scope = winning_rules[0]["scope"]
+    else:
+        winning_specificity = None
+        rule_allowed = False
+        winning_scope = None
+
+    for rule in matched_rules:
+        specificity = rule.pop("_specificity")
+        if specificity != winning_specificity:
+            rule["decisive"] = False
+            rule["ignored_because"] = "A more specific rule matched"
+        elif not rule_allowed and rule["effect"] == "allow":
+            rule["decisive"] = False
+            rule["ignored_because"] = "A deny rule matched at the same scope"
+        else:
+            rule["decisive"] = True
+            rule["ignored_because"] = None
+
+    return {
+        "action": action,
+        "rule_allowed": rule_allowed,
+        "restriction_allowed": all(
+            restriction["allowed"] for restriction in restrictions
+        ),
+        "winning_scope": winning_scope,
+        "matched_rules": matched_rules,
+        "restrictions": restrictions,
+    }
+
+
+def _unused_parameter_name(params: dict, preferred: str) -> str:
+    """Return a SQL parameter name that is not already in ``params``."""
+    candidate = preferred
+    suffix = 2
+    while candidate in params:
+        candidate = f"{preferred}_{suffix}"
+        suffix += 1
+    return candidate
+
+
+def _permission_explanation_summary(explanation: dict) -> str:
+    denied_requirement = next(
+        (
+            required
+            for required in explanation["required_actions"]
+            if not required["allowed"]
+        ),
+        None,
+    )
+    if denied_requirement:
+        return (
+            f"Denied because {explanation['action']} also requires "
+            f"{denied_requirement['action']}, which was denied."
+        )
+    if not explanation["matched_rules"]:
+        return "Denied because no permission rule matched this actor and resource."
+    if not explanation["rule_allowed"]:
+        return (
+            f"Denied by a {explanation['winning_scope']}-level rule. "
+            "Deny rules take precedence over allow rules at the same scope."
+        )
+    if not explanation["restriction_allowed"]:
+        return (
+            "Denied because the resource is not included in the actor's restrictions."
+        )
+    return f"Allowed by the matching {explanation['winning_scope']}-level rule."

datasette/utils/asgi.py

@@ -1,28 +1,29 @@
 import json
-from typing import Optional
+import re
-from datasette.utils import MultiParams, calculate_etag
+from http.cookies import Morsel, SimpleCookie
+from mimetypes import guess_type
+from pathlib import Path
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, parse_qsl, urlunparse
+
+import aiofiles
+import aiofiles.os
+
+from datasette.utils import MultiParams, calculate_etag, error_body, sha256_file
 from datasette.utils.multipart import (
-    parse_form_data,
-    MultipartParseError,
-    FormData,
-    DEFAULT_MAX_FILE_SIZE,
-    DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
-    DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
-    DEFAULT_MAX_FILES,
-    DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
     DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_FILE_SIZE,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_FILES,
     DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE,
     DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES,
     DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_LINES,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
     DEFAULT_MIN_FREE_DISK_BYTES,
+    FormData,
+    MultipartParseError,
+    parse_form_data,
 )
-from mimetypes import guess_type
-from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlunparse, parse_qsl
-from pathlib import Path
-from http.cookies import SimpleCookie, Morsel
-import aiofiles
-import aiofiles.os
-import re
 
 # Workaround for adding samesite support to pre 3.8 python
 Morsel._reserved["samesite"] = "SameSite"
@@ -67,16 +68,28 @@ class BadRequest(Base400):
     status = 400
 
 
+class PayloadTooLarge(Base400):
+    status = 413
+
+
 SAMESITE_VALUES = ("strict", "lax", "none")
 
+# Bodies read fully into memory (post_body/post_vars/json) are capped at this
+# size unless the max_post_body_bytes setting says otherwise. Kept deliberately
+# far below multipart's DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE: that parser streams to disk,
+# while these bodies are held in RAM and json.loads() can multiply their
+# footprint several times over.
+DEFAULT_MAX_POST_BODY_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024  # 2MB
+
 
 class Request:
-    def __init__(self, scope, receive):
+    def __init__(self, scope, receive, max_post_body_bytes=DEFAULT_MAX_POST_BODY_BYTES):
         self.scope = scope
         self.receive = receive
+        self.max_post_body_bytes = max_post_body_bytes
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<asgi.Request method="{}" url="{}">'.format(self.method, self.url)
+        return f'<asgi.Request method="{self.method}" url="{self.url}">'
 
     @property
     def method(self):
@@ -141,15 +154,43 @@ class Request:
     def actor(self):
         return self.scope.get("actor", None)
 
-    async def post_body(self):
+    async def post_body(self, max_bytes=None):
-        body = b""
+        """
+        Read the request body fully into memory.
+
+        The body is capped at max_bytes - or self.max_post_body_bytes
+        (default 2MB, set from the max_post_body_bytes setting for requests
+        created by Datasette) if max_bytes is not provided. Pass max_bytes=0
+        to disable the limit. Raises PayloadTooLarge (HTTP 413) if exceeded -
+        oversized bodies are rejected as soon as the limit is passed, without
+        buffering the rest.
+        """
+        if max_bytes is None:
+            max_bytes = self.max_post_body_bytes
+        too_large = PayloadTooLarge(
+            f"Request body exceeded maximum size of {max_bytes} bytes"
+        )
+        if max_bytes:
+            # Reject early if the client declares an oversized body
+            try:
+                if int(self.headers.get("content-length", "")) > max_bytes:
+                    raise too_large
+            except ValueError:
+                # Missing or malformed - the streaming check below still applies
+                pass
+        chunks = []
+        received = 0
         more_body = True
         while more_body:
             message = await self.receive()
             assert message["type"] == "http.request", message
-            body += message.get("body", b"")
+            chunk = message.get("body", b"")
+            received += len(chunk)
+            if max_bytes and received > max_bytes:
+                raise too_large
+            chunks.append(chunk)
             more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
-        return body
+        return b"".join(chunks)
 
     async def post_vars(self):
         body = await self.post_body()
@@ -166,7 +207,7 @@ class Request:
         max_request_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
         max_fields: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
         max_files: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FILES,
-        max_parts: Optional[int] = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
+        max_parts: int | None = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
         max_field_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE,
         max_memory_file_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE,
         max_part_header_bytes: int = DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES,
@@ -397,6 +438,9 @@ async def asgi_send_file(
             )
 
 
+HASHED_STATIC_CACHE_CONTROL = "max-age=31536000, immutable, public"
+
+
 def asgi_static(root_path, chunk_size=4096, headers=None, content_type=None):
     root_path = Path(root_path)
     static_headers = {}
@@ -423,11 +467,17 @@ def asgi_static(root_path, chunk_size=4096, headers=None, content_type=None):
             return
         try:
             # Calculate ETag for filepath
+            hash_value = request.args.get("_hash")
+            if (
+                hash_value
+                and hash_value == sha256_file(full_path, chunk_size=chunk_size)[:12]
+            ):
+                headers["Cache-Control"] = HASHED_STATIC_CACHE_CONTROL
             etag = await calculate_etag(full_path, chunk_size=chunk_size)
             headers["ETag"] = etag
             if_none_match = request.headers.get("if-none-match")
             if if_none_match and if_none_match == etag:
-                return await asgi_send(send, "", 304)
+                return await asgi_send(send, "", 304, headers=headers)
             await asgi_send_file(
                 send, full_path, chunk_size=chunk_size, headers=headers
             )
@@ -480,9 +530,9 @@ class Response:
         httponly=False,
         samesite="lax",
     ):
-        assert samesite in SAMESITE_VALUES, "samesite should be one of {}".format(
+        assert (
-            SAMESITE_VALUES
+            samesite in SAMESITE_VALUES
-        )
+        ), f"samesite should be one of {SAMESITE_VALUES}"
         cookie = SimpleCookie()
         cookie[key] = value
         for prop_name, prop_value in (
@@ -526,6 +576,18 @@ class Response:
             content_type="application/json; charset=utf-8",
         )
 
+    @classmethod
+    def error(cls, messages, status=400, headers=None):
+        """
+        A JSON error response using Datasette's standard error format.
+
+        messages can be a single string or a list of strings. For errors
+        that should content-negotiate between JSON and HTML, raise
+        Forbidden, NotFound, BadRequest or DatasetteError instead and let
+        Datasette's error handling hooks build the response.
+        """
+        return cls.json(error_body(messages, status), status=status, headers=headers)
+
     @classmethod
     def redirect(cls, path, status=302, headers=None):
         headers = headers or {}

datasette/utils/baseconv.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Originally shared here: https://www.djangosnippets.org/snippets/1431/
 """
 
 
-class BaseConverter(object):
+class BaseConverter:
     decimal_digits = "0123456789"
 
     def __init__(self, digits):

datasette/utils/check_callable.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import inspect
 import types
-from typing import NamedTuple, Any
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple
 
 
 class CallableStatus(NamedTuple):
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def check_callable(obj: Any) -> CallableStatus:
     if isinstance(obj, types.FunctionType):
         return CallableStatus(True, inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj))
 
-    if hasattr(obj, "__call__"):
+    if callable(obj):
         return CallableStatus(True, inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj.__call__))
 
-    assert False, "obj {} is somehow callable with no __call__ method".format(repr(obj))
+    assert False, f"obj {obj!r} is somehow callable with no __call__ method"

datasette/utils/internal_db.py

@@ -1,9 +1,30 @@
 import textwrap
-from datasette.utils import table_column_details
 
+from sqlite_utils import Database as SQLiteUtilsDatabase
+from sqlite_utils import Migrations
 
-async def init_internal_db(db):
+from datasette.utils import escape_sqlite, table_column_details
-    create_tables_sql = textwrap.dedent("""
+
+INTERNAL_DB_SCHEMA_TABLES = {
+    "catalog_databases",
+    "catalog_tables",
+    "catalog_views",
+    "catalog_columns",
+    "catalog_indexes",
+    "catalog_foreign_keys",
+    "metadata_instance",
+    "metadata_databases",
+    "metadata_resources",
+    "metadata_columns",
+    "column_types",
+    "queries",
+}
+
+INTERNAL_DB_SCHEMA_INDEXES = {
+    "queries_owner_idx",
+}
+
+INTERNAL_DB_SCHEMA_SQL = textwrap.dedent("""
     CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS catalog_databases (
         database_name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         path TEXT,
@@ -67,99 +88,101 @@ async def init_internal_db(db):
         FOREIGN KEY (database_name) REFERENCES catalog_databases(database_name),
         FOREIGN KEY (database_name, table_name) REFERENCES catalog_tables(database_name, table_name)
     );
+
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS metadata_instance (
+        key text,
+        value text,
+        unique(key)
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS metadata_databases (
+        database_name text,
+        key text,
+        value text,
+        unique(database_name, key)
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS metadata_resources (
+        database_name text,
+        resource_name text,
+        key text,
+        value text,
+        unique(database_name, resource_name, key)
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS metadata_columns (
+        database_name text,
+        resource_name text,
+        column_name text,
+        key text,
+        value text,
+        unique(database_name, resource_name, column_name, key)
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS column_types (
+        database_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+        resource_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+        column_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+        column_type TEXT NOT NULL,
+        config TEXT,
+        PRIMARY KEY (database_name, resource_name, column_name)
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS queries (
+        database_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+        name TEXT NOT NULL,
+        sql TEXT NOT NULL,
+        title TEXT,
+        description TEXT,
+        description_html TEXT,
+        options TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
+        parameters TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '[]',
+        is_write INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (is_write IN (0, 1)),
+        is_private INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (is_private IN (0, 1)),
+        is_trusted INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (is_trusted IN (0, 1)),
+        source TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'user',
+        owner_id TEXT,
+        created_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+        updated_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+        PRIMARY KEY (database_name, name)
+    );
+
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS queries_owner_idx
+        ON queries(owner_id);
     """).strip()
-    await db.execute_write_script(create_tables_sql)
-    await initialize_metadata_tables(db)
 
 
-async def initialize_metadata_tables(db):
+internal_migrations = Migrations("datasette_internal")
-    await db.execute_write_script(textwrap.dedent("""
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS metadata_instance (
-            key text,
-            value text,
-            unique(key)
-        );
-
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS metadata_databases (
-            database_name text,
-            key text,
-            value text,
-            unique(database_name, key)
-        );
-
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS metadata_resources (
-            database_name text,
-            resource_name text,
-            key text,
-            value text,
-            unique(database_name, resource_name, key)
-        );
-
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS metadata_columns (
-            database_name text,
-            resource_name text,
-            column_name text,
-            key text,
-            value text,
-            unique(database_name, resource_name, column_name, key)
-        );
-
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS column_types (
-            database_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-            resource_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-            column_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-            column_type TEXT NOT NULL,
-            config TEXT,
-            PRIMARY KEY (database_name, resource_name, column_name)
-        );
-
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS queries (
-            database_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-            name TEXT NOT NULL,
-            sql TEXT NOT NULL,
-            title TEXT,
-            description TEXT,
-            description_html TEXT,
-            options TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
-            parameters TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '[]',
-            is_write INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (is_write IN (0, 1)),
-            is_private INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (is_private IN (0, 1)),
-            is_trusted INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (is_trusted IN (0, 1)),
-            source TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'user',
-            owner_id TEXT,
-            created_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-            updated_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-            PRIMARY KEY (database_name, name)
-        );
-
-        CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS queries_owner_idx
-            ON queries(owner_id);
-            """))
 
 
-async def populate_schema_tables(internal_db, db):
+def _internal_schema_exists(db):
+    table_names = set(db.table_names())
+    if not INTERNAL_DB_SCHEMA_TABLES.issubset(table_names):
+        return False
+    index_names = {
+        row[0]
+        for row in db.execute("select name from sqlite_master where type = 'index'")
+    }
+    return INTERNAL_DB_SCHEMA_INDEXES.issubset(index_names)
+
+
+@internal_migrations(name="0001_initial")
+def initial_internal_schema(db):
+    if _internal_schema_exists(db):
+        return
+    db.executescript(INTERNAL_DB_SCHEMA_SQL)
+
+
+async def init_internal_db(db):
+    def apply_migrations(conn):
+        internal_migrations.apply(SQLiteUtilsDatabase(conn, execute_plugins=False))
+
+    await db.execute_write_fn(apply_migrations, transaction=False)
+
+
+async def populate_schema_tables(internal_db, db, schema_version):
     database_name = db.name
 
-    def delete_everything(conn):
-        conn.execute(
-            "DELETE FROM catalog_tables WHERE database_name = ?", [database_name]
-        )
-        conn.execute(
-            "DELETE FROM catalog_views WHERE database_name = ?", [database_name]
-        )
-        conn.execute(
-            "DELETE FROM catalog_columns WHERE database_name = ?", [database_name]
-        )
-        conn.execute(
-            "DELETE FROM catalog_foreign_keys WHERE database_name = ?",
-            [database_name],
-        )
-        conn.execute(
-            "DELETE FROM catalog_indexes WHERE database_name = ?", [database_name]
-        )
-
-    await internal_db.execute_write_fn(delete_everything)
-
     tables = (await db.execute("select * from sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table'")).rows
     views = (await db.execute("select * from sqlite_master WHERE type = 'view'")).rows
 
@@ -184,25 +207,30 @@ async def populate_schema_tables(internal_db, db):
             columns = table_column_details(conn, table_name)
             columns_to_insert.extend(
                 {
-                    **{"database_name": database_name, "table_name": table_name},
+                    "database_name": database_name,
+                    "table_name": table_name,
                     **column._asdict(),
                 }
                 for column in columns
             )
             foreign_keys = conn.execute(
-                f"PRAGMA foreign_key_list([{table_name}])"
+                f"PRAGMA foreign_key_list({escape_sqlite(table_name)})"
             ).fetchall()
             foreign_keys_to_insert.extend(
                 {
-                    **{"database_name": database_name, "table_name": table_name},
+                    "database_name": database_name,
+                    "table_name": table_name,
                     **dict(foreign_key),
                 }
                 for foreign_key in foreign_keys
             )
-            indexes = conn.execute(f"PRAGMA index_list([{table_name}])").fetchall()
+            indexes = conn.execute(
+                f"PRAGMA index_list({escape_sqlite(table_name)})"
+            ).fetchall()
             indexes_to_insert.extend(
                 {
-                    **{"database_name": database_name, "table_name": table_name},
+                    "database_name": database_name,
+                    "table_name": table_name,
                     **dict(index),
                 }
                 for index in indexes
@@ -223,47 +251,76 @@ async def populate_schema_tables(internal_db, db):
         indexes_to_insert,
     ) = await db.execute_fn(collect_info)
 
-    await internal_db.execute_write_many(
+    def replace_catalog(conn):
-        """
+        # Delete child rows before their catalog_tables parents so this also
-        INSERT INTO catalog_tables (database_name, table_name, rootpage, sql)
+        # works if a prepare_connection plugin enables foreign key enforcement.
-        values (?, ?, ?, ?)
+        for table in (
-    """,
+            "catalog_columns",
-        tables_to_insert,
+            "catalog_foreign_keys",
-    )
+            "catalog_indexes",
-    await internal_db.execute_write_many(
+            "catalog_views",
-        """
+            "catalog_tables",
-        INSERT INTO catalog_views (database_name, view_name, rootpage, sql)
+        ):
-        values (?, ?, ?, ?)
+            conn.execute(
-    """,
+                f"DELETE FROM {table} WHERE database_name = ?",
-        views_to_insert,
+                [database_name],
-    )
+            )
-    await internal_db.execute_write_many(
+        conn.execute(
-        """
+            """
-        INSERT INTO catalog_columns (
+            INSERT OR REPLACE INTO catalog_databases (
-            database_name, table_name, cid, name, type, "notnull", default_value, is_pk, hidden
+                database_name, path, is_memory, schema_version
-        ) VALUES (
+            ) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
-            :database_name, :table_name, :cid, :name, :type, :notnull, :default_value, :is_pk, :hidden
+            """,
+            [
+                database_name,
+                str(db.path) if db.path is not None else None,
+                db.is_memory,
+                schema_version,
+            ],
         )
-    """,
+        conn.executemany(
-        columns_to_insert,
+            """
-    )
+            INSERT INTO catalog_tables (database_name, table_name, rootpage, sql)
-    await internal_db.execute_write_many(
+            values (?, ?, ?, ?)
-        """
+            """,
-        INSERT INTO catalog_foreign_keys (
+            tables_to_insert,
-            database_name, table_name, "id", seq, "table", "from", "to", on_update, on_delete, match
-        ) VALUES (
-            :database_name, :table_name, :id, :seq, :table, :from, :to, :on_update, :on_delete, :match
         )
-    """,
+        conn.executemany(
-        foreign_keys_to_insert,
+            """
-    )
+            INSERT INTO catalog_views (database_name, view_name, rootpage, sql)
-    await internal_db.execute_write_many(
+            values (?, ?, ?, ?)
-        """
+            """,
-        INSERT INTO catalog_indexes (
+            views_to_insert,
-            database_name, table_name, seq, name, "unique", origin, partial
-        ) VALUES (
-            :database_name, :table_name, :seq, :name, :unique, :origin, :partial
         )
-    """,
+        conn.executemany(
-        indexes_to_insert,
+            """
-    )
+            INSERT INTO catalog_columns (
+                database_name, table_name, cid, name, type, "notnull", default_value, is_pk, hidden
+            ) VALUES (
+                :database_name, :table_name, :cid, :name, :type, :notnull, :default_value, :is_pk, :hidden
+            )
+            """,
+            columns_to_insert,
+        )
+        conn.executemany(
+            """
+            INSERT INTO catalog_foreign_keys (
+                database_name, table_name, "id", seq, "table", "from", "to", on_update, on_delete, match
+            ) VALUES (
+                :database_name, :table_name, :id, :seq, :table, :from, :to, :on_update, :on_delete, :match
+            )
+            """,
+            foreign_keys_to_insert,
+        )
+        conn.executemany(
+            """
+            INSERT INTO catalog_indexes (
+                database_name, table_name, seq, name, "unique", origin, partial
+            ) VALUES (
+                :database_name, :table_name, :seq, :name, :unique, :origin, :partial
+            )
+            """,
+            indexes_to_insert,
+        )
+
+    await internal_db.execute_write_fn(replace_catalog)

datasette/utils/multipart.py

@@ -11,15 +11,10 @@ Supports:
 import asyncio
 import shutil
 import tempfile
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import (
     Any,
-    Callable,
-    Dict,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
 )
 from urllib.parse import parse_qsl
 
@@ -29,7 +24,7 @@ DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE = 100 * 1024 * 1024  # 100MB
 DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS = 1000
 DEFAULT_MAX_FILES = 100
 # If max_parts is not specified, it defaults to max_fields + max_files
-DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS: Optional[int] = None
+DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS: int | None = None
 DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE = 100 * 1024  # 100KB
 DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE = 1024 * 1024  # 1MB
 DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES = 16 * 1024  # 16KB
@@ -40,8 +35,6 @@ DEFAULT_MIN_FREE_DISK_BYTES = 50 * 1024 * 1024  # 50MB
 class MultipartParseError(Exception):
     """Raised when multipart parsing fails."""
 
-    pass
-
 
 @dataclass
 class UploadedFile:
@@ -57,7 +50,7 @@ class UploadedFile:
 
     name: str
     filename: str
-    content_type: Optional[str]
+    content_type: str | None
     size: int
     _file: tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile = field(repr=False)
 
@@ -86,7 +79,8 @@ class UploadedFile:
     def __del__(self):
         try:
             self._file.close()
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+            # __del__ must never raise
             pass
 
 
@@ -98,27 +92,27 @@ class FormData:
     """
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self._data: List[Tuple[str, Union[str, UploadedFile]]] = []
+        self._data: list[tuple[str, str | UploadedFile]] = []
 
-    def append(self, key: str, value: Union[str, UploadedFile]) -> None:
+    def append(self, key: str, value: str | UploadedFile) -> None:
         """Add a key-value pair."""
         self._data.append((key, value))
 
-    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Union[str, UploadedFile]:
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str | UploadedFile:
         """Get the first value for a key."""
         for k, v in self._data:
             if k == key:
                 return v
         raise KeyError(key)
 
-    def get(self, key: str, default: Any = None) -> Optional[Union[str, UploadedFile]]:
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Any = None) -> str | UploadedFile | None:
         """Get the first value for a key, or default if not found."""
         try:
             return self[key]
         except KeyError:
             return default
 
-    def getlist(self, key: str) -> List[Union[str, UploadedFile]]:
+    def getlist(self, key: str) -> list[str | UploadedFile]:
         """Get all values for a key."""
         return [v for k, v in self._data if k == key]
 
@@ -142,15 +136,15 @@ class FormData:
         """Return unique keys."""
         return list(self)
 
-    def items(self) -> List[Tuple[str, Union[str, UploadedFile]]]:
+    def items(self) -> list[tuple[str, str | UploadedFile]]:
         """Return all key-value pairs."""
         return list(self._data)
 
-    def values(self) -> List[Union[str, UploadedFile]]:
+    def values(self) -> list[str | UploadedFile]:
         """Return all values."""
         return [v for _, v in self._data]
 
-    def _uploaded_files(self) -> List[UploadedFile]:
+    def _uploaded_files(self) -> list[UploadedFile]:
         """Return UploadedFile instances contained in this form."""
         return [v for _, v in self._data if isinstance(v, UploadedFile)]
 
@@ -163,7 +157,7 @@ class FormData:
         for uploaded in self._uploaded_files():
             try:
                 uploaded.close_sync()
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
                 # Best-effort cleanup; ignore close errors
                 pass
 
@@ -172,7 +166,7 @@ class FormData:
         for uploaded in self._uploaded_files():
             try:
                 await uploaded.close()
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
                 # Best-effort cleanup; ignore close errors
                 pass
 
@@ -189,13 +183,13 @@ class FormData:
         await self.aclose()
 
 
-def parse_content_disposition(header: str) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
+def parse_content_disposition(header: str) -> dict[str, str | None]:
     """
     Parse Content-Disposition header value.
 
     Returns dict with 'name', 'filename' keys (filename may be None).
     """
-    result: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = {"name": None, "filename": None}
+    result: dict[str, str | None] = {"name": None, "filename": None}
 
     # Split on semicolons, handling quoted strings
     parts = []
@@ -238,7 +232,8 @@ def parse_content_disposition(header: str) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
                         from urllib.parse import unquote
 
                         result["filename"] = unquote(encoded, encoding="utf-8")
-                    except Exception:
+                    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001, S110
+                        # Malformed RFC 5987 filename* - fall back to the plain filename
                         pass
             continue
 
@@ -250,20 +245,19 @@ def parse_content_disposition(header: str) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
 
         if key == "name":
             result["name"] = value
-        elif key == "filename":
+        # Only set filename if filename* hasn't already set it
-            # Only set if filename* hasn't already set it
+        elif key == "filename" and result["filename"] is None:
-            if result["filename"] is None:
+            # Strip path components (security)
-                # Strip path components (security)
+            # Handle both Unix and Windows paths
-                # Handle both Unix and Windows paths
+            value = value.replace("\\", "/")
-                value = value.replace("\\", "/")
+            if "/" in value:
-                if "/" in value:
+                value = value.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
-                    value = value.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+            result["filename"] = value
-                result["filename"] = value
 
     return result
 
 
-def parse_content_type(header: str) -> Tuple[str, Dict[str, str]]:
+def parse_content_type(header: str) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
     """
     Parse Content-Type header value.
 
@@ -307,7 +301,7 @@ class MultipartParser:
         max_request_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
         max_fields: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
         max_files: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FILES,
-        max_parts: Optional[int] = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
+        max_parts: int | None = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
         max_field_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE,
         max_memory_file_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE,
         max_part_header_bytes: int = DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES,
@@ -348,12 +342,12 @@ class MultipartParser:
         self._tempdir = tempfile.gettempdir()
 
         # Current part state
-        self.current_headers: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.current_headers: dict[str, str] = {}
-        self.current_file: Optional[tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile] = None
+        self.current_file: tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile | None = None
         self.current_body = bytearray()
-        self.current_name: Optional[str] = None
+        self.current_name: str | None = None
-        self.current_filename: Optional[str] = None
+        self.current_filename: str | None = None
-        self.current_content_type: Optional[str] = None
+        self.current_content_type: str | None = None
 
     def feed(self, chunk: bytes) -> None:
         """Feed a chunk of data to the parser."""
@@ -454,7 +448,7 @@ class MultipartParser:
             # Parse header
             try:
                 line_str = line.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
-            except Exception:
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
                 line_str = line.decode("latin-1")
 
             if ":" in line_str:
@@ -481,7 +475,9 @@ class MultipartParser:
             if self.file_count > self.max_files:
                 raise MultipartParseError("Too many files")
             if self.handle_files:
-                self.current_file = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(
+                # Outlives this method - it is filled in across parser callbacks
+                # and then handed to the UploadedFile the caller consumes
+                self.current_file = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(  # noqa: SIM115
                     max_size=self.max_memory_file_size
                 )
             else:
@@ -644,7 +640,7 @@ async def parse_form_data(
     max_request_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE,
     max_fields: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELDS,
     max_files: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FILES,
-    max_parts: Optional[int] = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
+    max_parts: int | None = DEFAULT_MAX_PARTS,
     max_field_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_FIELD_SIZE,
     max_memory_file_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_FILE_SIZE,
     max_part_header_bytes: int = DEFAULT_MAX_PART_HEADER_BYTES,

datasette/utils/permissions.py

@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Sequence, Tuple
 import sqlite3
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 from datasette.permissions import PermissionSQL
 from datasette.plugins import pm
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ SKIP_PERMISSION_CHECKS = object()
 
 async def gather_permission_sql_from_hooks(
     *, datasette, actor: dict | None, action: str
-) -> List[PermissionSQL] | object:
+) -> list[PermissionSQL] | object:
     """Collect PermissionSQL objects from the permission_resources_sql hook.
 
     Ensures that each returned PermissionSQL has a populated ``source``.
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ async def gather_permission_sql_from_hooks(
     hookimpls = hook_caller.get_hookimpls()
     hook_results = list(hook_caller(datasette=datasette, actor=actor, action=action))
 
-    collected: List[PermissionSQL] = []
+    collected: list[PermissionSQL] = []
     actor_json = json.dumps(actor) if actor is not None else None
     actor_id = actor.get("id") if isinstance(actor, dict) else None
 
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ def _iter_permission_sql_from_result(
     if isinstance(result, PermissionSQL):
         return [result]
     if isinstance(result, (list, tuple)):
-        collected: List[PermissionSQL] = []
+        collected: list[PermissionSQL] = []
         for item in result:
             collected.extend(_iter_permission_sql_from_result(item, action=action))
         return collected
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ def _iter_permission_sql_from_result(
 
 def build_rules_union(
     actor: dict | None, plugins: Sequence[PermissionSQL]
-) -> Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any]]:
+) -> tuple[str, dict[str, Any]]:
     """
     Compose plugin SQL into a UNION ALL.
 
@@ -102,10 +103,10 @@ def build_rules_union(
     The system reserves these parameter names: :actor, :actor_id, :action, :filter_parent
     Plugin parameters should be prefixed with a unique identifier (e.g., source name).
     """
-    parts: List[str] = []
+    parts: list[str] = []
     actor_json = json.dumps(actor) if actor else None
     actor_id = actor.get("id") if actor else None
-    params: Dict[str, Any] = {"actor": actor_json, "actor_id": actor_id}
+    params: dict[str, Any] = {"actor": actor_json, "actor_id": actor_id}
 
     for p in plugins:
         # No namespacing - just use plugin params as-is
@@ -141,10 +142,10 @@ async def resolve_permissions_from_catalog(
     plugins: Sequence[Any],
     action: str,
     candidate_sql: str,
-    candidate_params: Dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    candidate_params: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     *,
     implicit_deny: bool = True,
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """
     Resolve permissions by embedding the provided *candidate_sql* in a CTE.
 
@@ -168,8 +169,8 @@ async def resolve_permissions_from_catalog(
       - parent, child, allow, reason, source_plugin, depth
       - resource (rendered "/parent/child" or "/parent" or "/")
     """
-    resolved_plugins: List[PermissionSQL] = []
+    resolved_plugins: list[PermissionSQL] = []
-    restriction_sqls: List[str] = []
+    restriction_sqls: list[str] = []
 
     for plugin in plugins:
         if callable(plugin) and not isinstance(plugin, PermissionSQL):
@@ -398,11 +399,11 @@ async def resolve_permissions_with_candidates(
     db,
     actor: dict | None,
     plugins: Sequence[Any],
-    candidates: List[Tuple[str, str | None]],
+    candidates: list[tuple[str, str | None]],
     action: str,
     *,
     implicit_deny: bool = True,
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """
     Resolve permissions without any external candidate table by embedding
     the candidates as a UNION of parameterized SELECTs in a CTE.
@@ -411,8 +412,8 @@ async def resolve_permissions_with_candidates(
     actor: actor dict (or None), made available as :actor (JSON), :actor_id, and :action
     """
     # Build a small CTE for candidates.
-    cand_rows_sql: List[str] = []
+    cand_rows_sql: list[str] = []
-    cand_params: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    cand_params: dict[str, Any] = {}
     for i, (parent, child) in enumerate(candidates):
         pkey = f"cand_p_{i}"
         ckey = f"cand_c_{i}"

datasette/utils/shutil_backport.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.8.3/LICENSE
 """
 
 import os
-from shutil import copy, copy2, copystat, Error
+from shutil import Error, copy, copy2, copystat
 
 
 def _copytree(

datasette/utils/sql_analysis.py

@@ -150,7 +150,6 @@ _SQLITE_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_FUNCTIONS = {
     "sqlite_rename_test",
     "substr",
 }
-
 _AUTHORIZER_ACTION_NAMES = {
     getattr(sqlite3, name): name
     for name in (
@@ -391,6 +390,10 @@ def analyze_sql_tables(
             )
             return sqlite3.SQLITE_OK
 
+        if action == sqlite3.SQLITE_RECURSIVE:
+            # Recursive CTE bookkeeping; table reads are reported separately.
+            return sqlite3.SQLITE_OK
+
         if action == sqlite3.SQLITE_FUNCTION and arg2 is not None:
             record(
                 "function",
@@ -410,12 +413,12 @@ def analyze_sql_tables(
                 database=None,
                 table=None,
                 sqlite_schema=sqlite_schema,
-                target="{} {}".format(arg1, arg2) if arg2 is not None else arg1,
+                target=f"{arg1} {arg2}" if arg2 is not None else arg1,
                 source=source,
             )
             return sqlite3.SQLITE_OK
 
-        action_name = _AUTHORIZER_ACTION_NAMES.get(action, "SQLITE_{}".format(action))
+        action_name = _AUTHORIZER_ACTION_NAMES.get(action, f"SQLITE_{action}")
         record(
             "unknown",
             "unknown",
@@ -485,17 +488,17 @@ def analyze_sql_tables(
         and key.operation in {"create", "alter", "drop"}
         for key in operations
     )
-    dropped_tables = {
+    dropped_tables_and_views = {
         (key.database, key.table)
         for key in operations
-        if key.operation == "drop" and key.target_type == "table"
+        if key.operation == "drop" and key.target_type in {"table", "view"}
     }
 
     def key_is_drop_table_delete(key: OperationKey) -> bool:
         return (
             key.operation == "delete"
             and key.target_type == "table"
-            and (key.database, key.table) in dropped_tables
+            and (key.database, key.table) in dropped_tables_and_views
         )
 
     has_user_table_access_in_schema_operation = any(
@@ -518,9 +521,7 @@ def analyze_sql_tables(
             and key.target in _SQLITE_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_FUNCTIONS
         ):
             return True
-        if key_is_drop_table_delete(key):
+        return bool(key_is_drop_table_delete(key))
-            return True
-        return False
 
     def table_kind_for(key: OperationKey) -> SQLiteTableType | None:
         if (

datasette/utils/sqlite.py

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def sqlite_hidden_table_names(conn, *, schema: str | None = "main") -> list[str]
     schema_table = _sqlite_schema_table(schema)
     try:
         rows = conn.execute(
-            "select name, sql from {} where type = 'table'".format(schema_table)
+            f"select name, sql from {schema_table} where type = 'table'"
         ).fetchall()
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
         return []
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def _sqlite_table_type_from_schema(
     schema_table = _sqlite_schema_table(schema)
     try:
         row = conn.execute(
-            "select type, sql from {} where name = ?".format(schema_table),
+            f"select type, sql from {schema_table} where name = ?",
             (table,),
         ).fetchone()
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ def _is_known_shadow_table(
     schema_table = _sqlite_schema_table(schema)
     try:
         rows = conn.execute(
-            "select name, sql from {} where type = 'table'".format(schema_table)
+            f"select name, sql from {schema_table} where type = 'table'"
         ).fetchall()
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
         return False
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ def _sqlite_schema_table(schema: str | None) -> str:
         return "sqlite_master"
     if schema == "temp":
         return "sqlite_temp_master"
-    return "{}.sqlite_master".format(_quote_identifier(schema))
+    return f"{_quote_identifier(schema)}.sqlite_master"
 
 
 def _quote_identifier(value: str) -> str:

datasette/utils/testing.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
-from urllib.parse import urlencode
 import json
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
+
+from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
 
 # These wrapper classes pre-date the introduction of
 # datasette.client and httpx to Datasette. They could

datasette/version.py

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-__version__ = "1.0a34"
+__version__ = "1.0a37"
 __version_info__ = tuple(__version__.split("."))

datasette/views/__init__.py

@@ -1,2 +1,87 @@
+import dataclasses
+import types
+import typing
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ContextField:
+    name: str
+    type_name: str
+    help: str
+    from_extra: bool = False
+
+
+def _type_name(type_):
+    if type_ is type(None):
+        return "None"
+    origin = typing.get_origin(type_)
+    args = typing.get_args(type_)
+    if origin in (typing.Union, types.UnionType):
+        return " | ".join(_type_name(arg) for arg in args)
+    if origin is not None:
+        name = getattr(origin, "__name__", str(origin).removeprefix("typing."))
+        return "{}[{}]".format(name, ", ".join(_type_name(arg) for arg in args))
+    return getattr(type_, "__name__", str(type_).removeprefix("typing."))
+
+
+def from_extra():
+    """
+    Declare a Context dataclass field whose value comes from a registered
+    Extra of the same name - its documentation is the Extra description,
+    so the doc string lives next to the resolve() code rather than being
+    duplicated on the dataclass.
+    """
+    return dataclasses.field(metadata={"from_extra": True})
+
+
 class Context:
     "Base class for all documented contexts"
+
+    # Set on subclasses whose from_extra() fields should be resolved
+    # against the extras registry for this scope
+    extras_scope = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def documented_fields(cls):
+        "List of ContextField describing the documented fields of this context"
+        documented = []
+        for f in dataclasses.fields(cls):
+            if f.name.startswith("_"):
+                continue
+            is_from_extra = bool(f.metadata.get("from_extra"))
+            if is_from_extra:
+                help_text = cls._extra_description(f.name)
+            else:
+                help_text = f.metadata.get("help", "")
+            documented.append(
+                ContextField(
+                    name=f.name,
+                    type_name=_type_name(f.type),
+                    help=help_text,
+                    from_extra=is_from_extra,
+                )
+            )
+        return documented
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extra_description(cls, name):
+        # Imported lazily - table_extras is not needed just to define
+        # Context subclasses
+        from datasette.views.table_extras import table_extra_registry
+
+        try:
+            extra_class = table_extra_registry.classes_by_name[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError(
+                f"{cls.__name__}.{name} is declared with from_extra() but there is no "
+                "registered extra of that name"
+            )
+        if cls.extras_scope is not None and not extra_class.available_for(
+            cls.extras_scope
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{cls.__name__}.{name} is declared with from_extra() but the {name} extra is "
+                f"not available for scope {cls.extras_scope}"
+            )
+        return extra_class.description or ""

datasette/views/base.py

@@ -1,33 +1,21 @@
-import asyncio
 import csv
 import hashlib
 import sys
-import textwrap
-import time
-import urllib
-from markupsafe import escape
 
-
-from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
-from datasette.utils.asgi import Request
 from datasette.utils import (
-    add_cors_headers,
-    await_me_maybe,
     EscapeHtmlWriter,
     InvalidSql,
     LimitedWriter,
-    call_with_supported_arguments,
+    add_cors_headers,
     path_from_row_pks,
-    path_with_added_args,
-    path_with_removed_args,
     path_with_format,
     sqlite3,
 )
 from datasette.utils.asgi import (
     AsgiStream,
-    NotFound,
-    Response,
     BadRequest,
+    Request,
+    Response,
 )
 
 
@@ -40,12 +28,15 @@ class DatasetteError(Exception):
         status=500,
         template=None,
         message_is_html=False,
+        plain_message=None,
     ):
         self.message = message
         self.title = title
         self.error_dict = error_dict or {}
         self.status = status
         self.message_is_html = message_is_html
+        # Plain text used for JSON error responses when message is HTML
+        self.plain_message = plain_message
 
 
 class View:
@@ -61,9 +52,7 @@ class View:
             request.path.endswith(".json")
             or request.headers.get("content-type") == "application/json"
         ):
-            response = Response.json(
+            response = Response.error("Method not allowed", 405)
-                {"ok": False, "error": "Method not allowed"}, status=405
-            )
         else:
             response = Response.text("Method not allowed", status=405)
         return response
@@ -102,9 +91,7 @@ class BaseView:
             request.path.endswith(".json")
             or request.headers.get("content-type") == "application/json"
         ):
-            response = Response.json(
+            response = Response.error("Method not allowed", 405)
-                {"ok": False, "error": "Method not allowed"}, status=405
-            )
         else:
             response = Response.text("Method not allowed", status=405)
         return response
@@ -142,12 +129,10 @@ class BaseView:
         template = environment.select_template(templates)
         template_context = {
             **context,
-            **{
+            "select_templates": [
-                "select_templates": [
+                f"{'*' if template_name == template.name else ''}{template_name}"
-                    f"{'*' if template_name == template.name else ''}{template_name}"
+                for template_name in templates
-                    for template_name in templates
+            ],
-                ],
-            },
         }
         headers = {}
         if self.has_json_alternate:
@@ -164,9 +149,7 @@ class BaseView:
             template_context["alternate_url_json"] = alternate_url_json
             headers.update(
                 {
-                    "Link": '<{}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'.format(
+                    "Link": f'<{alternate_url_json}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
-                        alternate_url_json
-                    )
                 }
             )
         return Response.html(
@@ -192,239 +175,12 @@ class BaseView:
         return view
 
 
-class DataView(BaseView):
-    name = ""
-
-    def redirect(self, request, path, forward_querystring=True, remove_args=None):
-        if request.query_string and "?" not in path and forward_querystring:
-            path = f"{path}?{request.query_string}"
-        if remove_args:
-            path = path_with_removed_args(request, remove_args, path=path)
-        r = Response.redirect(path)
-        r.headers["Link"] = f"<{path}>; rel=preload"
-        if self.ds.cors:
-            add_cors_headers(r.headers)
-        return r
-
-    async def data(self, request):
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    async def as_csv(self, request, database):
-        return await stream_csv(self.ds, self.data, request, database)
-
-    async def get(self, request):
-        db = await self.ds.resolve_database(request)
-        database = db.name
-        database_route = db.route
-
-        _format = request.url_vars["format"]
-        data_kwargs = {}
-
-        if _format == "csv":
-            return await self.as_csv(request, database_route)
-
-        if _format is None:
-            # HTML views default to expanding all foreign key labels
-            data_kwargs["default_labels"] = True
-
-        extra_template_data = {}
-        start = time.perf_counter()
-        status_code = None
-        templates = []
-        try:
-            response_or_template_contexts = await self.data(request, **data_kwargs)
-            if isinstance(response_or_template_contexts, Response):
-                return response_or_template_contexts
-            # If it has four items, it includes an HTTP status code
-            if len(response_or_template_contexts) == 4:
-                (
-                    data,
-                    extra_template_data,
-                    templates,
-                    status_code,
-                ) = response_or_template_contexts
-            else:
-                data, extra_template_data, templates = response_or_template_contexts
-        except QueryInterrupted as ex:
-            raise DatasetteError(
-                textwrap.dedent("""
-                <p>SQL query took too long. The time limit is controlled by the
-                <a href="https://docs.datasette.io/en/stable/settings.html#sql-time-limit-ms">sql_time_limit_ms</a>
-                configuration option.</p>
-                <textarea style="width: 90%">{}</textarea>
-                <script>
-                let ta = document.querySelector("textarea");
-                ta.style.height = ta.scrollHeight + "px";
-                </script>
-            """.format(escape(ex.sql))).strip(),
-                title="SQL Interrupted",
-                status=400,
-                message_is_html=True,
-            )
-        except (sqlite3.OperationalError, InvalidSql) as e:
-            raise DatasetteError(str(e), title="Invalid SQL", status=400)
-
-        except sqlite3.OperationalError as e:
-            raise DatasetteError(str(e))
-
-        except DatasetteError:
-            raise
-
-        end = time.perf_counter()
-        data["query_ms"] = (end - start) * 1000
-
-        # Special case for .jsono extension - redirect to _shape=objects
-        if _format == "jsono":
-            return self.redirect(
-                request,
-                path_with_added_args(
-                    request,
-                    {"_shape": "objects"},
-                    path=request.path.rsplit(".jsono", 1)[0] + ".json",
-                ),
-                forward_querystring=False,
-            )
-
-        if _format in self.ds.renderers.keys():
-            # Dispatch request to the correct output format renderer
-            # (CSV is not handled here due to streaming)
-            result = call_with_supported_arguments(
-                self.ds.renderers[_format][0],
-                datasette=self.ds,
-                columns=data.get("columns") or [],
-                rows=data.get("rows") or [],
-                sql=data.get("query", {}).get("sql", None),
-                query_name=data.get("query_name"),
-                database=database,
-                table=data.get("table"),
-                request=request,
-                view_name=self.name,
-                truncated=False,  # TODO: support this
-                error=data.get("error"),
-                # These will be deprecated in Datasette 1.0:
-                args=request.args,
-                data=data,
-            )
-            if asyncio.iscoroutine(result):
-                result = await result
-            if result is None:
-                raise NotFound("No data")
-            if isinstance(result, dict):
-                r = Response(
-                    body=result.get("body"),
-                    status=result.get("status_code", status_code or 200),
-                    content_type=result.get("content_type", "text/plain"),
-                    headers=result.get("headers"),
-                )
-            elif isinstance(result, Response):
-                r = result
-                if status_code is not None:
-                    # Over-ride the status code
-                    r.status = status_code
-            else:
-                assert False, f"{result} should be dict or Response"
-        else:
-            extras = {}
-            if callable(extra_template_data):
-                extras = extra_template_data()
-                if asyncio.iscoroutine(extras):
-                    extras = await extras
-            else:
-                extras = extra_template_data
-            url_labels_extra = {}
-            if data.get("expandable_columns"):
-                url_labels_extra = {"_labels": "on"}
-
-            renderers = {}
-            for key, (_, can_render) in self.ds.renderers.items():
-                it_can_render = call_with_supported_arguments(
-                    can_render,
-                    datasette=self.ds,
-                    columns=data.get("columns") or [],
-                    rows=data.get("rows") or [],
-                    sql=data.get("query", {}).get("sql", None),
-                    query_name=data.get("query_name"),
-                    database=database,
-                    table=data.get("table"),
-                    request=request,
-                    view_name=self.name,
-                )
-                it_can_render = await await_me_maybe(it_can_render)
-                if it_can_render:
-                    renderers[key] = self.ds.urls.path(
-                        path_with_format(
-                            request=request,
-                            path=request.scope.get("route_path"),
-                            format=key,
-                            extra_qs={**url_labels_extra},
-                        )
-                    )
-
-            url_csv_args = {"_size": "max", **url_labels_extra}
-            url_csv = self.ds.urls.path(
-                path_with_format(
-                    request=request,
-                    path=request.scope.get("route_path"),
-                    format="csv",
-                    extra_qs=url_csv_args,
-                )
-            )
-            url_csv_path = url_csv.split("?")[0]
-            context = {
-                **data,
-                **extras,
-                **{
-                    "renderers": renderers,
-                    "url_csv": url_csv,
-                    "url_csv_path": url_csv_path,
-                    "url_csv_hidden_args": [
-                        (key, value)
-                        for key, value in urllib.parse.parse_qsl(request.query_string)
-                        if key not in ("_labels", "_facet", "_size")
-                    ]
-                    + [("_size", "max")],
-                    "settings": self.ds.settings_dict(),
-                },
-            }
-            if "metadata" not in context:
-                context["metadata"] = await self.ds.get_instance_metadata()
-            r = await self.render(templates, request=request, context=context)
-            if status_code is not None:
-                r.status = status_code
-
-        ttl = request.args.get("_ttl", None)
-        if ttl is None or not ttl.isdigit():
-            ttl = self.ds.setting("default_cache_ttl")
-
-        return self.set_response_headers(r, ttl)
-
-    def set_response_headers(self, response, ttl):
-        # Set far-future cache expiry
-        if self.ds.cache_headers and response.status == 200:
-            ttl = int(ttl)
-            if ttl == 0:
-                ttl_header = "no-cache"
-            else:
-                ttl_header = f"max-age={ttl}"
-            response.headers["Cache-Control"] = ttl_header
-        response.headers["Referrer-Policy"] = "no-referrer"
-        if self.ds.cors:
-            add_cors_headers(response.headers)
-        return response
-
-
-def _error(messages, status=400):
-    return Response.json({"ok": False, "errors": messages}, status=status)
-
-
 async def stream_csv(datasette, fetch_data, request, database):
     kwargs = {}
     stream = request.args.get("_stream")
     # Do not calculate facets or counts:
     extra_parameters = [
-        "{}=1".format(key)
+        f"{key}=1" for key in ("_nofacet", "_nocount") if not request.args.get(key)
-        for key in ("_nofacet", "_nocount")
-        if not request.args.get(key)
     ]
     if extra_parameters:
         # Replace request object with a new one with modified scope
@@ -454,9 +210,6 @@ async def stream_csv(datasette, fetch_data, request, database):
     except (sqlite3.OperationalError, InvalidSql) as e:
         raise DatasetteError(str(e), title="Invalid SQL", status=400)
 
-    except sqlite3.OperationalError as e:
-        raise DatasetteError(str(e))
-
     except DatasetteError:
         raise
 
@@ -563,8 +316,9 @@ async def stream_csv(datasette, fetch_data, request, database):
                             else:
                                 new_row.append(cell)
                         await writer.writerow(new_row)
-            except Exception as ex:
+            except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
-                sys.stderr.write("Caught this error: {}\n".format(ex))
+                # Streaming CSV: report the error into the response body and stop
+                sys.stderr.write(f"Caught this error: {ex}\n")
                 sys.stderr.flush()
                 await r.write(str(ex))
                 return

datasette/views/database.py

@@ -1,50 +1,75 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urlencode
 import asyncio
 import hashlib
 import itertools
 import json
-import markupsafe
 import os
-import re
-import sqlite_utils
 import textwrap
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
+from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urlencode
+
+import markupsafe
 
-from datasette.events import AlterTableEvent, CreateTableEvent, InsertRowsEvent
-from datasette.extras import extra_names_from_request
 from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
+from datasette.extras import ExtraScope, extra_names_from_request
+from datasette.plugins import pm
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, QueryResource
-from datasette.stored_queries import stored_query_to_dict
+from datasette.stored_queries import StoredQuery, stored_query_to_dict
-from datasette.write_sql import QueryWriteRejected
 from datasette.utils import (
+    InvalidSql,
     add_cors_headers,
     await_me_maybe,
     call_with_supported_arguments,
-    named_parameters as derive_named_parameters,
+    error_body,
     format_bytes,
-    make_slot_function,
-    tilde_decode,
-    to_css_class,
-    validate_sql_select,
     is_url,
+    make_slot_function,
     path_with_added_args,
     path_with_format,
     path_with_removed_args,
     sqlite3,
+    tilde_decode,
+    to_css_class,
     truncate_url,
-    InvalidSql,
+    validate_sql_select,
 )
-from datasette.utils.asgi import AsgiFileDownload, NotFound, Response, Forbidden
+from datasette.utils import (
-from datasette.plugins import pm
+    named_parameters as derive_named_parameters,
+)
+from datasette.utils.asgi import AsgiFileDownload, Forbidden, NotFound, Response
+from datasette.write_sql import QueryWriteRejected
 
-from .base import BaseView, DatasetteError, View, _error, stream_csv
+from . import Context
+from .base import DatasetteError, View, stream_csv
 from .query_helpers import _ensure_stored_query_execution_permissions, _table_columns
+from .table_create_alter import _create_table_ui_context
 from .table_extras import (
     QueryExtraContext,
     resolve_query_extras,
     table_extra_registry,
 )
-from . import Context
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DatabaseTable:
+    "Summary of a table or view shown on database and query pages."
+
+    name: str
+    columns: list[str]
+    primary_keys: list[str]
+    count: int | None
+    count_truncated: bool
+    hidden: bool
+    fts_table: str | None
+    foreign_keys: dict[str, list[dict[str, str]]]
+    private: bool
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DatabaseViewInfo:
+    "Summary of a SQLite view shown on the database page."
+
+    name: str
+    private: bool
 
 
 class DatabaseView(View):
@@ -78,7 +103,7 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
             return response
 
         if format_ not in ("html", "json"):
-            raise NotFound("Invalid format: {}".format(format_))
+            raise NotFound(f"Invalid format: {format_}")
 
         metadata = await datasette.get_database_metadata(database)
 
@@ -96,7 +121,7 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
         # Filter to just views
         view_names_set = set(await db.view_names())
         sql_views = [
-            {"name": name, "private": allowed_dict[name].private}
+            DatabaseViewInfo(name=name, private=allowed_dict[name].private)
             for name in allowed_dict
             if name in view_names_set
         ]
@@ -117,21 +142,36 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
             else len(stored_queries)
         )
 
+        # Resolve the registered database-level actions for this database in
+        # one batched query, seeding the request permission cache so allowed()
+        # calls made inside plugin hooks below are served from the cache.
+        database_action_permissions = await datasette.allowed_many(
+            actions=[
+                name
+                for name, action in datasette.actions.items()
+                if action.resource_class is DatabaseResource
+            ],
+            resource=DatabaseResource(database),
+            actor=request.actor,
+        )
+        create_table_ui = await _create_table_ui_context(
+            datasette, request, db, database, database_action_permissions
+        )
+
         async def database_actions():
-            # Resolve the registered database-level actions for this
-            # database in one batched query, seeding the request permission
-            # cache so that allowed() calls made inside the plugin hooks
-            # below are served from the cache
-            await datasette.allowed_many(
-                actions=[
-                    name
-                    for name, action in datasette.actions.items()
-                    if action.resource_class is DatabaseResource
-                ],
-                resource=DatabaseResource(database),
-                actor=request.actor,
-            )
             links = []
+            if create_table_ui:
+                links.append(
+                    {
+                        "type": "button",
+                        "label": "Create table",
+                        "description": "Create a new table in this database.",
+                        "attrs": {
+                            "aria-label": f"Create table in {database}",
+                            "data-database-action": "create-table",
+                        },
+                    }
+                )
             for hook in pm.hook.database_actions(
                 datasette=datasette,
                 database=database,
@@ -156,9 +196,9 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
             "private": private,
             "path": datasette.urls.database(database),
             "size": db.size,
-            "tables": tables,
+            "tables": [asdict(table) for table in tables],
-            "hidden_count": len([t for t in tables if t["hidden"]]),
+            "hidden_count": len([table for table in tables if table.hidden]),
-            "views": sql_views,
+            "views": [asdict(view) for view in sql_views],
             "queries": [stored_query_to_dict(query) for query in stored_queries],
             "queries_more": queries_more,
             "queries_count": queries_count,
@@ -198,7 +238,7 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
                     path=datasette.urls.database(database),
                     size=db.size,
                     tables=tables,
-                    hidden_count=len([t for t in tables if t["hidden"]]),
+                    hidden_count=len([table for table in tables if table.hidden]),
                     views=sql_views,
                     queries=stored_queries,
                     queries_more=queries_more,
@@ -211,10 +251,12 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
                     ),
                     metadata=metadata,
                     database_color=db.color,
+                    database_page_data=(
+                        {"createTable": create_table_ui} if create_table_ui else {}
+                    ),
                     database_actions=database_actions,
                     show_hidden=request.args.get("_show_hidden"),
                     editable=True,
-                    count_limit=db.count_limit,
                     allow_download=datasette.setting("allow_download")
                     and not db.is_mutable
                     and not db.is_memory,
@@ -232,25 +274,39 @@ class DatabaseView(View):
                 view_name="database",
             ),
             headers={
-                "Link": '<{}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'.format(
+                "Link": f'<{alternate_url_json}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
-                    alternate_url_json
-                )
             },
         )
 
 
 @dataclass
 class DatabaseContext(Context):
+    "The page listing the tables, views and queries in a database, e.g. /fixtures."
+
+    documented_template = "database.html"
+
     database: str = field(metadata={"help": "The name of the database"})
     private: bool = field(
         metadata={"help": "Boolean indicating if this is a private database"}
     )
     path: str = field(metadata={"help": "The URL path to this database"})
     size: int = field(metadata={"help": "The size of the database in bytes"})
-    tables: list = field(metadata={"help": "List of table objects in the database"})
+    tables: list[DatabaseTable] = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "List of ``DatabaseTable`` objects describing tables in the database. Each item has ``name``, ``columns``, ``primary_keys``, ``count``, ``count_truncated``, ``hidden``, ``fts_table``, ``foreign_keys`` and ``private`` attributes. ``count_truncated`` is true if ``count`` is a capped lower bound rather than an exact total."
+        }
+    )
     hidden_count: int = field(metadata={"help": "Count of hidden tables"})
-    views: list = field(metadata={"help": "List of view objects in the database"})
+    views: list[DatabaseViewInfo] = field(
-    queries: list = field(metadata={"help": "List of stored query objects"})
+        metadata={
+            "help": "List of ``DatabaseViewInfo`` objects describing SQLite views in the database. Each item has ``name`` and ``private`` attributes."
+        }
+    )
+    queries: list[StoredQuery] = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "List of ``StoredQuery`` objects. Each has attributes including ``name``, ``sql``, ``title``, ``description``, ``description_html``, ``hide_sql``, ``fragment``, ``parameters``, ``is_write`` and ``private``."
+        }
+    )
     queries_more: bool = field(
         metadata={"help": "Boolean indicating if more stored queries are available"}
     )
@@ -259,45 +315,65 @@ class DatabaseContext(Context):
         metadata={"help": "Boolean indicating if custom SQL can be executed"}
     )
     table_columns: dict = field(
-        metadata={"help": "Dictionary mapping table names to their column lists"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Dictionary mapping table names to lists of column names, used to power SQL autocomplete."
+        }
+    )
+    metadata: dict = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Metadata dictionary for the database, such as ``title``, ``description``, ``license`` and ``source`` values from Datasette metadata."
+        }
     )
-    metadata: dict = field(metadata={"help": "Metadata for the database"})
     database_color: str = field(metadata={"help": "The color assigned to the database"})
+    database_page_data: dict = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": 'JSON data used by JavaScript on the database page. Currently ``{}`` or ``{"createTable": {...}}`` where ``createTable`` includes ``path``, ``foreignKeyTargetsPath``, ``databaseName``, ``columnTypes``, ``defaultExpressions``, ``canInsertRows`` and optional ``customColumnTypes``.'
+        }
+    )
     database_actions: callable = field(
         metadata={
-            "help": "Callable returning list of action links for the database menu"
+            "help": 'Async callable returning action items for the database menu. Each item is either a link with ``href``, ``label`` and optional ``description`` keys, or a button with ``type: "button"``, ``label``, optional ``description`` and optional ``attrs``. See :ref:`plugin_actions` and :ref:`plugin_hook_database_actions`.'
         }
     )
     show_hidden: str = field(metadata={"help": "Value of _show_hidden query parameter"})
     editable: bool = field(
         metadata={"help": "Boolean indicating if the database is editable"}
     )
-    count_limit: int = field(metadata={"help": "The maximum number of rows to count"})
     allow_download: bool = field(
         metadata={"help": "Boolean indicating if database download is allowed"}
     )
     attached_databases: list = field(
-        metadata={"help": "List of names of attached databases"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "List of names of databases attached to this SQLite connection. This is only populated for the special ``/_memory`` database when Datasette is started with ``--crossdb`` for :ref:`cross_database_queries`."
+        }
     )
     alternate_url_json: str = field(
         metadata={"help": "URL for the alternate JSON version of this page"}
     )
     select_templates: list = field(
         metadata={
-            "help": "List of templates that were considered for rendering this page"
+            "help": "List of template names that were considered for this page, with the selected template prefixed by ``*``."
         }
     )
     top_database: callable = field(
-        metadata={"help": "Callable to render the top_database slot"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Async callable that renders the ``top_database`` plugin slot for this database and returns HTML."
+        }
     )
 
 
 @dataclass
 class QueryContext(Context):
+    "The page for arbitrary SQL queries (/database/-/query?sql=...) and stored queries (/database/query-name)."
+
+    documented_template = "query.html"
+
     database: str = field(metadata={"help": "The name of the database being queried"})
     database_color: str = field(metadata={"help": "The color of the database"})
     query: dict = field(
-        metadata={"help": "The SQL query object containing the `sql` string"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Dictionary describing the SQL query being executed, with ``sql`` and ``params`` keys."
+        }
     )
     stored_query: str = field(
         metadata={"help": "The name of the stored query if this is a stored query"}
@@ -314,7 +390,9 @@ class QueryContext(Context):
         }
     )
     metadata: dict = field(
-        metadata={"help": "Metadata about the database or the stored query"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Metadata dictionary for the database or stored query. Stored query metadata may include options such as ``hide_sql``, ``on_success_message`` and ``on_error_redirect``."
+        }
     )
     db_is_immutable: bool = field(
         metadata={"help": "Boolean indicating if this database is immutable"}
@@ -338,22 +416,44 @@ class QueryContext(Context):
     save_query_url: str = field(
         metadata={"help": "URL to save the current arbitrary SQL as a query"}
     )
-    tables: list = field(metadata={"help": "List of table objects in the database"})
+    tables: list[DatabaseTable] = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "List of ``DatabaseTable`` objects describing tables in the database. Each item has ``name``, ``columns``, ``primary_keys``, ``count``, ``count_truncated``, ``hidden``, ``fts_table``, ``foreign_keys`` and ``private`` attributes. ``count_truncated`` is true if ``count`` is a capped lower bound rather than an exact total."
+        }
+    )
     named_parameter_values: dict = field(
-        metadata={"help": "Dictionary of parameter names/values"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Dictionary of named SQL parameter values, keyed by parameter name without the leading ``:``."
+        }
     )
     edit_sql_url: str = field(
         metadata={"help": "URL to edit the SQL for a stored query"}
     )
-    display_rows: list = field(metadata={"help": "List of result rows to display"})
+    display_rows: list = field(
-    columns: list = field(metadata={"help": "List of column names"})
+        metadata={
-    renderers: dict = field(metadata={"help": "Dictionary of renderer name to URL"})
+            "help": "List of result rows formatted for HTML display. Each row is a list of rendered cell values in the same order as ``columns``."
+        }
+    )
+    columns: list = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "List of result column names in the order they appear in ``display_rows`` and ``rows``."
+        }
+    )
+    renderers: dict = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Dictionary mapping output format names such as ``json`` to URLs for this query in that format."
+        }
+    )
     url_csv: str = field(metadata={"help": "URL for CSV export"})
     show_hide_hidden: str = field(
-        metadata={"help": "Hidden input field for the _show_sql parameter"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Rendered hidden ``<input>`` HTML preserving the current ``_hide_sql`` or ``_show_sql`` state."
+        }
     )
     table_columns: dict = field(
-        metadata={"help": "Dictionary of table name to list of column names"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Dictionary mapping table names to lists of column names, used to power SQL autocomplete."
+        }
     )
     alternate_url_json: str = field(
         metadata={"help": "URL for alternate JSON version of this page"}
@@ -361,23 +461,27 @@ class QueryContext(Context):
     # TODO: refactor this to somewhere else, probably ds.render_template()
     select_templates: list = field(
         metadata={
-            "help": "List of templates that were considered for rendering this page"
+            "help": "List of template names that were considered for this page, with the selected template prefixed by ``*``."
         }
     )
     top_query: callable = field(
-        metadata={"help": "Callable to render the top_query slot"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Async callable that renders the ``top_query`` plugin slot for this query and returns HTML."
+        }
     )
     top_stored_query: callable = field(
-        metadata={"help": "Callable to render the top_stored_query slot"}
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Async callable that renders the ``top_stored_query`` plugin slot for stored queries and returns HTML."
+        }
     )
     query_actions: callable = field(
         metadata={
-            "help": "Callable returning a list of links for the query action menu"
+            "help": 'Async callable returning action items for the query menu. Each item is either a link with ``href``, ``label`` and optional ``description`` keys, or a button with ``type: "button"``, ``label``, optional ``description`` and optional ``attrs``. See :ref:`plugin_actions` and :ref:`plugin_hook_query_actions`.'
         }
     )
 
 
-async def get_tables(datasette, request, db, allowed_dict):
+async def get_tables(datasette, request, db, allowed_dict) -> list[DatabaseTable]:
     """
     Get list of tables with metadata for the database view.
 
@@ -398,21 +502,36 @@ async def get_tables(datasette, request, db, allowed_dict):
 
         table_columns = await db.table_columns(table)
         tables.append(
-            {
+            DatabaseTable(
-                "name": table,
+                name=table,
-                "columns": table_columns,
+                columns=table_columns,
-                "primary_keys": await db.primary_keys(table),
+                primary_keys=await db.primary_keys(table),
-                "count": table_counts[table],
+                count=table_counts[table],
-                "hidden": table in hidden_table_names,
+                count_truncated=_table_count_truncated(
-                "fts_table": await db.fts_table(table),
+                    datasette, db, table, table_counts[table]
-                "foreign_keys": all_foreign_keys[table],
+                ),
-                "private": allowed_dict[table].private,
+                hidden=table in hidden_table_names,
-            }
+                fts_table=await db.fts_table(table),
+                foreign_keys=all_foreign_keys[table],
+                private=allowed_dict[table].private,
+            )
         )
-    tables.sort(key=lambda t: (t["hidden"], t["name"]))
+    tables.sort(key=lambda table: (table.hidden, table.name))
     return tables
 
 
+def _table_count_truncated(datasette, db, table, count):
+    if count != db.count_limit + 1:
+        return False
+    if not db.is_mutable and datasette.inspect_data:
+        try:
+            datasette.inspect_data[db.name]["tables"][table]["count"]
+            return False
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+    return True
+
+
 async def database_download(request, datasette):
     from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
 
@@ -438,7 +557,7 @@ async def database_download(request, datasette):
     if datasette.cors:
         add_cors_headers(headers)
     if db.hash:
-        etag = '"{}"'.format(db.hash)
+        etag = f'"{db.hash}"'
         headers["Etag"] = etag
         # Has user seen this already?
         if_none_match = request.headers.get("if-none-match")
@@ -490,11 +609,7 @@ class QueryView(View):
                 "_json"
             ):
                 return Response.json(
-                    {
+                    dict(error_body([ex.message], 403), redirect=None),
-                        "ok": False,
-                        "message": ex.message,
-                        "redirect": None,
-                    },
                     status=403,
                 )
             datasette.add_message(request, ex.message, datasette.ERROR)
@@ -529,8 +644,15 @@ class QueryView(View):
         ok = None
         redirect_url = None
         try:
+            execute_write_kwargs = {"request": request}
+            if stored_query.is_trusted:
+                analysis = await db.analyze_sql(stored_query.sql, params_for_query)
+                if any(
+                    operation.operation == "vacuum" for operation in analysis.operations
+                ):
+                    execute_write_kwargs["transaction"] = False
             cursor = await db.execute_write(
-                stored_query.sql, params_for_query, request=request
+                stored_query.sql, params_for_query, **execute_write_kwargs
             )
             # success message can come from on_success_message or on_success_message_sql
             message = None
@@ -543,8 +665,9 @@ class QueryView(View):
                     ).first()
                     if message_result:
                         message = message_result[0]
-                except Exception as ex:
+                except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
-                    message = "Error running on_success_message_sql: {}".format(ex)
+                    # Stored-query on_success_message_sql is user-authored
+                    message = f"Error running on_success_message_sql: {ex}"
                     message_type = datasette.ERROR
             if not message:
                 if stored_query.on_success_message:
@@ -558,18 +681,24 @@ class QueryView(View):
 
             redirect_url = stored_query.on_success_redirect
             ok = True
-        except Exception as ex:
+        except Exception as ex:  # noqa: BLE001
+            # Stored-query execution is user-authored SQL
             message = stored_query.on_error_message or str(ex)
             message_type = datasette.ERROR
             redirect_url = stored_query.on_error_redirect
             ok = False
         if should_return_json:
+            if ok:
+                return Response.json(
+                    {
+                        "ok": True,
+                        "message": message,
+                        "redirect": redirect_url,
+                    }
+                )
             return Response.json(
-                {
+                dict(error_body([message], 400), redirect=redirect_url),
-                    "ok": ok,
+                status=400,
-                    "message": message,
-                    "redirect": redirect_url,
-                }
             )
         else:
             datasette.add_message(request, message, message_type)
@@ -687,19 +816,23 @@ class QueryView(View):
                 rows = results.rows
             except QueryInterrupted as ex:
                 raise DatasetteError(
-                    textwrap.dedent("""
+                    textwrap.dedent(f"""
                     <p>SQL query took too long. The time limit is controlled by the
                     <a href="https://docs.datasette.io/en/stable/settings.html#sql-time-limit-ms">sql_time_limit_ms</a>
                     configuration option.</p>
-                    <textarea style="width: 90%">{}</textarea>
+                    <textarea style="width: 90%">{markupsafe.escape(ex.sql)}</textarea>
                     <script>
                     let ta = document.querySelector("textarea");
                     ta.style.height = ta.scrollHeight + "px";
                     </script>
-                """.format(markupsafe.escape(ex.sql))).strip(),
+                """).strip(),
                     title="SQL Interrupted",
                     status=400,
                     message_is_html=True,
+                    plain_message=(
+                        "SQL query took too long. The time limit is"
+                        " controlled by the sql_time_limit_ms setting."
+                    ),
                 )
             except sqlite3.DatabaseError as ex:
                 query_error = str(ex)
@@ -708,8 +841,6 @@ class QueryView(View):
                 columns = []
             except (sqlite3.OperationalError, InvalidSql) as ex:
                 raise DatasetteError(str(ex), title="Invalid SQL", status=400)
-            except sqlite3.OperationalError as ex:
-                raise DatasetteError(str(ex))
             except DatasetteError:
                 raise
 
@@ -731,9 +862,12 @@ class QueryView(View):
                 return data, None, None
 
             return await stream_csv(datasette, fetch_data_for_csv, request, db.name)
-        elif format_ in datasette.renderers.keys():
+        elif format_ in datasette.renderers:
+            if not sql:
+                raise DatasetteError("?sql= is required", status=400)
             data = {"ok": True, "rows": rows, "columns": columns}
             extras = extra_names_from_request(request)
+            table_extra_registry.validate_requested(extras, ExtraScope.QUERY)
             if extras:
                 query_extra_context = QueryExtraContext(
                     datasette=datasette,
@@ -820,9 +954,7 @@ class QueryView(View):
             }
             headers.update(
                 {
-                    "Link": '<{}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'.format(
+                    "Link": f'<{alternate_url_json}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
-                        alternate_url_json
-                    )
                 }
             )
             metadata = await query_metadata()
@@ -903,9 +1035,7 @@ class QueryView(View):
                         + "?"
                         + urlencode(
                             {
-                                **{
+                                "sql": sql,
-                                    "sql": sql,
-                                },
                                 **named_parameter_values,
                             }
                         )
@@ -1007,7 +1137,7 @@ class QueryView(View):
                 headers=headers,
             )
         else:
-            assert False, "Invalid format: {}".format(format_)
+            assert False, f"Invalid format: {format_}"
         if datasette.cors:
             add_cors_headers(r.headers)
         return r
@@ -1055,260 +1185,6 @@ class MagicParameters(dict):
             return super().__getitem__(key)
 
 
-class TableCreateView(BaseView):
-    name = "table-create"
-
-    _valid_keys = {
-        "table",
-        "rows",
-        "row",
-        "columns",
-        "pk",
-        "pks",
-        "ignore",
-        "replace",
-        "alter",
-    }
-    _supported_column_types = {
-        "text",
-        "integer",
-        "float",
-        "blob",
-    }
-    # Any string that does not contain a newline or start with sqlite_
-    _table_name_re = re.compile(r"^(?!sqlite_)[^\n]+$")
-
-    def __init__(self, datasette):
-        self.ds = datasette
-
-    async def post(self, request):
-        db = await self.ds.resolve_database(request)
-        database_name = db.name
-
-        # Must have create-table permission
-        if not await self.ds.allowed(
-            action="create-table",
-            resource=DatabaseResource(database=database_name),
-            actor=request.actor,
-        ):
-            return _error(["Permission denied"], 403)
-
-        try:
-            data = await request.json()
-        except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            return _error(["Invalid JSON: {}".format(e)])
-
-        if not isinstance(data, dict):
-            return _error(["JSON must be an object"])
-
-        invalid_keys = set(data.keys()) - self._valid_keys
-        if invalid_keys:
-            return _error(["Invalid keys: {}".format(", ".join(invalid_keys))])
-
-        # ignore and replace are mutually exclusive
-        if data.get("ignore") and data.get("replace"):
-            return _error(["ignore and replace are mutually exclusive"])
-
-        # ignore and replace only allowed with row or rows
-        if "ignore" in data or "replace" in data:
-            if not data.get("row") and not data.get("rows"):
-                return _error(["ignore and replace require row or rows"])
-
-        # ignore and replace require pk or pks
-        if "ignore" in data or "replace" in data:
-            if not data.get("pk") and not data.get("pks"):
-                return _error(["ignore and replace require pk or pks"])
-
-        ignore = data.get("ignore")
-        replace = data.get("replace")
-
-        if replace:
-            # Must have update-row permission
-            if not await self.ds.allowed(
-                action="update-row",
-                resource=DatabaseResource(database=database_name),
-                actor=request.actor,
-            ):
-                return _error(["Permission denied: need update-row"], 403)
-
-        table_name = data.get("table")
-        if not table_name:
-            return _error(["Table is required"])
-
-        if not self._table_name_re.match(table_name):
-            return _error(["Invalid table name"])
-
-        table_exists = await db.table_exists(data["table"])
-        columns = data.get("columns")
-        rows = data.get("rows")
-        row = data.get("row")
-        if not columns and not rows and not row:
-            return _error(["columns, rows or row is required"])
-
-        if rows and row:
-            return _error(["Cannot specify both rows and row"])
-
-        if rows or row:
-            # Must have insert-row permission
-            if not await self.ds.allowed(
-                action="insert-row",
-                resource=DatabaseResource(database=database_name),
-                actor=request.actor,
-            ):
-                return _error(["Permission denied: need insert-row"], 403)
-
-        alter = False
-        if rows or row:
-            if not table_exists:
-                # if table is being created for the first time, alter=True
-                alter = True
-            else:
-                # alter=True only if they request it AND they have permission
-                if data.get("alter"):
-                    if not await self.ds.allowed(
-                        action="alter-table",
-                        resource=DatabaseResource(database=database_name),
-                        actor=request.actor,
-                    ):
-                        return _error(["Permission denied: need alter-table"], 403)
-                    alter = True
-
-        if columns:
-            if rows or row:
-                return _error(["Cannot specify columns with rows or row"])
-            if not isinstance(columns, list):
-                return _error(["columns must be a list"])
-            for column in columns:
-                if not isinstance(column, dict):
-                    return _error(["columns must be a list of objects"])
-                if not column.get("name") or not isinstance(column.get("name"), str):
-                    return _error(["Column name is required"])
-                if not column.get("type"):
-                    column["type"] = "text"
-                if column["type"] not in self._supported_column_types:
-                    return _error(
-                        ["Unsupported column type: {}".format(column["type"])]
-                    )
-            # No duplicate column names
-            dupes = {c["name"] for c in columns if columns.count(c) > 1}
-            if dupes:
-                return _error(["Duplicate column name: {}".format(", ".join(dupes))])
-
-        if row:
-            rows = [row]
-
-        if rows:
-            if not isinstance(rows, list):
-                return _error(["rows must be a list"])
-            for row in rows:
-                if not isinstance(row, dict):
-                    return _error(["rows must be a list of objects"])
-
-        pk = data.get("pk")
-        pks = data.get("pks")
-
-        if pk and pks:
-            return _error(["Cannot specify both pk and pks"])
-        if pk:
-            if not isinstance(pk, str):
-                return _error(["pk must be a string"])
-        if pks:
-            if not isinstance(pks, list):
-                return _error(["pks must be a list"])
-            for pk in pks:
-                if not isinstance(pk, str):
-                    return _error(["pks must be a list of strings"])
-
-        # If table exists already, read pks from that instead
-        if table_exists:
-            actual_pks = await db.primary_keys(table_name)
-            # if pk passed and table already exists check it does not change
-            bad_pks = False
-            if len(actual_pks) == 1 and data.get("pk") and data["pk"] != actual_pks[0]:
-                bad_pks = True
-            elif (
-                len(actual_pks) > 1
-                and data.get("pks")
-                and set(data["pks"]) != set(actual_pks)
-            ):
-                bad_pks = True
-            if bad_pks:
-                return _error(["pk cannot be changed for existing table"])
-            pks = actual_pks
-
-        initial_schema = None
-        if table_exists:
-            initial_schema = await db.execute_fn(
-                lambda conn: sqlite_utils.Database(conn)[table_name].schema
-            )
-
-        def create_table(conn):
-            table = sqlite_utils.Database(conn)[table_name]
-            if rows:
-                table.insert_all(
-                    rows, pk=pks or pk, ignore=ignore, replace=replace, alter=alter
-                )
-            else:
-                table.create(
-                    {c["name"]: c["type"] for c in columns},
-                    pk=pks or pk,
-                )
-            return table.schema
-
-        try:
-            schema = await db.execute_write_fn(create_table, request=request)
-        except Exception as e:
-            return _error([str(e)])
-
-        if initial_schema is not None and initial_schema != schema:
-            await self.ds.track_event(
-                AlterTableEvent(
-                    request.actor,
-                    database=database_name,
-                    table=table_name,
-                    before_schema=initial_schema,
-                    after_schema=schema,
-                )
-            )
-
-        table_url = self.ds.absolute_url(
-            request, self.ds.urls.table(db.name, table_name)
-        )
-        table_api_url = self.ds.absolute_url(
-            request, self.ds.urls.table(db.name, table_name, format="json")
-        )
-        details = {
-            "ok": True,
-            "database": db.name,
-            "table": table_name,
-            "table_url": table_url,
-            "table_api_url": table_api_url,
-            "schema": schema,
-        }
-        if rows:
-            details["row_count"] = len(rows)
-
-        if not table_exists:
-            # Only log creation if we created a table
-            await self.ds.track_event(
-                CreateTableEvent(
-                    request.actor, database=db.name, table=table_name, schema=schema
-                )
-            )
-        if rows:
-            await self.ds.track_event(
-                InsertRowsEvent(
-                    request.actor,
-                    database=db.name,
-                    table=table_name,
-                    num_rows=len(rows),
-                    ignore=ignore,
-                    replace=replace,
-                )
-            )
-        return Response.json(details, status=201)
-
-
 async def display_rows(datasette, database, request, rows, columns):
     display_rows = []
     truncate_cells = datasette.setting("truncate_cells_html")
@@ -1362,7 +1238,7 @@ async def display_rows(datasette, database, request, rows, columns):
                         '<a class="blob-download" href="{}"{}>&lt;Binary:&nbsp;{:,}&nbsp;byte{}&gt;</a>'.format(
                             blob_url,
                             (
-                                ' title="{}"'.format(formatted)
+                                f' title="{formatted}"'
                                 if "bytes" not in formatted
                                 else ""
                             ),

datasette/views/execute_write.py

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ import re
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
-from datasette.utils import sqlite3
+from datasette.utils import UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE, sqlite3
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
 
-from .base import BaseView, _error
+from .base import BaseView
 from .database import display_rows as display_query_rows
 from .query_helpers import (
-    QueryValidationError,
     SQL_PARAMETER_FORM_PREFIX,
+    QueryValidationError,
     _analysis_is_write,
     _analysis_rows,
     _analysis_rows_with_permissions,
@@ -31,15 +31,7 @@ WRITE_TEMPLATE_LABELS = {
     "delete": "Delete rows",
 }
 WRITE_TEMPLATE_OPERATIONS = tuple(WRITE_TEMPLATE_LABELS)
-CREATE_TABLE_TEMPLATE_SQL = "\n".join(
+CREATE_TABLE_TEMPLATE_SQL = "create table new_table (\n  id integer primary key,\n  name text\n  -- created text default (datetime('now'))\n)"
-    (
-        "create table new_table (",
-        "  id integer primary key,",
-        "  name text",
-        "  -- created text default (datetime('now'))",
-        ")",
-    )
-)
 
 
 def _parameter_names(columns):
@@ -49,11 +41,11 @@ def _parameter_names(columns):
         base = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9_]+", "_", column.lower())
         base = base.strip("_") or "value"
         if base[0].isdigit():
-            base = "p_{}".format(base)
+            base = f"p_{base}"
         name = base
         index = 2
         while name in seen:
-            name = "{}_{}".format(base, index)
+            name = f"{base}_{index}"
             index += 1
         seen.add(name)
         names[column] = name
@@ -65,7 +57,7 @@ def _quote_identifier(identifier):
 
 
 def _preferred_where_column(table, columns):
-    lower_table_id = "{}_id".format(table.lower())
+    lower_table_id = f"{table.lower()}_id"
     return (
         next((column for column in columns if column.lower() == "id"), None)
         or next(
@@ -90,17 +82,15 @@ def _insert_template_sql(table, columns):
     auto_pk = _auto_incrementing_primary_key(columns)
     insert_columns = [column for column in column_names if column != auto_pk]
     if not insert_columns:
-        return "insert into {}\ndefault values".format(_quote_identifier(table))
+        return f"insert into {_quote_identifier(table)}\ndefault values"
     names = _parameter_names(insert_columns)
     return "\n".join(
         (
-            "insert into {} (".format(_quote_identifier(table)),
+            f"insert into {_quote_identifier(table)} (",
-            ",\n".join(
+            ",\n".join(f"  {_quote_identifier(column)}" for column in insert_columns),
-                "  {}".format(_quote_identifier(column)) for column in insert_columns
-            ),
             ")",
             "values (",
-            ",\n".join("  :{}".format(names[column]) for column in insert_columns),
+            ",\n".join(f"  :{names[column]}" for column in insert_columns),
             ")",
         )
     )
@@ -114,18 +104,14 @@ def _update_template_sql(table, columns):
     if not set_columns:
         return "\n".join(
             (
-                "update {}".format(_quote_identifier(table)),
+                f"update {_quote_identifier(table)}",
-                "set {} = :new_{}".format(
+                f"set {_quote_identifier(where_column)} = :new_{names[where_column]}",
-                    _quote_identifier(where_column), names[where_column]
+                f"where {_quote_identifier(where_column)} = :{names[where_column]}",
-                ),
-                "where {} = :{}".format(
-                    _quote_identifier(where_column), names[where_column]
-                ),
             )
         )
     return "\n".join(
         (
-            "update {}".format(_quote_identifier(table)),
+            f"update {_quote_identifier(table)}",
             "set "
             + ",\n".join(
                 "{}{} = :{}".format(
@@ -135,9 +121,7 @@ def _update_template_sql(table, columns):
                 )
                 for index, column in enumerate(set_columns)
             ),
-            "where {} = :{}".format(
+            f"where {_quote_identifier(where_column)} = :{names[where_column]}",
-                _quote_identifier(where_column), names[where_column]
-            ),
         )
     )
 
@@ -148,10 +132,8 @@ def _delete_template_sql(table, columns):
     where_column = _preferred_where_column(table, column_names)
     return "\n".join(
         (
-            "delete from {}".format(_quote_identifier(table)),
+            f"delete from {_quote_identifier(table)}",
-            "where {} = :{}".format(
+            f"where {_quote_identifier(where_column)} = :{names[where_column]}",
-                _quote_identifier(where_column), names[where_column]
-            ),
         )
     )
 
@@ -348,7 +330,7 @@ class ExecuteWriteView(BaseView):
         )
         if not db.is_mutable:
             return _block_framing(
-                _error(
+                Response.error(
                     ["Cannot execute write SQL because this database is immutable."],
                     403,
                 )
@@ -367,10 +349,10 @@ class ExecuteWriteView(BaseView):
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
             return _block_framing(
-                _error(["Permission denied: need execute-write-sql"], 403)
+                Response.error(["Permission denied: need execute-write-sql"], 403)
             )
         if not db.is_mutable:
-            return _block_framing(_error(["Database is immutable"], 403))
+            return _block_framing(Response.error(["Database is immutable"], 403))
 
         data = {}
         is_json = request.headers.get("content-type", "").startswith("application/json")
@@ -384,7 +366,7 @@ class ExecuteWriteView(BaseView):
             )
         except QueryValidationError as ex:
             if _wants_json(request, is_json, data):
-                return _block_framing(_error([ex.message], ex.status))
+                return _block_framing(Response.error([ex.message], ex.status))
             if ex.flash:
                 self.ds.add_message(request, ex.message, self.ds.ERROR)
             return await self._render_form(
@@ -405,7 +387,7 @@ class ExecuteWriteView(BaseView):
         except sqlite3.DatabaseError as ex:
             message = str(ex)
             if wants_json:
-                return _block_framing(_error([message], 400))
+                return _block_framing(Response.error([message], 400))
             return await self._render_form(
                 request,
                 db,
@@ -488,20 +470,18 @@ class ExecuteWriteAnalyzeView(BaseView):
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
             return _block_framing(
-                _error(["Permission denied: need execute-write-sql"], 403)
+                Response.error(["Permission denied: need execute-write-sql"], 403)
             )
 
         invalid_keys = set(request.args) - {"sql"}
         if invalid_keys:
             return _block_framing(
-                _error(
+                Response.error(
                     ["Invalid keys: {}".format(", ".join(sorted(invalid_keys)))],
                     400,
                 )
             )
         sql = request.args.get("sql") or ""
-        return _block_framing(
+        analysis = await _execute_write_analysis_data(self.ds, db, sql, request.actor)
-            Response.json(
+        analysis["unstable"] = UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE
-                await _execute_write_analysis_data(self.ds, db, sql, request.actor)
+        return _block_framing(Response.json(analysis))
-            )
-        )

datasette/views/index.py

@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ import json
 
 from datasette.plugins import pm
 from datasette.utils import (
+    UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
+    CustomJSONEncoder,
     add_cors_headers,
     await_me_maybe,
     make_slot_function,
-    CustomJSONEncoder,
 )
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
 from datasette.version import __version__
@@ -45,15 +46,15 @@ class IndexView(BaseView):
 
         databases = []
         # Iterate over allowed databases instead of all databases
-        for name in allowed_db_dict.keys():
+        for name, allowed_db in allowed_db_dict.items():
             db = self.ds.databases[name]
-            database_private = allowed_db_dict[name].private
+            database_private = allowed_db.private
 
             # Get allowed tables/views for this database
             allowed_for_db = tables_by_db.get(name, {})
 
             # Get table names from allowed set instead of db.table_names()
-            table_names = [child_name for child_name in allowed_for_db.keys()]
+            table_names = [child_name for child_name in allowed_for_db]
 
             hidden_table_names = set(await db.hidden_table_names())
 
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ class IndexView(BaseView):
                 # We will be sorting by number of relationships, so populate that field
                 all_foreign_keys = await db.get_all_foreign_keys()
                 for table, foreign_keys in all_foreign_keys.items():
-                    if table in tables.keys():
+                    if table in tables:
                         count = len(foreign_keys["incoming"] + foreign_keys["outgoing"])
                         tables[table]["num_relationships_for_sorting"] = count
 
@@ -120,8 +121,7 @@ class IndexView(BaseView):
             # Only add views if this is less than TRUNCATE_AT
             if len(tables_and_views_truncated) < TRUNCATE_AT:
                 num_views_to_add = TRUNCATE_AT - len(tables_and_views_truncated)
-                for view in views[:num_views_to_add]:
+                tables_and_views_truncated.extend(views[:num_views_to_add])
-                    tables_and_views_truncated.append(view)
 
             databases.append(
                 {
@@ -151,7 +151,9 @@ class IndexView(BaseView):
             return Response(
                 json.dumps(
                     {
-                        "databases": {db["name"]: db for db in databases},
+                        "ok": True,
+                        "unstable": UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
+                        "databases": databases,
                         "metadata": await self.ds.get_instance_metadata(),
                     },
                     cls=CustomJSONEncoder,

datasette/views/query_helpers.py

@@ -5,6 +5,19 @@ from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource
 from datasette.stored_queries import (
     StoredQuery,
 )
+from datasette.utils import (
+    InvalidSql,
+    escape_sqlite,
+    parse_size_limit,
+    path_from_row_pks,
+    sqlite3,
+    validate_sql_select,
+)
+from datasette.utils import (
+    named_parameters as derive_named_parameters,
+)
+from datasette.utils.asgi import Forbidden
+from datasette.utils.sql_analysis import Operation, SQLAnalysis
 from datasette.write_sql import (
     IgnoreWriteSqlOperation,
     QueryWriteRejected,
@@ -12,16 +25,6 @@ from datasette.write_sql import (
     decision_for_write_sql_operation,
     operation_is_write,
 )
-from datasette.utils import (
-    named_parameters as derive_named_parameters,
-    escape_sqlite,
-    path_from_row_pks,
-    sqlite3,
-    validate_sql_select,
-    InvalidSql,
-)
-from datasette.utils.asgi import Forbidden
-from datasette.utils.sql_analysis import Operation, SQLAnalysis
 
 _query_name_re = re.compile(r"^[^/\.\n]+$")
 
@@ -32,7 +35,6 @@ _query_fields = {
     "hide_sql",
     "fragment",
     "parameters",
-    "params",
     "is_private",
     "on_success_message",
     "on_success_redirect",
@@ -91,16 +93,14 @@ def _as_optional_bool(value, name):
             return True
         if lowered in {"0", "false", "f", "no", "off"}:
             return False
-    raise QueryValidationError("{} must be 0 or 1".format(name))
+    raise QueryValidationError(f"{name} must be 0 or 1")
 
 
-def _query_list_limit(value, default=50):
+def _query_list_limit(value, default, maximum):
-    if value in (None, ""):
-        return default
     try:
-        return min(max(1, int(value)), 1000)
+        return parse_size_limit(value, default, maximum)
     except ValueError as ex:
-        raise QueryValidationError("_size must be an integer") from ex
+        raise QueryValidationError(str(ex)) from ex
 
 
 def _derived_query_parameters(sql):
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ async def _json_or_form_payload(request):
         try:
             return json.loads(body or b"{}"), True
         except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            raise QueryValidationError("Invalid JSON: {}".format(e))
+            raise QueryValidationError(f"Invalid JSON: {e}")
     return await request.post_vars(), False
 
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ async def _analyze_user_query(datasette, db, sql, *, actor):
     try:
         analysis = await db.analyze_sql(sql, params)
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError as ex:
-        raise QueryValidationError("Could not analyze query: {}".format(ex)) from ex
+        raise QueryValidationError(f"Could not analyze query: {ex}") from ex
 
     is_write = _analysis_is_write(analysis)
     if is_write:
@@ -295,8 +295,7 @@ def _coerce_execute_write_payload(data, is_json):
         for key, value in data.items():
             if key in {"sql", "csrftoken", "_json"}:
                 continue
-            if key.startswith(SQL_PARAMETER_FORM_PREFIX):
+            key = key.removeprefix(SQL_PARAMETER_FORM_PREFIX)
-                key = key[len(SQL_PARAMETER_FORM_PREFIX) :]
             params[key] = value
     if not isinstance(params, dict):
         raise QueryValidationError("params must be a dictionary")
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ async def _prepare_execute_write(datasette, db, sql, params, actor):
     try:
         analysis = await db.analyze_sql(sql, params)
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError as ex:
-        raise QueryValidationError("Could not analyze query: {}".format(ex)) from ex
+        raise QueryValidationError(f"Could not analyze query: {ex}") from ex
     if not _analysis_is_write(analysis):
         raise QueryValidationError(
             "Use /-/query for read-only SQL; this endpoint only executes writes"
@@ -498,7 +497,7 @@ async def _inserted_row_url(datasette, db, analysis, cursor):
     )
     try:
         result = await db.execute(
-            "select {} from {} where rowid = ?".format(select, escape_sqlite(table)),
+            f"select {select} from {escape_sqlite(table)} where rowid = ?",
             [lastrowid],
         )
     except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
@@ -541,7 +540,7 @@ async def _prepare_query_create(datasette, request, db, data):
         raise QueryValidationError("Writable query fields require writable SQL")
 
     parameters = _coerce_query_parameters(
-        data.get("parameters", data.get("params")),
+        data.get("parameters"),
         derived,
     )
     return {
@@ -586,9 +585,9 @@ async def _prepare_query_update(datasette, request, db, existing: StoredQuery, u
             actor=request.actor,
         )
 
-    if "parameters" in update or "params" in update:
+    if "parameters" in update:
         parameters = _coerce_query_parameters(
-            update.get("parameters", update.get("params")),
+            update.get("parameters"),
             derived,
         )
     elif "sql" in update:

datasette/views/row.py

@@ -1,32 +1,395 @@
-from datasette.utils.asgi import NotFound, Forbidden, Response
+import asyncio
-from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
-from datasette.events import UpdateRowEvent, DeleteRowEvent
-from datasette.resources import TableResource
-from .base import DataView, BaseView, _error
-from datasette.utils import (
-    await_me_maybe,
-    CustomRow,
-    make_slot_function,
-    path_from_row_pks,
-    to_css_class,
-    escape_sqlite,
-)
-from datasette.plugins import pm
 import json
+import textwrap
+import time
+import urllib.parse
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
 import markupsafe
 import sqlite_utils
-from datasette.extras import extra_names_from_request
+
+from datasette.database import QueryInterrupted
+from datasette.events import DeleteRowEvent, UpdateRowEvent
+from datasette.extras import ExtraScope, extra_names_from_request
+from datasette.plugins import pm
+from datasette.resources import TableResource
+from datasette.utils import (
+    CustomJSONEncoder,
+    CustomRow,
+    InvalidSql,
+    WriteJsonValueError,
+    add_cors_headers,
+    await_me_maybe,
+    call_with_supported_arguments,
+    decode_write_json_row,
+    escape_sqlite,
+    make_slot_function,
+    path_from_row_pks,
+    path_with_format,
+    path_with_removed_args,
+    sqlite3,
+    to_css_class,
+)
+from datasette.utils.asgi import Forbidden, NotFound, PayloadTooLarge, Response
+
+from . import Context, from_extra
+from .base import BaseView, DatasetteError, stream_csv
 from .table import (
-    display_columns_and_rows,
     _table_page_data,
+    display_columns_and_rows,
     row_label_from_label_column,
 )
 from .table_extras import RowExtraContext, resolve_row_extras, table_extra_registry
 
 
-class RowView(DataView):
+@dataclass
+class RowContext(Context):
+    "The page showing an individual row, e.g. /fixtures/facetable/1."
+
+    documented_template = "row.html"
+    extras_scope = ExtraScope.ROW
+
+    # Fields resolved by registered extras - their documentation comes
+    # from the description on each Extra class in table_extras.py
+    columns: list = from_extra()
+    database: str = from_extra()
+    database_color: str = from_extra()
+    foreign_key_tables: list = from_extra()
+    metadata: dict = from_extra()
+    primary_keys: list = from_extra()
+    private: bool = from_extra()
+    table: str = from_extra()
+
+    # Fields added by the view code
+    ok: bool = field(
+        metadata={"help": "True if the data for this page was retrieved without errors"}
+    )
+    rows: list = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "A single-item list containing this row as a dictionary mapping column name to raw value."
+        }
+    )
+    primary_key_values: list = field(
+        metadata={"help": "Values of the primary keys for this row, from the URL"}
+    )
+    query_ms: float = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Time taken by the SQL queries for this page, in milliseconds"
+        }
+    )
+    display_columns: list = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Column metadata used by the HTML table display. Each item includes ``name``, ``sortable``, ``is_pk``, ``type``, ``notnull``, ``description``, ``column_type`` and ``column_type_config`` keys."
+        }
+    )
+    display_rows: list = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Rows formatted for the HTML table display. Each row is iterable and contains cell dictionaries with ``column``, ``value``, ``raw`` and ``value_type`` keys."
+        }
+    )
+    custom_table_templates: list = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Custom template names that were considered for displaying this row's table, in lookup order."
+        }
+    )
+    row_actions: list = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": 'Row actions made available by core and plugin hooks. Each item is either a link with ``href``, ``label`` and optional ``description`` keys, or a button with ``type: "button"``, ``label``, optional ``description`` and optional ``attrs``. See :ref:`plugin_actions` and :ref:`plugin_hook_row_actions`.'
+        }
+    )
+    row_mutation_ui: bool = field(
+        metadata={"help": "True if the row edit/delete JavaScript UI should be enabled"}
+    )
+    table_page_data: dict = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "JSON data used by JavaScript on the row page. Includes ``database``, ``table`` and ``tableUrl``, plus optional ``foreignKeys`` mapping column names to autocomplete URLs."
+        }
+    )
+    top_row: callable = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Async callable that renders the ``top_row`` plugin slot for this row and returns HTML."
+        }
+    )
+    renderers: dict = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Dictionary mapping output format names such as ``json`` to URLs for this row in that format."
+        }
+    )
+    url_csv: str = field(metadata={"help": "URL for the CSV export of this page"})
+    url_csv_path: str = field(metadata={"help": "Path portion of the CSV export URL"})
+    url_csv_hidden_args: list = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "List of ``(name, value)`` pairs for hidden form fields used by the CSV export form, preserving current options while forcing ``_size=max``."
+        }
+    )
+    settings: dict = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Dictionary of Datasette's current settings, keyed by setting name."
+        }
+    )
+    select_templates: list = field(
+        metadata={
+            "help": "List of template names that were considered for this page, with the selected template prefixed by ``*``."
+        }
+    )
+    alternate_url_json: str = field(
+        metadata={"help": "URL for the JSON version of this page"}
+    )
+
+
+class RowView(BaseView):
     name = "row"
 
+    def redirect(self, request, path, forward_querystring=True, remove_args=None):
+        if request.query_string and "?" not in path and forward_querystring:
+            path = f"{path}?{request.query_string}"
+        if remove_args:
+            path = path_with_removed_args(request, remove_args, path=path)
+        response = Response.redirect(path)
+        response.headers["Link"] = f"<{path}>; rel=preload"
+        if self.ds.cors:
+            add_cors_headers(response.headers)
+        return response
+
+    async def as_csv(self, request, database):
+        return await stream_csv(self.ds, self.data, request, database)
+
+    async def get(self, request):
+        db = await self.ds.resolve_database(request)
+        database = db.name
+        database_route = db.route
+        format_ = request.url_vars.get("format") or "html"
+        data_kwargs = {}
+
+        if format_ == "csv":
+            return await self.as_csv(request, database_route)
+
+        if format_ == "html":
+            # HTML views default to expanding all foreign key labels
+            data_kwargs["default_labels"] = True
+
+        extra_template_data = {}
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        status_code = None
+        templates = ()
+        try:
+            response_or_template_contexts = await self.data(request, **data_kwargs)
+            if isinstance(response_or_template_contexts, Response):
+                return response_or_template_contexts
+            # If it has four items, it includes an HTTP status code
+            if len(response_or_template_contexts) == 4:
+                (
+                    data,
+                    extra_template_data,
+                    templates,
+                    status_code,
+                ) = response_or_template_contexts
+            else:
+                data, extra_template_data, templates = response_or_template_contexts
+        except QueryInterrupted as ex:
+            raise DatasetteError(
+                textwrap.dedent(f"""
+                <p>SQL query took too long. The time limit is controlled by the
+                <a href="https://docs.datasette.io/en/stable/settings.html#sql-time-limit-ms">sql_time_limit_ms</a>
+                configuration option.</p>
+                <textarea style="width: 90%">{markupsafe.escape(ex.sql)}</textarea>
+                <script>
+                let ta = document.querySelector("textarea");
+                ta.style.height = ta.scrollHeight + "px";
+                </script>
+            """).strip(),
+                title="SQL Interrupted",
+                status=400,
+                message_is_html=True,
+                plain_message=(
+                    "SQL query took too long. The time limit is"
+                    " controlled by the sql_time_limit_ms setting."
+                ),
+            )
+        except (sqlite3.OperationalError, InvalidSql) as e:
+            raise DatasetteError(str(e), title="Invalid SQL", status=400)
+        except DatasetteError:
+            raise
+
+        end = time.perf_counter()
+        data["query_ms"] = (end - start) * 1000
+
+        if format_ in self.ds.renderers:
+            # Dispatch request to the correct output format renderer
+            # (CSV is not handled here due to streaming)
+            result = call_with_supported_arguments(
+                self.ds.renderers[format_][0],
+                datasette=self.ds,
+                columns=data.get("columns") or [],
+                rows=data.get("rows") or [],
+                sql=data.get("query", {}).get("sql", None),
+                query_name=data.get("query_name"),
+                database=database,
+                table=data.get("table"),
+                request=request,
+                view_name=self.name,
+                truncated=False,  # TODO: support this
+                error=data.get("error"),
+                # These will be deprecated in Datasette 1.0:
+                args=request.args,
+                data=data,
+            )
+            if asyncio.iscoroutine(result):
+                result = await result
+            if result is None:
+                raise NotFound("No data")
+            if isinstance(result, dict):
+                response = Response(
+                    body=result.get("body"),
+                    status=result.get("status_code", status_code or 200),
+                    content_type=result.get("content_type", "text/plain"),
+                    headers=result.get("headers"),
+                )
+            elif isinstance(result, Response):
+                response = result
+                if status_code is not None:
+                    # Over-ride the status code
+                    response.status = status_code
+            else:
+                assert False, f"{result} should be dict or Response"
+        elif format_ == "html":
+            response = await self.html(request, data, extra_template_data, templates)
+            if status_code is not None:
+                response.status = status_code
+        else:
+            raise NotFound(f"Invalid format: {format_}")
+
+        ttl = request.args.get("_ttl", None)
+        if ttl is None or not ttl.isdigit():
+            ttl = self.ds.setting("default_cache_ttl")
+
+        return self.set_response_headers(response, ttl)
+
+    async def html(self, request, data, extra_template_data, templates):
+        extras = {}
+        if callable(extra_template_data):
+            extras = extra_template_data()
+            if asyncio.iscoroutine(extras):
+                extras = await extras
+        else:
+            extras = extra_template_data
+
+        url_labels_extra = {}
+        if data.get("expandable_columns"):
+            url_labels_extra = {"_labels": "on"}
+
+        renderers = {}
+        for key, (_, can_render) in self.ds.renderers.items():
+            it_can_render = call_with_supported_arguments(
+                can_render,
+                datasette=self.ds,
+                columns=data.get("columns") or [],
+                rows=data.get("rows") or [],
+                sql=data.get("query", {}).get("sql", None),
+                query_name=data.get("query_name"),
+                database=data.get("database"),
+                table=data.get("table"),
+                request=request,
+                view_name=self.name,
+            )
+            it_can_render = await await_me_maybe(it_can_render)
+            if it_can_render:
+                renderers[key] = self.ds.urls.path(
+                    path_with_format(
+                        request=request,
+                        path=request.scope.get("route_path"),
+                        format=key,
+                        extra_qs={**url_labels_extra},
+                    )
+                )
+
+        url_csv_args = {"_size": "max", **url_labels_extra}
+        url_csv = self.ds.urls.path(
+            path_with_format(
+                request=request,
+                path=request.scope.get("route_path"),
+                format="csv",
+                extra_qs=url_csv_args,
+            )
+        )
+        url_csv_path = url_csv.split("?")[0]
+        context = {**data, **extras}
+        if "metadata" not in context:
+            context["metadata"] = await self.ds.get_instance_metadata()
+
+        environment = self.ds.get_jinja_environment(request)
+        template = environment.select_template(templates)
+        alternate_url_json = self.ds.absolute_url(
+            request,
+            self.ds.urls.path(
+                path_with_format(
+                    request=request,
+                    path=request.scope.get("route_path"),
+                    format="json",
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+        return Response.html(
+            await self.ds.render_template(
+                template,
+                RowContext(
+                    columns=context["columns"],
+                    database=context["database"],
+                    database_color=context["database_color"],
+                    foreign_key_tables=context["foreign_key_tables"],
+                    metadata=context["metadata"],
+                    primary_keys=context["primary_keys"],
+                    private=context["private"],
+                    table=context["table"],
+                    ok=context["ok"],
+                    rows=context["rows"],
+                    primary_key_values=context["primary_key_values"],
+                    query_ms=context["query_ms"],
+                    display_columns=context["display_columns"],
+                    display_rows=context["display_rows"],
+                    custom_table_templates=context["custom_table_templates"],
+                    row_actions=context["row_actions"],
+                    row_mutation_ui=context["row_mutation_ui"],
+                    table_page_data=context["table_page_data"],
+                    top_row=context["top_row"],
+                    renderers=renderers,
+                    url_csv=url_csv,
+                    url_csv_path=url_csv_path,
+                    url_csv_hidden_args=[
+                        (key, value)
+                        for key, value in urllib.parse.parse_qsl(request.query_string)
+                        if key not in ("_labels", "_facet", "_size")
+                    ]
+                    + [("_size", "max")],
+                    settings=self.ds.settings_dict(),
+                    select_templates=[
+                        f"{'*' if template_name == template.name else ''}{template_name}"
+                        for template_name in templates
+                    ],
+                    alternate_url_json=alternate_url_json,
+                ),
+                request=request,
+                view_name=self.name,
+            ),
+            headers={
+                "Link": f'<{alternate_url_json}>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json+datasette"'
+            },
+        )
+
+    def set_response_headers(self, response, ttl):
+        # Set far-future cache expiry
+        if self.ds.cache_headers and response.status == 200:
+            ttl = int(ttl)
+            if ttl == 0:
+                ttl_header = "no-cache"
+            else:
+                ttl_header = f"max-age={ttl}"
+            response.headers["Cache-Control"] = ttl_header
+        response.headers["Referrer-Policy"] = "no-referrer"
+        if self.ds.cors:
+            add_cors_headers(response.headers)
+        return response
+
     async def data(self, request, default_labels=False):
         resolved = await self.ds.resolve_row(request)
         db = resolved.db
@@ -134,7 +497,7 @@ class RowView(DataView):
 
             row_action_label = pk_path
             if row_label and row_label != pk_path:
-                row_action_label = "{} {}".format(pk_path, row_label)
+                row_action_label = f"{pk_path} {row_label}"
 
             row_action_permissions = {}
             if is_table and db.is_mutable:
@@ -147,7 +510,7 @@ class RowView(DataView):
             row_actions = []
             if row_action_permissions.get("update-row"):
                 attrs = {
-                    "aria-label": "Edit row {}".format(row_action_label),
+                    "aria-label": f"Edit row {row_action_label}",
                     "data-row": row_path,
                     "data-row-action": "edit",
                 }
@@ -163,7 +526,7 @@ class RowView(DataView):
                 )
             if row_action_permissions.get("delete-row"):
                 attrs = {
-                    "aria-label": "Delete row {}".format(row_action_label),
+                    "aria-label": f"Delete row {row_action_label}",
                     "data-row": row_path,
                     "data-row-action": "delete",
                 }
@@ -193,7 +556,7 @@ class RowView(DataView):
                 "private": private,
                 "columns": reordered_columns,
                 "foreign_key_tables": await self.foreign_key_tables(
-                    database, table, pk_values, actor=request.actor, include_insert=True
+                    database, table, pk_values
                 ),
                 "database_color": db.color,
                 "display_columns": display_columns,
@@ -205,13 +568,14 @@ class RowView(DataView):
                 ],
                 "row_mutation_ui": any(row_action_permissions.values()),
                 "table_page_data": await _table_page_data(
-                    self.ds,
+                    datasette=self.ds,
-                    request,
+                    request=request,
-                    db,
+                    db=db,
-                    database,
+                    database_name=database,
-                    table,
+                    table_name=table,
-                    not is_table,
+                    is_view=not is_table,
-                    None,
+                    table_insert_ui=None,
+                    table_alter_ui=None,
                 ),
                 "row_actions": row_actions,
                 "top_row": make_slot_function(
@@ -236,6 +600,9 @@ class RowView(DataView):
         }
 
         extras = extra_names_from_request(request)
+        if request.url_vars.get("format"):
+            # Data formats reject unknown extras; HTML ignores them
+            table_extra_registry.validate_requested(extras, ExtraScope.ROW)
 
         # Process extras
         row_extra_context = RowExtraContext(
@@ -266,9 +633,7 @@ class RowView(DataView):
             ),
         )
 
-    async def foreign_key_tables(
+    async def foreign_key_tables(self, database, table, pk_values):
-        self, database, table, pk_values, actor=None, include_insert=False
-    ):
         if len(pk_values) != 1:
             return []
         db = self.ds.databases[database]
@@ -311,24 +676,7 @@ class RowView(DataView):
                 key,
                 ",".join(pk_values),
             )
-            item = {**fk, **{"count": count, "link": link}}
+            foreign_key_tables.append({**fk, "count": count, "link": link})
-            if include_insert:
-                can_insert = db.is_mutable and await self.ds.allowed(
-                    action="insert-row",
-                    resource=TableResource(database=database, table=fk["other_table"]),
-                    actor=actor,
-                )
-                item["can_insert"] = can_insert
-                if can_insert:
-                    item["insert_row"] = {fk["other_column"]: pk_values[0]}
-                    item["insert_message"] = (
-                        "Insert a row in {} with {} set to {}.".format(
-                            fk["other_table"],
-                            fk["other_column"],
-                            pk_values[0],
-                        )
-                    )
-            foreign_key_tables.append(item)
         return foreign_key_tables
 
 
@@ -354,21 +702,21 @@ async def _row_flash_message(db, action, resolved, row=None):
     if label:
         label = _truncated_row_flash_label(label)
     if label and label != pk_label:
-        return "{} row {} ({})".format(action, pk_label, label)
+        return f"{action} row {pk_label} ({label})"
-    return "{} row {}".format(action, pk_label)
+    return f"{action} row {pk_label}"
 
 
 async def _resolve_row_and_check_permission(datasette, request, permission):
-    from datasette.app import DatabaseNotFound, TableNotFound, RowNotFound
+    from datasette.app import DatabaseNotFound, RowNotFound, TableNotFound
 
     try:
         resolved = await datasette.resolve_row(request)
     except DatabaseNotFound as e:
-        return False, _error(["Database not found: {}".format(e.database_name)], 404)
+        return False, Response.error([f"Database not found: {e.database_name}"], 404)
     except TableNotFound as e:
-        return False, _error(["Table not found: {}".format(e.table)], 404)
+        return False, Response.error([f"Table not found: {e.table}"], 404)
     except RowNotFound as e:
-        return False, _error(["Record not found: {}".format(e.pk_values)], 404)
+        return False, Response.error([f"Record not found: {e.pk_values}"], 404)
 
     # Ensure user has permission to delete this row
     if not await datasette.allowed(
@@ -376,7 +724,7 @@ async def _resolve_row_and_check_permission(datasette, request, permission):
         resource=TableResource(database=resolved.db.name, table=resolved.table),
         actor=request.actor,
     ):
-        return False, _error(["Permission denied"], 403)
+        return False, Response.error(["Permission denied"], 403)
 
     return True, resolved
 
@@ -400,8 +748,9 @@ class RowDeleteView(BaseView):
 
         try:
             await resolved.db.execute_write_fn(delete_row, request=request)
-        except Exception as e:
+        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-            return _error([str(e)], 500)
+            # TODO: narrow to expected write errors so Datasette bugs surface as 500s
+            return Response.error([str(e)], 400)
 
         await self.ds.track_event(
             DeleteRowEvent(
@@ -440,18 +789,24 @@ class RowUpdateView(BaseView):
         try:
             data = await request.json()
         except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            return _error(["Invalid JSON: {}".format(e)])
+            return Response.error([f"Invalid JSON: {e}"])
+        except PayloadTooLarge as e:
+            return Response.error([str(e)], 413)
 
         if not isinstance(data, dict):
-            return _error(["JSON must be a dictionary"])
+            return Response.error(["JSON must be a dictionary"])
         if "update" not in data or not isinstance(data["update"], dict):
-            return _error(["JSON must contain an update dictionary"])
+            return Response.error(["JSON must contain an update dictionary"])
 
         invalid_keys = set(data.keys()) - {"update", "return", "alter"}
         if invalid_keys:
-            return _error(["Invalid keys: {}".format(", ".join(invalid_keys))])
+            return Response.error(["Invalid keys: {}".format(", ".join(invalid_keys))])
 
         update = data["update"]
+        try:
+            update = decode_write_json_row(update)
+        except WriteJsonValueError as e:
+            return Response.error([str(e)], 400)
 
         # Validate column types
         from datasette.views.table import _validate_column_types
@@ -460,7 +815,7 @@ class RowUpdateView(BaseView):
             self.ds, resolved.db.name, resolved.table, [update]
         )
         if ct_errors:
-            return _error(ct_errors, 400)
+            return Response.error(ct_errors, 400)
 
         alter = data.get("alter")
         if alter and not await self.ds.allowed(
@@ -468,7 +823,7 @@ class RowUpdateView(BaseView):
             resource=TableResource(database=resolved.db.name, table=resolved.table),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _error(["Permission denied for alter-table"], 403)
+            return Response.error(["Permission denied for alter-table"], 403)
 
         def update_row(conn):
             sqlite_utils.Database(conn)[resolved.table].update(
@@ -477,8 +832,9 @@ class RowUpdateView(BaseView):
 
         try:
             await resolved.db.execute_write_fn(update_row, request=request)
-        except Exception as e:
+        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-            return _error([str(e)], 400)
+            # TODO: narrow to expected write errors so Datasette bugs surface as 500s
+            return Response.error([str(e)], 400)
 
         result = {"ok": True}
         returned_row = None
@@ -487,7 +843,7 @@ class RowUpdateView(BaseView):
                 resolved.sql, resolved.params, truncate=True
             )
             returned_row = results.dicts()[0]
-            result["row"] = returned_row
+            result["rows"] = [returned_row]
 
         await self.ds.track_event(
             UpdateRowEvent(
@@ -513,4 +869,4 @@ class RowUpdateView(BaseView):
                 self.ds.INFO,
             )
 
-        return Response.json(result, status=200)
+        return Response.json(result, status=200, default=CustomJSONEncoder().default)

datasette/views/special.py

@@ -1,20 +1,25 @@
 import json
 import logging
+import secrets
+import urllib
+
+from datasette.events import CreateTokenEvent, LoginEvent, LogoutEvent
 from datasette.jump import JumpSQL, namespace_sql_params
 from datasette.plugins import pm
-from datasette.events import LogoutEvent, LoginEvent, CreateTokenEvent
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, TableResource
-from datasette.utils.asgi import Response, Forbidden
 from datasette.utils import (
+    UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
     actor_matches_allow,
     add_cors_headers,
     await_me_maybe,
-    tilde_encode,
+    error_body,
+    parse_size_limit,
     tilde_decode,
+    tilde_encode,
 )
+from datasette.utils.asgi import Forbidden, Response
+
 from .base import BaseView, View
-import secrets
-import urllib
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -52,9 +57,9 @@ class JsonDataView(BaseView):
         if self.permission:
             await self.ds.ensure_permission(action=self.permission, actor=request.actor)
         if self.needs_request:
-            data = self.data_callback(request)
+            data = await await_me_maybe(self.data_callback(request))
         else:
-            data = self.data_callback()
+            data = await await_me_maybe(self.data_callback())
 
         # Return JSON or HTML depending on format parameter
         as_format = request.url_vars.get("format")
@@ -62,6 +67,8 @@ class JsonDataView(BaseView):
             headers = {}
             if self.ds.cors:
                 add_cors_headers(headers)
+            if isinstance(data, dict):
+                data = {"ok": True, **data}
             return Response.json(data, headers=headers)
         else:
             context = {
@@ -174,9 +181,7 @@ class AutocompleteDebugView(BaseView):
                     )
                     context.update(
                         {
-                            "autocomplete_url": "{}/-/autocomplete".format(
+                            "autocomplete_url": f"{self.ds.urls.table(database_name, table_name)}/-/autocomplete",
-                                self.ds.urls.table(database_name, table_name)
-                            ),
                             "label_column": await db.label_column_for_table(table_name),
                         }
                     )
@@ -292,6 +297,12 @@ class PermissionsDebugView(BaseView):
         response, status = await _check_permission_for_actor(
             self.ds, permission, parent, child, actor
         )
+        if response.get("ok"):
+            response = {
+                "ok": True,
+                "unstable": UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
+                **response,
+            }
         return Response.json(response, status=status)
 
 
@@ -348,29 +359,32 @@ class AllowedResourcesView(BaseView):
     async def _allowed_payload(self, request, has_debug_permission):
         action = request.args.get("action")
         if not action:
-            return {"error": "action parameter is required"}, 400
+            return error_body("action parameter is required", 400), 400
         if action not in self.ds.actions:
-            return {"error": f"Unknown action: {action}"}, 404
+            return error_body(f"Unknown action: {action}", 404), 404
 
         actor = request.actor if isinstance(request.actor, dict) else None
         actor_id = actor.get("id") if actor else None
         parent_filter = request.args.get("parent")
         child_filter = request.args.get("child")
         if child_filter and not parent_filter:
-            return {"error": "parent must be provided when child is specified"}, 400
+            return (
+                error_body("parent must be provided when child is specified", 400),
+                400,
+            )
 
         try:
-            page = int(request.args.get("page", "1"))
+            page = int(request.args.get("_page", "1"))
-            page_size = int(request.args.get("page_size", "50"))
+            if page < 1:
+                raise ValueError
         except ValueError:
-            return {"error": "page and page_size must be integers"}, 400
+            return error_body("_page must be a positive integer", 400), 400
-        if page < 1:
+        try:
-            return {"error": "page must be >= 1"}, 400
+            page_size = parse_size_limit(
-        if page_size < 1:
+                request.args.get("_size"), default=50, maximum=200
-            return {"error": "page_size must be >= 1"}, 400
+            )
-        max_page_size = 200
+        except ValueError as ex:
-        if page_size > max_page_size:
+            return error_body(str(ex), 400), 400
-            page_size = max_page_size
         offset = (page - 1) * page_size
 
         # Use the simplified allowed_resources method
@@ -406,10 +420,14 @@ class AllowedResourcesView(BaseView):
                     row["reason"] = resource.reasons
 
                 allowed_rows.append(row)
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
-            # If catalog tables don't exist yet, return empty results
+            # Returns empty results if the catalog tables don't exist yet, but
+            # also swallows the AttributeError raised for instance-level actions
+            # such as view-instance, which have no resource_class.
+            # TODO: handle that case explicitly and narrow this to sqlite3.Error
             return (
                 {
+                    "ok": True,
                     "action": action,
                     "actor_id": actor_id,
                     "page": page,
@@ -434,16 +452,17 @@ class AllowedResourcesView(BaseView):
         def build_page_url(page_number):
             pairs = []
             for key in request.args:
-                if key in {"page", "page_size"}:
+                if key in {"_page", "_size"}:
                     continue
                 for value in request.args.getlist(key):
                     pairs.append((key, value))
-            pairs.append(("page", str(page_number)))
+            pairs.append(("_page", str(page_number)))
-            pairs.append(("page_size", str(page_size)))
+            pairs.append(("_size", str(page_size)))
             query = urllib.parse.urlencode(pairs)
             return f"{request.path}?{query}"
 
         response = {
+            "ok": True,
             "action": action,
             "actor_id": actor_id,
             "page": page,
@@ -485,31 +504,29 @@ class PermissionRulesView(BaseView):
         # JSON API - action parameter is required
         action = request.args.get("action")
         if not action:
-            return Response.json({"error": "action parameter is required"}, status=400)
+            return Response.error("action parameter is required", 400)
         if action not in self.ds.actions:
-            return Response.json({"error": f"Unknown action: {action}"}, status=404)
+            return Response.error(f"Unknown action: {action}", 404)
 
         actor = request.actor if isinstance(request.actor, dict) else None
 
         try:
-            page = int(request.args.get("page", "1"))
+            page = int(request.args.get("_page", "1"))
-            page_size = int(request.args.get("page_size", "50"))
+            if page < 1:
+                raise ValueError
         except ValueError:
-            return Response.json(
+            return Response.error("_page must be a positive integer", 400)
-                {"error": "page and page_size must be integers"}, status=400
+        try:
+            page_size = parse_size_limit(
+                request.args.get("_size"), default=50, maximum=200
             )
-        if page < 1:
+        except ValueError as ex:
-            return Response.json({"error": "page must be >= 1"}, status=400)
+            return Response.error(str(ex), 400)
-        if page_size < 1:
-            return Response.json({"error": "page_size must be >= 1"}, status=400)
-        max_page_size = 200
-        if page_size > max_page_size:
-            page_size = max_page_size
         offset = (page - 1) * page_size
 
         from datasette.utils.actions_sql import build_permission_rules_sql
 
-        union_sql, union_params, restriction_sqls = await build_permission_rules_sql(
+        union_sql, union_params, _restriction_sqls = await build_permission_rules_sql(
             self.ds, actor, action
         )
         await self.ds.refresh_schemas()
@@ -555,16 +572,17 @@ class PermissionRulesView(BaseView):
         def build_page_url(page_number):
             pairs = []
             for key in request.args:
-                if key in {"page", "page_size"}:
+                if key in {"_page", "_size"}:
                     continue
                 for value in request.args.getlist(key):
                     pairs.append((key, value))
-            pairs.append(("page", str(page_number)))
+            pairs.append(("_page", str(page_number)))
-            pairs.append(("page_size", str(page_size)))
+            pairs.append(("_size", str(page_size)))
             query = urllib.parse.urlencode(pairs)
             return f"{request.path}?{query}"
 
         response = {
+            "ok": True,
             "action": action,
             "actor_id": (actor or {}).get("id") if actor else None,
             "page": page,
@@ -585,17 +603,17 @@ class PermissionRulesView(BaseView):
 
 
 async def _check_permission_for_actor(ds, action, parent, child, actor):
-    """Shared logic for checking permissions. Returns a dict with check results."""
+    """Shared logic for checking and explaining a permission decision."""
     if action not in ds.actions:
-        return {"error": f"Unknown action: {action}"}, 404
+        return error_body(f"Unknown action: {action}", 404), 404
 
     if child and not parent:
-        return {"error": "parent is required when child is provided"}, 400
+        return error_body("parent is required when child is provided", 400), 400
 
     # Use the action's properties to create the appropriate resource object
     action_obj = ds.actions.get(action)
     if not action_obj:
-        return {"error": f"Unknown action: {action}"}, 400
+        return error_body(f"Unknown action: {action}", 400), 400
 
     # Global actions (no resource_class) don't have a resource
     if action_obj.resource_class is None:
@@ -610,18 +628,32 @@ async def _check_permission_for_actor(ds, action, parent, child, actor):
         resource_obj = action_obj.resource_class(parent)
     else:
         # This shouldn't happen given validation in Action.__post_init__
-        return {"error": f"Invalid action configuration: {action}"}, 500
+        return error_body(f"Invalid action configuration: {action}", 500), 500
 
     allowed = await ds.allowed(action=action, resource=resource_obj, actor=actor)
 
+    from datasette.utils.actions_sql import explain_permission_for_resource
+
+    explanation = await explain_permission_for_resource(
+        datasette=ds,
+        actor=actor,
+        action=action,
+        parent=parent,
+        child=child,
+    )
+
     response = {
+        "ok": True,
+        "unstable": UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
         "action": action,
         "allowed": bool(allowed),
+        "actor": actor,
         "resource": {
             "parent": parent,
             "child": child,
             "path": _resource_path(parent, child),
         },
+        "explanation": explanation,
     }
 
     if actor and "id" in actor:
@@ -639,11 +671,25 @@ class PermissionCheckView(BaseView):
         as_format = request.url_vars.get("format")
 
         if not as_format:
+            actions = [
+                {
+                    "name": action.name,
+                    "description": action.description,
+                    "takes_parent": action.takes_parent,
+                    "takes_child": action.takes_child,
+                    "also_requires": action.also_requires,
+                }
+                for action in sorted(
+                    self.ds.actions.values(), key=lambda action: action.name
+                )
+            ]
             return await self.render(
                 ["debug_check.html"],
                 request,
                 {
-                    "sorted_actions": sorted(self.ds.actions.keys()),
+                    "actions": actions,
+                    "actor_json": request.args.get("actor")
+                    or json.dumps(request.actor, indent=2),
                     "has_debug_permission": True,
                 },
             )
@@ -651,13 +697,22 @@ class PermissionCheckView(BaseView):
         # JSON API - action parameter is required
         action = request.args.get("action")
         if not action:
-            return Response.json({"error": "action parameter is required"}, status=400)
+            return Response.error("action parameter is required", 400)
 
         parent = request.args.get("parent")
         child = request.args.get("child")
+        actor = request.actor
+        actor_json = request.args.get("actor")
+        if actor_json is not None:
+            try:
+                actor = json.loads(actor_json)
+            except json.JSONDecodeError as ex:
+                return Response.error(f"Invalid actor JSON: {ex}", 400)
+            if actor is not None and not isinstance(actor, dict):
+                return Response.error("actor must be a JSON object or null", 400)
 
         response, status = await _check_permission_for_actor(
-            self.ds, action, parent, child, request.actor
+            self.ds, action, parent, child, actor
         )
         return Response.json(response, status=status)
 
@@ -884,7 +939,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                 tables.append({"name": table, "links": table_links})
                 table_links.append(
                     {
-                        "label": "Get rows for {}".format(table),
+                        "label": f"Get rows for {table}",
                         "method": "GET",
                         "path": self.ds.urls.table(name, table, format="json"),
                     }
@@ -904,7 +959,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                             {
                                 "path": self.ds.urls.table(name, table) + "/-/insert",
                                 "method": "POST",
-                                "label": "Insert rows into {}".format(table),
+                                "label": f"Insert rows into {table}",
                                 "json": {
                                     "rows": [
                                         {
@@ -918,7 +973,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                             {
                                 "path": self.ds.urls.table(name, table) + "/-/upsert",
                                 "method": "POST",
-                                "label": "Upsert rows into {}".format(table),
+                                "label": f"Upsert rows into {table}",
                                 "json": {
                                     "rows": [
                                         {
@@ -948,7 +1003,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                     table_links.append(
                         {
                             "path": self.ds.urls.table(name, table) + "/-/drop",
-                            "label": "Drop table {}".format(table),
+                            "label": f"Drop table {table}",
                             "json": {"confirm": False},
                             "method": "POST",
                         }
@@ -965,7 +1020,7 @@ class ApiExplorerView(BaseView):
                 database_links.append(
                     {
                         "path": self.ds.urls.database(name) + "/-/create",
-                        "label": "Create table in {}".format(name),
+                        "label": f"Create table in {name}",
                         "json": {
                             "table": "new_table",
                             "columns": [
@@ -1198,7 +1253,7 @@ class JumpView(BaseView):
                 match["display_name"] = row["display_name"]
             matches.append(match)
 
-        return Response.json({"matches": matches, "truncated": truncated})
+        return Response.json({"ok": True, "matches": matches, "truncated": truncated})
 
 
 class SchemaBaseView(BaseView):
@@ -1220,7 +1275,7 @@ class SchemaBaseView(BaseView):
         headers = {}
         if self.ds.cors:
             add_cors_headers(headers)
-        return Response.json(data, headers=headers)
+        return Response.json({"ok": True, **data}, headers=headers)
 
     def format_error_response(self, error_message, format_, status=404):
         """Format error response based on requested format."""
@@ -1229,7 +1284,7 @@ class SchemaBaseView(BaseView):
             if self.ds.cors:
                 add_cors_headers(headers)
             return Response.json(
-                {"ok": False, "error": error_message}, status=status, headers=headers
+                error_body(error_message, status), status=status, headers=headers
             )
         else:
             return Response.text(error_message, status=status)
@@ -1305,17 +1360,17 @@ class DatabaseSchemaView(SchemaBaseView):
         database_name = request.url_vars["database"]
         format_ = request.url_vars.get("format") or "html"
 
-        # Check if database exists
+        # Permission check comes first, so actors without view-database
-        if database_name not in self.ds.databases:
+        # cannot distinguish existing databases from missing ones
-            return self.format_error_response("Database not found", format_)
-
-        # Check view-database permission
         await self.ds.ensure_permission(
             action="view-database",
             resource=DatabaseResource(database=database_name),
             actor=request.actor,
         )
 
+        if database_name not in self.ds.databases:
+            return self.format_error_response("Database not found", format_)
+
         schema = await self.get_database_schema(database_name)
 
         if format_ == "json":
@@ -1349,6 +1404,9 @@ class TableSchemaView(SchemaBaseView):
             actor=request.actor,
         )
 
+        if database_name not in self.ds.databases:
+            return self.format_error_response("Database not found", format_)
+
         # Get schema for the table
         db = self.ds.databases[database_name]
         result = await db.execute(

datasette/views/stored_queries.py

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urlencode
 
 from datasette.resources import DatabaseResource, QueryResource
 from datasette.stored_queries import stored_query_to_dict
-from datasette.utils import sqlite3, tilde_decode
+from datasette.utils import UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE, sqlite3, tilde_decode
 from datasette.utils.asgi import Response
 
-from .base import BaseView, _error
+from .base import BaseView
 from .query_helpers import (
     QueryValidationError,
     _as_bool,
@@ -34,12 +34,14 @@ class QueryParametersView(BaseView):
             resource=DatabaseResource(db.name),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _block_framing(_error(["Permission denied: need execute-sql"], 403))
+            return _block_framing(
+                Response.error(["Permission denied: need execute-sql"], 403)
+            )
 
         invalid_keys = set(request.args) - {"sql"}
         if invalid_keys:
             return _block_framing(
-                _error(
+                Response.error(
                     ["Invalid keys: {}".format(", ".join(sorted(invalid_keys)))],
                     400,
                 )
@@ -47,8 +49,16 @@ class QueryParametersView(BaseView):
         try:
             parameters = _derived_query_parameters(request.args.get("sql") or "")
         except QueryValidationError as ex:
-            return _block_framing(_error([ex.message], ex.status))
+            return _block_framing(Response.error([ex.message], ex.status))
-        return _block_framing(Response.json({"ok": True, "parameters": parameters}))
+        return _block_framing(
+            Response.json(
+                {
+                    "ok": True,
+                    "unstable": UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
+                    "parameters": parameters,
+                }
+            )
+        )
 
 
 def _query_list_url(path, query_string, *, set_args=None, remove_args=None):
@@ -82,11 +92,12 @@ class QueryListView(BaseView):
             limit = _query_list_limit(
                 request.args.get("_size"),
                 default=20 if format_ == "html" else 50,
+                maximum=self.ds.max_returned_rows,
             )
             is_write = _as_optional_bool(request.args.get("is_write"), "is_write")
             is_private = _as_optional_bool(request.args.get("is_private"), "is_private")
         except QueryValidationError as ex:
-            return _error([ex.message], ex.status)
+            return Response.error([ex.message], ex.status)
 
         page = await self.ds.list_queries(
             database,
@@ -111,9 +122,9 @@ class QueryListView(BaseView):
                 if key != "_next"
             ]
             pairs.append(("_next", page.next))
-            next_url = "{}?{}".format(
+            next_url = self.ds.absolute_url(
-                query_list_path,
+                request,
-                urlencode(pairs),
+                f"{request.path}?{urlencode(pairs)}",
             )
 
         current_filters = {
@@ -199,7 +210,6 @@ class QueryListView(BaseView):
             "queries": page.queries,
             "next": page.next,
             "next_url": next_url,
-            "has_more": page.has_more,
             "limit": page.limit,
             "show_private_note": any(query.is_private for query in page.queries),
             "show_trusted_note": any(query.is_trusted for query in page.queries),
@@ -298,28 +308,30 @@ class QueryCreateAnalyzeView(BaseView):
             resource=DatabaseResource(db.name),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _block_framing(_error(["Permission denied: need execute-sql"], 403))
+            return _block_framing(
+                Response.error(["Permission denied: need execute-sql"], 403)
+            )
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="store-query",
             resource=DatabaseResource(db.name),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _block_framing(_error(["Permission denied: need store-query"], 403))
+            return _block_framing(
+                Response.error(["Permission denied: need store-query"], 403)
+            )
 
         invalid_keys = set(request.args) - {"sql"}
         if invalid_keys:
             return _block_framing(
-                _error(
+                Response.error(
                     ["Invalid keys: {}".format(", ".join(sorted(invalid_keys)))],
                     400,
                 )
             )
         sql = request.args.get("sql") or ""
-        return _block_framing(
+        analysis = await _query_create_analysis_data(self.ds, db, sql, request.actor)
-            Response.json(
+        analysis["unstable"] = UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE
-                await _query_create_analysis_data(self.ds, db, sql, request.actor)
+        return _block_framing(Response.json(analysis))
-            )
-        )
 
 
 class QueryStoreView(QueryCreateView):
@@ -346,13 +358,13 @@ class QueryStoreView(QueryCreateView):
             resource=DatabaseResource(db.name),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _error(["Permission denied: need execute-sql"], 403)
+            return Response.error(["Permission denied: need execute-sql"], 403)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="store-query",
             resource=DatabaseResource(db.name),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _error(["Permission denied: need store-query"], 403)
+            return Response.error(["Permission denied: need store-query"], 403)
 
         is_json = False
         query_data = {}
@@ -369,7 +381,7 @@ class QueryStoreView(QueryCreateView):
                 return await self._error_response(
                     request, db, query_data, ex.message, ex.status
                 )
-            return _error([ex.message], ex.status)
+            return Response.error([ex.message], ex.status)
 
         prepared.pop("analysis")
         name = prepared.pop("name")
@@ -378,13 +390,18 @@ class QueryStoreView(QueryCreateView):
         except sqlite3.IntegrityError as ex:
             if not is_json and isinstance(query_data, dict):
                 return await self._error_response(request, db, query_data, str(ex), 400)
-            return _error([str(ex)], 400)
+            return Response.error([str(ex)], 400)
 
         query = await self.ds.get_query(db.name, name)
         assert query is not None
         if is_json:
             return Response.json(
-                {"ok": True, "query": stored_query_to_dict(query)}, status=201
+                {
+                    "ok": True,
+                    "unstable": UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
+                    "query": stored_query_to_dict(query),
+                },
+                status=201,
             )
         self.ds.add_message(request, "Query saved", self.ds.INFO)
         return Response.redirect(self.ds.urls.path(self.ds.urls.table(db.name, name)))
@@ -398,14 +415,20 @@ class QueryDefinitionView(BaseView):
         query_name = tilde_decode(request.url_vars["query"])
         query = await self.ds.get_query(db.name, query_name)
         if query is None:
-            return _error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
+            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="view-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _error(["Permission denied"], 403)
+            return Response.error(["Permission denied"], 403)
-        return Response.json({"ok": True, "query": stored_query_to_dict(query)})
+        return Response.json(
+            {
+                "ok": True,
+                "unstable": UNSTABLE_API_MESSAGE,
+                "query": stored_query_to_dict(query),
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class QueryUpdateView(BaseView):
@@ -416,15 +439,17 @@ class QueryUpdateView(BaseView):
         query_name = tilde_decode(request.url_vars["query"])
         existing = await self.ds.get_query(db.name, query_name)
         if existing is None:
-            return _error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
+            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="update-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _error(["Permission denied: need update-query"], 403)
+            return Response.error(["Permission denied: need update-query"], 403)
         if existing.is_trusted:
-            return _error(["Trusted queries cannot be updated using the API"], 403)
+            return Response.error(
+                ["Trusted queries cannot be updated using the API"], 403
+            )
 
         try:
             data, _ = await _json_or_form_payload(request)
@@ -450,7 +475,7 @@ class QueryUpdateView(BaseView):
                 self.ds, request, db, existing, update
             )
         except QueryValidationError as ex:
-            return _error([ex.message], ex.status)
+            return Response.error([ex.message], ex.status)
 
         await self.ds.update_query(db.name, query_name, **update_kwargs)
         if data.get("return"):
@@ -507,32 +532,32 @@ class QueryEditView(BaseView):
     async def get(self, request):
         db, query_name, existing = await self._load(request)
         if existing is None:
-            return _error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
+            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
         await self.ds.ensure_permission(
             action="update-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
             actor=request.actor,
         )
         if existing.is_trusted:
-            return _error(["Trusted queries cannot be edited"], 403)
+            return Response.error(["Trusted queries cannot be edited"], 403)
         return await self._render_form(request, db, existing)
 
     async def post(self, request):
         db, query_name, existing = await self._load(request)
         if existing is None:
-            return _error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
+            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="update-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _error(["Permission denied: need update-query"], 403)
+            return Response.error(["Permission denied: need update-query"], 403)
         if existing.is_trusted:
-            return _error(["Trusted queries cannot be edited"], 403)
+            return Response.error(["Trusted queries cannot be edited"], 403)
 
         data, _ = await _json_or_form_payload(request)
         if not isinstance(data, dict):
-            return _error(["Invalid form submission"], 400)
+            return Response.error(["Invalid form submission"], 400)
         sql = data.get("sql")
         sql = existing.sql if sql is None else sql.strip()
         title = data.get("title") or ""
@@ -604,12 +629,16 @@ class QueryDeleteView(BaseView):
     async def get(self, request):
         db, query_name, existing = await self._load(request)
         if existing is None:
-            return _error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
+            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
         await self.ds.ensure_permission(
             action="delete-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
             actor=request.actor,
         )
+        if existing.is_trusted:
+            return Response.error(
+                ["Trusted queries cannot be deleted using the API"], 403
+            )
         return await self.render(
             ["query_delete.html"],
             request,
@@ -624,21 +653,25 @@ class QueryDeleteView(BaseView):
     async def post(self, request):
         db, query_name, existing = await self._load(request)
         if existing is None:
-            return _error(["Query not found: {}".format(query_name)], 404)
+            return Response.error([f"Query not found: {query_name}"], 404)
         if not await self.ds.allowed(
             action="delete-query",
             resource=QueryResource(db.name, query_name),
             actor=request.actor,
         ):
-            return _error(["Permission denied: need delete-query"], 403)
+            return Response.error(["Permission denied: need delete-query"], 403)
+        if existing.is_trusted:
+            return Response.error(
+                ["Trusted queries cannot be deleted using the API"], 403
+            )
 
-        data, is_json = await _json_or_form_payload(request)
+        _data, is_json = await _json_or_form_payload(request)
         await self.ds.remove_query(db.name, query_name)
         if is_json:
             return Response.json({"ok": True})
         self.ds.add_message(
             request,
-            "Query “{}” deleted".format(existing.title or query_name),
+            f"Query “{existing.title or query_name}” deleted",
             self.ds.INFO,
         )
         return Response.redirect(self.ds.urls.path(self.ds.urls.database(db.name)))